70 W. Va. 558 | W. Va. | 1912
This writ of error involves the propriety of rulings on evidence and instructions in a controversy as to the liability of a corporation, the plaintiff in error, as indorser of a certain note,
It is a single note for a balance of $2,628.60; remaining due and unpaid June 24, 1908, on some of the following notes: Jamestown Veneer Door Co., $738.56; F. L. Knowles, $500.00; James H. Cranwell, $560'.00; James H. Cranwell, $720.00; Wakefield Mfg. Co., $200.00; Toler & Sons, $314.00; and J. W. Holloway & Co., $769.70; all payable to Soble Bros., assigned to the Long Pole Lumber Company and by it discounted at the Union Bank & Trust Co., October 15, 1907; and the following notes: Century Furniture Co., $252.52, Crouch and Beahen Co., $216.53, and Jamestown Veneer Door Co., $400.00, likewise payable, assigned and discounted, .November 6, 1907. Between those dates and June 24, 1908, some of these notes were wholly and others partially paid. Some of them or portions thereof were combined in a new note, executed by Soble Bros, payable to W. J. Newenham, president of the company, and endorsed successively by him and the company. This with others of the original notes wholly or partially unpaid constituted the balance for which Soble Bros, then executed their note, payable in sixty days to Newenham, who, until the 9th day of the same month, had been president of the Long Pole Lumber Company. He endorsed it in his individual name, wrote the name of the lumber company on the back of it and gave it to the bank in exchange for the remaining notes.
Defense to this action on said last mentioned note is founded upon the hypothesis of lack of authority in Newenham to endorse it for and on behalf of the Long Pole Lumber Co., which, it is said, neither the by-laws nor any course of conduct known to the defendant in error, conferred, while he was president, and which of course he did not possess after his resignation, made and accepted, June 9, 1908. In opposition to this denial of authority, a by-law and conduct are relied upon as conferring it, supplemented by lack of notice to the bank of termination thereof by resignation.
The only evidence adduced to prove notice of the termination of such authdrity as Newenham had was oral testimony to the publication of a notice of the resignation in'a newspaper. That is wholly insufficient, in the absence of proof-that it was seen
The general principles of the law of agency are applicable to> corporations and the policy of the law forbids such results as would flow from denial of their application under the circumstances here disclosed. “A corporation is subject to the same extent as a natural person to the general principle that one who holds out another, or allows him to appear as having authority to act, as his agent with respect to his business generally, or with respect to a particular matter, is estopped, as against persons dealing with him in good faith, to deny that his apparent authority is real.” Clark & Mar. Corp., p. 2161, sec. 708. The acts of a person acting as treasurer of a corporation, though not legally elected to the position, are binding. Bank v. Gas & Light Co., 159 Mass. 505, 38 Am. St. 453. In a case involving the exercise of the powers of the president of a railroad corporation, the principle was declared and applied, as follows: “Persons who deal with an agent before notice of the recall of his powers arc -not affected by the recall.” Hatch v. Coddington, 95 U. S. 48. Here Hewenham had been not only ostensibly
The letters transmitting the notes to Hewenham, president of the company, to be by him discounted, are relied upon as notice to the bank of a special authority in him. These letters are not «addressed to the bank. Its officers may never have seen them. If they did, their terms wholly fail to sustain any such contention. They bear only the signature of the treasurer of the company, and import no direct or special authority from the board of directors, from which an inference of lack of general authority might arise. They transmit the notes pursuant to an understanding between the writer and the president, and then the first one says: “After having these notes discounted I would like to have a memorandum showing the proceeds of each note.” The other says: “We will need all the money we can possibly raise at present, to meet our present obligations and to arrange for our pay roll, and I hope you will be able to negotiate all the notes that I have sent to you.” On the contrary, these letters carry on their faces an implication, assumption or recognition of authority in the president to discount notes and bills for and on behalf of his company. The president kept an office of the company in Bluefield, and the secretary and treasurer kept its books at another office in Pocahontas, Virginia. His testimony is that he had the entire management and control of the corporation, made its contracts, borrowed money for it and conducted its business generally, with the knowledge, acquiescence and approbation of the directors. At Bluefield, the city in which the business of the plaintiff bank was conducted, he kept an office open, over the door of which was the name of the company. His incumbency of the office of .president covered a period of more than seven years, and seemingly he transacted its business, or at least a large portion of it, in the city of Bluefield during that entire period. The manager of a fire insurance agency
The assignments of error relating principally to the admission and rejection of evidence and rulings upon the instructions, are dependent upon the character of the issue and the evidence, considered in the light of legal principles. They stand upon the assumption of a conflict of evidence as to the authority of the president and this claim rests upon certain contentions as to the law applicable under the circumstances. Our conclusion as to these factors in the case will, therefore, virtually dispose of all of them.
' The issue involves not so much the authority actually conferred upon the president as that -which he apparently had and exercised with the knowledge and consent or acquiescence of the board of directors. In other words, the inquiry goes to the extent of the power he was permitted to exercise rather than the extent of the power actually conferred. The law' does not sustain the view that one dealing v'ith a corporation through its officers must, under all circumstances, go to its by-laws as the exclusive evidence of his authority. On the contrary, the corporation is estopped to deny acts of an officer done and performed by permission of its board of directors, evidenced by its knowledge of his acts, acquiescence therein and silence. And this principle extends not only to things actually done with their knowledge and acquiescence, but to all others of the same general class or character, for the things so done establish a status or relation, defining the scope of apparent authority of
“And in all cases the president binds the corporation by his acts and contracts when he is expressly authorized so to act or contract, or when he has been permitted by the corporation for some time to act and contract for it.” Cook Corp., see. 716. “If a corporation, therefore, or its directors, either intentionally or negligently, clothe a particular officer or agent with an apparent authority to act for it in a particular business or transaction, and persons deal with him in good faith, it will be bound to the same extent precisely as if such apparent authority were real. * * * * Although a person dealing with a corporation is bound to know whether or not the officer or agent who acts for it is authorized to do so, yet, if he is, and the act is within the apparent scope of his authority, the person dealing with him is not .chargeable with notice of extrinsic facts, making it improper for him to act in the particular case.” Clark & Mar. Corp., sec. 708. In a case involving a question similar to the one we have here the Supreme Court of the United States held as follows: “Where an officer of a railroad construction company has full charge, for it of the location and construction of a railroad, and is authorized to draw checks and drafts, and charged with the general management of the business of the company in the'absence of contrary instructions by the board of directors, notes given by him for moneys used to pay off indebtedness of the company arising in the construction of the road, cannot be held to be in excess of his powers. It was the duty of the directors to give contrary instructions if they wished to withdraw the general management from the president, and to disaffirm the action of their agents promptly if they objected to it.” Construction Co. v. Fitzgerald, 137 U. S.
As has been stated, RTewenham was to all outward appearances managing and controling the business of the company, and, in his transactions with the bank, exercised power of the same general kind and character as that which his principal now attempts to repudiate. He came with the notes of the company to borrow money from the bank as if such action were a part of the general business entrusted to him. He discounted the notes and then drew checks on the fund in the bank as if he had authority to do that under all circumstances. He deposited at least one other sum of money in the bank and drew the company’s check for that. The bank knew all these acts on his part had passed through the Pocahontas office of the company without any objection or protest or notice of want of authority. It knew, therefore, either that the directors had approved these acts or were allowing the president to manage the business of the company just as he seemed to be' doing. That the company had a treasurer who endorsed the checks for and on its behalf carried no implication or notice of less authority in RTewenham than he was apparently exercising. The latter was, to the knowledge of the bank and also his principal, handling the paper of the company and using its money as if he were its chief executive officer. These transactions were such as ordinarily fall with
Another legal principle in the light of which the rulings of the cortrt must be considered is that which holds a principal bound by the unauthorized act of his agent upon the theory of implied ratification.. The note sued on here was accepted, in exchange for other notes which the bank at the time held. These went into the hands of Hewenham as president of the defendant company. What their value was is not shown, but presumptively they had some value. They have never been returned nor tendered to the bank. But for the execution of this new note the bank would no doubt have tested their value by proceeding to enforce the collection thereof and would have proceeded against the defendant itself as well as the makers, for it was bound for their payment by its endorsement. Having obtained the possession of these notes by the alleged unauthorized endorsement of the president, the defendant obtained at least the benefit of a release from liability upon them and may have obtained still further benefit. The treasurer says these notes were not found among the papers left in the office by the president and are not
Much of - Newenham’s testimony as to the extent of the powers exercised by him and knowledge thereof on the part of the board of directors was objected to upon two grounds: (1) that he stated conclusions rather than facts; and (2) that some transactions related by him were not shown to have come to the knowledge of the plaintiff. It was not improper to permit him to say he had had full management and control of the affairs of the company and attended to all kinds of its business, buying and selling and looking after its finances and was under the duty of executing notes, checks and other papers, and did all these things with the approbation of the directors. These were
Plaintiff’s instruction No. 7, complained of, told the jury in substance that, if they believed from the evidence Newenham was authorized to discount the original notes, the company received the proceeds thereof, some of the notes were not paid, Newenham endorsed the name of the company on the note sued on in renewal thereof and received in exchange therefor the unpaid notes and the officers believed, with good reason, Newen-ham had the same authority, at the time, that he had had at the dates of the discounting of the original notes and knew nothing to the contrary, they should find for the plaintiff, even though they should further believe Newenham was not president of the company at the date of such renewal. The legal principles already adverted to sustain the ruling of the court on this instruction. The subsequent act was of the same character in general as the previous ones, which indicated authority
All of the eight instructions requested by the defendant ■were refused. Of these Nos. 3 and 6 only call for any discussion, as the others were palpably bad. No. 3 was intended to warn the jury that the-burden of proof was on the plaintiff as to all material allegations of the declaration. Some of these allegations were admitted and uncontroverted, or fully proved by unconiradicted evidence. This fully justified refusal of the instruction. Fisher v. Kuykendall, 61 W. Va. 87; Parker v. B. & L. Assn., 55 W. Va. 134. No. 6 is bad because it attempted to make the issue turn on the questions of actual authority, or ratification of unauthorized action. Evidence of apparent authority, sufficing to sustain the issue, was wholly ignored by it. To say the least, it would have been misleading in that it failed to define or extend ratification so as to include estoppel, based upon evidence of apparent authority.
Seeing no error in the judgment, we affirm it.
Affirmed