148 N.Y. 529 | NY | 1896
[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *532 The complainant, as a holder of "certificates of trust" issued by the National Lead Trust, seeks by this action to obtain a judgment which shall provide for the winding up of the affairs of the trust, for an accounting by the defendants, who were the trustees under the trust agreement, for the appointment of a receiver and for a distribution through the receiver of all moneys and of the proceeds of property which came into the defendants' hands and for other incidental equitable relief. The complaint was demurred to and the question is whether, admitting all its averments to be true, a cause of action is made out which the court will recognize. The action being brought on the equity side of the court, it is, of course, essential that the plaintiff shall show facts which make out a case where the intervention of equity is both necessary and warranted. For while a court of equity exercises a discretion regulated upon judicial grounds, it is not compelled, and it will refuse, to aid one whose appeal to it offends its conscience. The party aggrieved and remediless at law must come into court with clean hands. He must be innocent of any participation in a wrong, as to which he seeks equitable intervention; or, if appearing to be a participant, he must be able to sustain his appeal to the court by showing that, nevertheless, there is a justice or some element of public policy in his demand, which outweighs the fact of his participation. Is that the case here? The court below has held adversely to the plaintiff; because the action was an effort to have his rights determined under the provisions of an agreement shown, and alleged, to be illegal.
An examination of the complaint shows that, in October, 1887, an agreement was entered into for the formation of a lead trust; which should combine the interests of manufacturers and dealers in lead and its products throughout the country and which was of like nature with an agreement which was condemned in this court as unlawful, for constituting a partnership between corporations, whose stock should be deposited under it, and a surrender of the corporate management to directors, selected not, as required by the law, *533
by the stockholders, but by the board of trustees under the agreement. (People v. North River Sugar Refining Company,
It would seem, from a consideration of this complaint, that the plaintiff, being defeated in his prior attempt to compel the trustees specifically to perform the trust agreement and to refrain from carrying out the re-organization plan, was now endeavoring to compel them to account for their acts while managing the affairs of the Trust and upon the theory that, the trust agreement having failed for illegality, they became custodians or trustees at common law and in equity of the properties coming into their hands. It is, of course, apparent that the obstacle, in the way of granting to the plaintiff the equitable relief he demands, is that his complaint shows that he became a participant in an enterprise or scheme, which was illegal, as being contrary to the statute and against public policy under the decisions, and which he avers to have been "a monopoly and inimical to the best interests of the public at large." He avers that "said agreement was illegal and void and against public policy;" but yet insists that, nevertheless, a court of equity should aid him in winding up the affairs of the trust and in compelling an accounting by its trustees. It would be a somewhat unusual spectacle for a court of equity to be occupying itself with investigating the illegal transactions of parties and with adjusting the differences between them, and a somewhat similar view was taken *535
as recently as in the case of Leonard v. Poole, (
At the outset, it is to be observed that this is not a case where it appears that the defendants are parties who seek to derive any advantage from the illegal agreement, or from their unlawful acts; a circumstance which, under some of the cases, might have justified the court in giving relief. On the contrary, they have endeavored to execute the wishes of the great body of certificate holders and the plaintiff seeks to set at naught acts on their part which were, in fact, in aid of a purpose to organize legally. The plaintiff has defined his position very clearly in his complaint. He is not endeavoring to recover back stocks or property surrendered, or paid out, under the agreement; but, on behalf of a class of certificate *536 holders of whom he alleges himself to be one, he asks for an accounting and for a distribution by the defendants, as the trustees under the agreement, as to the moneys and properties which had accumulated in their hands; and this, notwithstanding the fact that, in compliance with the resolves of the holders of the trust certificates, (and for aught that is alleged we may assume that all approved), the trustees have transferred the property in their hands to the new corporation. This action cannot, with any propriety, be regarded as in disaffirmance of the agreement. The plaintiff was not a party to the agreement itself and disaffirmance implies action on the part of a contracting party, looking to withdrawal from the guilty scheme, a repudiation of all share in it and a return of the property put into it. His own transaction, assuming it to have been a purchase of the certificates in the market, was an act by which he bought an interest in the scheme involved in the executed agreement and he now, in effect, seeks to secure, through an accounting and distribution, the profits alleged to have been made.
We are not called upon to decide in this case what should be the just rule, if a stockholder and party to the original agreement were to ask for an accounting by his trustees. Although such an agreement as the one in question may be illegal, for being against public policy, because aiming at creating a monopoly in a necessary product, and, hence, subject to the condemnation of the law, when moved against by the public authorities, it might possibly be that a party would have the right to come seasonably into a court of equity and, disaffirming the agreement, ask for a restoration of his property; or that the trustees should account and distribute the accumulated property in their hands as equity might deem just and feasible. In such a case there might exist a locus pœnitentiæ for the party. That, however, is by no means this case and we defer the expression of any opinion, as to what should be done in such a case, to the time when it arises. The plaintiff here, voluntarily, became a participant in a scheme, which he alleges to have been illegal, by acquiring *537 the trust certificates subsequently to the formation of the trust. In equity there might be a distinction, of some substance, between his case and the other case suggested. In the former, property would have been surrendered to be administered in the owner's behalf and his certificate of trust would represent it and his interest in the trust property. In the present case, the plaintiff has not the excuse of the stockholder; who, influenced to effect an increase of corporate business and of consequent profits, by consenting to the plausible scheme of a combination of rival interests, in good faith, parts with his property to the trustees under the provisions of an agreement and entrusts them with its control. What interest has the plaintiff, other than that which his certificate suggests; namely, a proportionate interest as a beneficiary in the trust scheme? He could not well lay claim to the ownership of any stocks or property originally surrendered to the trustees. He acquired certificates, which represented the amount of his interest in the trust and which contained a stipulation binding him as their holder to all the terms of the trust agreement. He thus, voluntarily, made himself a party to a scheme under an executed agreement, which he alleges to have been illegal and how can he now say that it is one which he can disaffirm and as to which, upon the plea of disaffirming, he can ask a court of equity to intervene and to compel in his favor an accounting and distribution by the trustees? I think the court might well apply the principle which controls in cases where parties are in pari delicto, and hold that it would not, and that no public policy required it to, interfere. The plaintiff's demand would be met with this answer; either you are bound, through your certificates, by the terms of the trust agreement, in which case it would require a demand representing sixty-seven per cent in value of the holders of the trust certificates to compel the trustees to do what you ask; or, as you voluntarily chose to acquire an interest under an agreement, which you admit to have been illegal, and thus became a participant in an unlawful scheme, equity will leave you where it *538 finds you and will not grant you any relief. The situation is of your own creation and you have not an excuse to offer, which appeals to the conscience of the court.
It is very clear that the plaintiff is seeking the aid of the court to enforce certain rights, which he deems to have accrued to him by virtue of, or as the result of, the trust agreement, and although his contention is that his rights are independent of, and unaffected by the illegality of the agreement, he is claiming exactly what the contract was intended to give. As it was observed in Peck v. Burr (10 N.Y. at p. 298), "the plaintiff seeks to have the full benefit of the contract, though in a form of action a little different." I do not see how the court could grant to plaintiff the relief he demands without recognizing the agreement, and I may use the words of Sir WILLIAM GRANT, Master of the Rolls, in Thomson v. Thomson (7 Ves. 470), who, in discussing the right of the plaintiff to recover from a fund, observed: "You have no claim to this money except through the medium of an illegal agreement; which, according to the determinations, you cannot support. * * * Here you cannot stir a step but through that illegal agreement; and it is impossible for the court to enforce it. I must, therefore, dismiss the bill."
Assuming, as the plaintiff argues, that we could view this agreement as, in a sense, executory; because some years remain of the period it was to cover, how is the question affected? The purpose of the agreement was effected when the combination and control of the various lead interests were secured through its execution. But it was not executory. The plan contemplated was carried out and a combination of the several concerns, interested in manufacturing and dealing in lead products, was perfected. It is, indeed, alleged in the complaint that the business was carried on by the trustees, and that they accumulated moneys and property, for which they should have accounted. No act remained to be done by the parties to the agreement to make it in force. As an executed agreement it was open to others to come in under its terms. Even if the agreement were to be regarded as but partially performed, it *539
would not help out the plaintiff's cause of action. For the illegality tainted the whole contract, and, therefore, the court would leave the parties where it found them. (Knowlton v.Congress, etc., Spring Co.,
The plaintiff argues that the defendants, upon the failure of the trust plan, became, by operation of law, trustees or custodians of the property for his benefit and that of all purchasers of trust certificates, as beneficial owners of the original stocks and bonds which had been delivered to the trustees upon the formation of the trust. Such a contention does not commend itself. The plaintiff is not entitled to the aid of a court of equity, in the investigation of the illegal transactions, whether sought for upon the one or the other theory. The obligation, which plaintiff claims the defendants to be under, springs out of the trust agreement. If that agreement was illegal and created no obligation which the court would recognize or enforce, it cannot be that the law would, nevertheless, imply some valid agreement between the trustees and the plaintiff, which he could assert and ask a court of equity to enforce in his behalf. The plaintiff's relation to the defendants rests upon his having become a party to the trust agreement and the vice which inhered in that relation follows the parties through their subsequent dealings and controversies.
From a careful consideration of the complaint, I think that the judgment below, sustaining the defendants' demurrer to the complaint, was correct and that it should be affirmed, with costs.
All concur (ANDREWS, Ch. J., in result).
Judgment affirmed. *540