CURTIS, Circuit Justice.

This is a bill in equity to enforce the specific performance of a contract to make insurance. An outline of those facts, not controverted, or clearly proved is, that on the 24th of December, 1853, Charles W. Storey, as the agent of the complainants, made application to George H. Folger. as the president of the defendants’ corporation, for reinsurance on the ship Great Republic. The terms of the application were contained in a paper partly printed and partly written, which was as follows: “Reinsurance is wanted by the Union Mutual insurance Company, New York, for ten thousand dollars, on the ship Great Republic, from December 24th, 1833, at noon, for six months ensuing. This policy is to be subject to such risks, valuations, and conditions, including risk of premium note, as are, or may be taken by the said Union Mutual Insurance Company, and payment of loss to be made at the same time. Three and one half per cent. Binding, -, President. New York. Dec. 24, 1853.” The president, after consulting with one of the directors of the company, declined taking the risk for three per cent, for six mouths, but offered to take it for three and one half per cent. Mr. Storey replied that was more than he was authorized to give; but whether, he added, that he would transmit the president’s offer *607to his principals in New York, is among the controverted facts. In point of fact, Mr. Storey did, on the same day, which was Saturday, send to the complainants a telegraphic despatch, in the following words: ■“To John S. Tappan, Esq., Union Mutual Insurance Company, New York. This risk can he done at three and one half, or six per cent, a year. Charles W. Storey.” And on the same day the president of the complainants’ corporation answered: “To Charles W. Storey. Do it for six months, privilege of cancelling if sold. John S. Tappan.” This answer was received in Boston between six and seven o’clock on Saturday evening, the 24th of December, but did not reach Mr. Storey until about eleven o’clock on Monday,. the 26th. As Christmas day fell on Sunday, Monday, the 26th, was generally observed as a holiday by the banks, insurance companies, and many merchants in Boston, but Mr. Storey went to the office of the respondents. and found there their president, who had gone thither to read his letters and newspapers. Neither the secretary nor clerks of the company were present.

At this interview, it is not controverted by the respondents, that Mr. Storey informed the president he was willing to pay three and one half per cent, for the reinsurance described in the.paper above mentioned, that he altered the “three” to “three aDd one half per cent.” upon the -paper, by adding the figure y2 after the figure 3, and that the president assented-to the terms contained in the paper' as the terms and provisions of a reinsurance, to be completed and executed by the respondents, by the making and execution of a policy in due form (according to the requisition of the laws of Massachusetts and the by-laws of the defendants’ corporation. But the defendants insist that the office of the defendants was not open for business; that the president was there only casually. and not for the transaction of any business; that no contract was then made; and all that was done amounted only to a communication by the president to Mr. Storey, that the terms mentioned in the paper were such as he approved of, and that on the next ■day he should be able and willing to contract.

It appears that the paper, which I will call the proposal, was left by Mr. Storey with the president, who placed it in his drawer, but not in the particular department of his ■drawer where accepted proposals are usually deposited, to be taken out by the clerk, who draws up policies thereon. After leaving the office, Mr. Storey, on the 26th, wrote to his principals as follows:—

“Boston. December 26, 1853. John S. Tap-pan, Esq., Vice-President Union Mutual Insurance Company, New York: Dear Sir, — I have your esteemed two favors of the 24th, .and the telegraphic despatch of same date, directing me to effect the reinsurance on the ■Great Republic, at 3y2 per cent, for six months, with privilege of cancelling if the vessel shall be sold. 1 have, accordingly, made the reinsurance with the Commercial Insurance Company, with the verbal understanding that the policy may be cancelled according to our usage in such cases, which is, to retain enough of the premium to pay for the risk already incurred; as for example, if the ship should arrive at Liverpool and be sold there, they would reserve a fair rate for the passage, if the proportion of the time premium should be insufficient. I have received no encouragement that any further insurance can be made on her, and I believe I have tried every office in the city, except the Manufacturers’ and Mercantile, (which only write their own policies,) the Franklin, and the Metropolitan. Very respectfully yours, Charles W. Storey.”

The defendants, at the hearing, objected to the use of this letter as evidence. I consider it evidence, to the same extent and for like reasons, that the act of the president in placing the proposal in his drawer, out of the usual place for accepted proposals is evidence. It was an act done by one of the parties. which was immediately connected with the subject-matter of the controversy, and tends to show what the state of mind of the actor then was. On the night of the 26th of December the Great Republic was destroyed by fire, while lying at a wharf in the city of New York, and it is not denied, and is proved, that the complainants were insurers thereon, for the sum of $22,000, the risk having commenced on the second day of November, 1853, at noon; and that they have paid this loss.

The first question which I have to determine is, whether an agreement for a policy was concluded by and between Mr. Storey and the president during their interview on the 26th of December. Such an agreement is stated in the bill. The passages in the answer, bearing directly on this question, are as follows: “That on or about the twenty-fourth day of December, eighteen hundred and fifty-three. Charles W. Storey called at the office of this defendant, in Boston, and presented the application for insurance, a true copy of which is annexed hereto, and desired to obtain reinsurance upon the ship Great Republic. for the amount of ten thousand dollars; that at that time the figure ‘3’ upon said' application stood alone, and the president of this defendant declined to take the risk at 3 per cent, for six months, and informed Mr. Storey that the risk was worth 3y2 per cent, for six months, and at that rate he was willing to take the risk; that Mr. Storey then said he was not authorized to give so much, and could not do so, and left this defendant’s office without any expressed intention of returning, and carried away with him the said application. That on the twenty-sixth day of said December, being Monday, the office of this defendant was not open for business; that the twenty-fifth day of December, being Sunday, the said twenty-sixth day of December was generally observed as Christ*608mas day, and as a holiday, and the banks, insurance offices, offices of brokers and the stores of merchants were closed, and no business, was transacted on that day, and the office of this defendant was closed for business on that day, and neither the secretary of this defendant, nor any of its clerks, nor any of its directors, were at its office; but its president, George H. Folger, went to its office for a few minutes, but not on the business of this defendant, and while he was there, Mr. Story again called, and again presented the application for reinsurance aforesaid, and said he was willing to give Sy2 per cent, for six months for said reinsurance, and •the figure was then added to the figure ‘3’ by him; that said Folger assented to the terms in said paper contained, but informed said Storey that no business was done at this defendant’s office on that day, and that the next day he would attend to it, and said Folger thereupon took said paper from said Storey, and retained the same in the office of this defendant. This defendant denies that any contract for reinsurance was entered into between this defendant and the said complainant.”

To a special interrogatory in the bill the defendants further answer: “That its president did assent to the terms and provisions in said paper, as the terms and provisions of a reinsurance to be completed and executed by this defendant, by the making and execution of a policy in due form according to the requisitions of the laws of Massachusetts and the by-laws of this defendant, but they were not assented to as a present insurance.” An answer to a bill in equity is to be considered in two aspects, — as pleading and as evidence. Viewed as pleading, its admissions are conclusively binding on the defendants. And if their language is so ambiguous as to be fairly susceptible of two meanings, that interpretation is to be put upon-them which is least favorable to the respondents. Turning to the first passage above cited from the answer, I find it admitted, that, on Saturday, Mr. Storey had been informed by the president that the defendants were then willing to take the risk at three and one half per cent, for six months, which Mr. Storey then declined; that on Monday he again presented the application for reinsurance, said he was willing to give three and one-half per cent., added to the “3” which was on the paper, and the president assented to the terms contained in the paper, but informed Mr. Storey that no business was done at the office on that day, that on the next day he would attend to it, and thereupon the president took the paper from Mr. Storey, who departed, leaving it in his possession.

Taking this to be a precise and full statement of what then occurred between the parties, the first inquiry is. what had Mr. Storey a right to understand was meant by the president, when he informed Mr. Storey that “no business was done in the office on that day, and the next day, he would attend to it?” Attend to what? To receiving and assenting to the proposal for insurance? I think this is not the fair meaning, and that Mr. Storey had a just right to understand it otherwise; for the proposal was, in fact, then and there received and then and there assented to. Having already received and assented to the proposal, when he spoke of not doing business on that day, and of attending to it the next day, I consider the effect of what he said was, not that he would do on the next day what he had just before done; but something which remained to be done; and that what was to be attended to on the next day, was not something already attended to and completed, and which, if attended to on the next day, would only be a repetition of what had been done, but something which was to follow thereon, and complete the transaction. Having already received and assented to the proposal, what was to be attended to on the next day, was an accepted proposal, and what was postponed was the necessary action on an accepted proposal. Such, I think, is the just import of what is here stated, and that Mr. Storey had a right so to understand it; and if the president intended Mr. Storey should not so understand it, he was bound to apprise him, that, although he assented to his proposal, he must not consider that any such assent had been given, but must return the next day and renew it. It is not suggested in the answer that any such intimation was given, or even that it was expected by the president that the proposal would be again made, or, that it being left with him as a continuing proposal, he was on the next day to take it up, as one not yet assented to, and then decide whether he would assent to it or not. Nor is there the least ambiguity, taking into view the passage secondly above cited from the answer, as to what was actually intended by the president’s assent to the proposal. For. in answer to the ninth interrogatory in the bill, it is there admitted. “that the president did assent to the terms and provisions in said paper, as the terms and provisions of a reinsurance, to be completed and executed by this defendant, by the making and execution of a policy in due form according to the requisitions of the laws of Massachusetts and the by-laws of this defendant.” Now let us suppose that these words had been written on the proposal, and that there had been added thereto. “but no business is done at the office this day, and to-morrow it will be attended to,” and that the president had signed his name to this writing, 1 could have no hesitation in saying that this amounted to a promise on the part of the company to issue a policy in conformity with the proposal; and that what the parties had agreed to de*609fer, was not their action on a mere proposal, but their further action on a proposal accepted. That having, in plain language. made a contract for a policy, and fixed all its necessary terms and conditions, including the premium to be paid, the draft and signatures of the policy and the delivery thereof were to be deferred till the next day. It is true these words are not found oh the paper. But they are found in the answer; and they evidence what was done, in a manner as conclusive, as if written on the proposal itself, or on another paper referring to and identifying the proposal. They are written on another paper, which refers to and identifies the proposal, and that paper is under the seal of the corporation, and is part of the record of this case. It is true the answer, in terms, denies “that any contract for reinsurance was entered into between this defendant and the complainant.” But whether what was, in fact done, amounted to a contract for reinsurance, is a question of law.

This answer undertakes to state what was done and said between the parties. It adds a denial that any contract was entered into. I cannot treat this general denial as importing or including any other matter of fact than those stated. If such existed, it should have been added to the statement of what was done and said. I construe it as intended to put in issue the legal question, whether the facts stated will enable the court to say. a contract was made. The answer also subjoins, to the admission of the president’s assent, a denial that the terms of the proposal were assented to “as a present insurance.” Here, also, it is not made to appear that any matter of fact is intended to be denied, or that it is meant to assert that the president when he assented to the proposal, qualified his assent by a declaration that the terms were not assented to as a present insurance. Nor is there the least reason to suppose from any other part of the answer, or from any evidence in the cause, that any such qualification was, in point of fact, made. But passing over these considerations, and allowing to the denial the fullest extent that can be claimed for it, it does not conflict with the conclusion that a contract for a policy was made. There can be no pretence that a then present insurance was effected. All that is claimed by the bill is, that the parties contracted for a policy, which was subsequently to be issued. The insurance was not to be actually effected until the policy should he issued. Whether, when issued, it would relate back so as to cover risks exhibiting on the 26th of December, would depend on the stipulations of the policy. In this ease the proposal was for reinsurance from December 24th, at noon. The risks then commencing, the defendants agreed, that by a policy to he afterwards issued, they would assume. In entire accordance with all this, is the denial that insurance was in fact made on the 26th; for if was then only agreed to be made. And it is only in this way that the answer can be relieved from a charge of inconsistency. To say, in the same sentence, that on the 26th, the defendants assented to the proposal to take the usual risks on the Great Republic from the 24th. at noon, for a period of six months, in consideration of a premium of three and one half per cent., and that the defendants were to execute on their part, by issuing a policy accordingly, but that they did not agree to make insurance covering the risks existing on the 26th of December, would be a plain contradiction in terms. In my opinion, the answer cannot be allowed to have such effect.

I have not been unmindful of the grounds relied on by the defendants, and I will state briefly the views I entertain of the principal of those grounds. It was urged, that if Mr. Storey had believed that a contract was made, he would have signed the proposal and insisted on the signature of the president; and if the president had understood that he was making a contract, he would have put his name to the paper. As respects Mr. Storey, he testifies that, though he had effected upwards of three hundred reinsurances for the complainants during the three years then last past, he had scarcely ever signed a proposal; and that only one, or perhaps two, of the presidents of ten different insurance companies, with whom he had transacted this business, ever signed an application for insurance when accepted. With the respondents he had done no business before the time in question. As respects the president, the usage stated in the answer is as follows: “That it is the usual and frequent custom of this defendant’s office, to receive written or printed applications for insurance, which contain the subject-matter, the voyage, the risks, the premium. and by whom insurance is proposed, and for whom; which, if satisfactory, are assented to by its president and handed to the clerk, as the basis for filling up a blank policy to be executed in proper form according to law; that upon the execution of the policy and the making of the premium note agreed on, the- insurance is complete; but that until the filling up and execution of the policy by the proper officers, no insurance is complete or binding upon this defendant;— but when similar agreements have been made as to the terms of insurance, and when time is required for filling up the policies, if the applicant desires the insurance to commence immediately, the application is signed by this defendant’s president, and the insurance is considered to take effect immediately; and this defendant says it is usual and frequent after such a contract of insurance as the last described has been entered into, to take time to fill up and execute the policy.” This is not supported by any evidence. All that relates to it is found in the answer of the president to the twenty-sixth interrogatory. To the twenty-sixth he says: “The only custom I *610know of obtaining in Boston, in regard to the binding nature of unsigned applications is, the executing and delivering of the policy itself; and while they remain in the possession of the office, any alteration may be made therein. This is where no agreement for insurance has been mutually signed.” But if the usage existed precisely as stated in the answer, it would not prove, that a binding contract for a policy was not made, when the proposal was made and accepted. It is true, it might only amount to a contract to issue a policy on the next day, and the risks might attach only on the date of the policy; and if so, in effect, it would not be a present insurance or an agreement to make one. But no usage can be effectual, to render void an express contract for a valuable consideration. And assuming, what I shall presently consider that a parol contract for a policy is valid in law, I do not perceive what effect could be allowed to the usage stated in the answer, beyond this: that unless there be an express stipulation that the risk is to begin at some particular time, it is to begin at the date of the policy. Here there was an express stipulation. But it is not necessary to determine any thing on this point; because the defendants rely on this usage only to show that the president did not intend to make a binding contract. But parties to such a transaction must be conclusively presumed to intend to do what they actually do, and when the answer admits, that the president accepted the proposal, and does not assert .that he did or said any thing which was sufficient to prevent such acceptance from amounting to a contract, no further inquiry as to his intention is necessary or proper. The question is proposed to the president, on cross-examination: “Seventh — Whether or not, on the 26th of December, yon said to Storey that no insurance would be considered as made, until the policy or some other instrument should be signed by the officers of the defendants?” To the seventh cross-interrogatory,.he says: “I don’t recollect to have so stated.”

The view I have taken of the answer dispenses with the necessity of an examination of the evidence. As I have already stated, the defendants are bound by that answer. But a careful examination of the evidence has strengthened the conclusions formed from the answer; and the result at which I have arrived upon this part of the case is, that a concluded parol agreement for a policy, in conformity with the proposal, was made on the 26th of December. It remains to inquire whether such an agreement can be enforced by a court of equity. That the court should be cautious in the exercise of such a power, I have no doubt. Specific performance is never decreed while reasonable doubt hangs over the transaction. Air- especially should this rule be observed, where the right of the complainant rests upon an all ged oral agreement. But where the proposal is in writing, and contains all the necessary terms of the bargain; and where, as here, it is admitted by the answer, that the proposal was made and accepted, the absence of the signature of the president is a formal defect merely. The admission in the answer that he actually assented to the proposal, is as satisfactory evidence of his assent, as would be afforded by his signature to the paper. Unless, therefore, there is some technical rule of law, which requires his signature, its- absence is" not important in this case. It was at one time much questioned whether the complainant was not entitled to the specific performance of a contract which a statute required to be in writing, and signed by the party charged, if the dtefendant confessed an oral contract. It is now settled, that he is not, if the defendant insists on the defence given by the statute. Mitf.Eq. PI. (by Jeremy) 266-26S; Story, Eq. PI. § 763, and notes. But when an oral contract is confessed, and the statute not insisted on, specific performance is decreed; £l fortiori, where there is no statute requirement, and where the difficulty is only in making such proof, as satisfies the conscience of the court. It is insisted however, that the contract now in question is required, both by the law merchant and the statute law of Massachusetts, to be in writing. The defendant’s counsel has, in his learned argument, adduced abundant authority to show, that in practice, insurance is always made by a written contract, denominated a policy, and that, by many commercial codes, it is expressly required, that the contract of the insurer shall be in writing. And he refers to Mr. Phillips’s and Mr. Duer’s treatises to show, that they consider that an oral contract for a policy is not binding. But the question whether such a contract is valid, must be determined, in the absence of any statute, by the common law; and I am not aware of any grounds upon which it can be maintained, that the common law requires a contract for a policy of insurance to be in writing. It is not sufficient to say that by the law merchant the insurance must be effected by a written policy. By the law merchant a foreign bill of exchange must be in writing; but I do not doubt that an action will lie on an oral promise, for a valuable consideration, to deliver one in payment for money lent. So a bond must be in writing, and under seal; but a contract to deliver a bond is not required by the common law to be in writing. Land can only be conveyed by a deed, but a parol contract for a deed of land was undoubtedly valid at the common law, and, as we have seen, is enforced now, in equity, when the statute of frauds is not insisted on.

The maritime law ¿of all commercial countries requires the title to vessels to be evidenced by written documents. But an oral contract of sale of a vessel, if delivery be made, or the price paid, transfers the title. And an executory contract to convey, can undoubtedly be enforced, if the statute of frauds is complied with. In Massachusetts, *611a corporation can- make insurance only by a policy in. writing, signed by its president, and countersigned by its secretary. But there is no statute of frauds which includes contracts for policies. It was forcibly urged, that as the statute of Massachusetts requires policies to be signed by the president, and countersigned by the secretary of the corporation, it cannot be supposed that the legislature intended that an oral contract for a policy should bind the company. But it was decided by the supreme court of Massachusetts in New England Marine Ins. Co. v. De Wolf, 8 Pick. 56, that this provision, in an act incorporating an insurance company, applied only to the mode of making a policy, and .did not apply to a contract by the company to pay the amount of a loss to an as-signee of a policy. Indeed the usage of the defendants, and so far as appears of, all other insurance companies here, is to treat this statute provision as inapplicable to contracts for policies; for such contracts are never countersigned by secretaries of the company. The requirement of the signature of the president and secretary is limited to the policy. There may be strong reasons for extending it to contracts for a policy; but it not having been so extended, I have no right to make a statute of frauds for the case. In Sandford v. Trust Fire Ins. Co. 11 Paige, 547, the chancellor did not find it necessary to decide this question, but he intimated an opinion that he should have held a parol eon--traet for insurance valid, if one had been proved. In Hamilton v. Lycoming Mut. Ins. Co., 5 Barr [5 Pa. St.] 339, the supreme court of Pennsylvania held an oral contract for insurance to be binding on the insurers. • This seems to me to be in conformity with the common law, and I find nothing in any statute of the state of Massachusetts to conflict with it.

The results at which I have arrived, are: 1.That the answer admits, that the complainants through their agent, made a proposal in writing for insurance, which contained all the necessary terms of a valid contract for a policy; and that the defendants accepted this proposal. 2. That this acceptance made a legal contract between the parties, which it is the duty of the court to order to be specifically performed. 3. That as it is admitted, that the complainants would have a good cause of action at law upon a policy, if issued in pursuance of the contract, there should be decreed to them in this suit, what they would be entitled to recover, if a policy were issued and that which was agreed to be done were actually done. Let a decree be drawn up to this effect.

[Upon. an appeal to the supreme court, the above decree was affirmed. 19 How. (60 U. S.l .SIS.]