193 F. 768 | S.D.N.Y. | 1912
(after stating the facts as above).
“No case arising under tills act and brought in any state court of competent jurisdiction shall be removed.”
“The defendant shall not he entitled to remove because the plaintiff relies upon any rights created hereby”
—if Congress meant removal to be still possible in such cases, when there was diversity of citizenship. That would have prevented the removal merely by virtue of the fact that the suit arose under a law of the.United States — Judiciary Code (Act March 3, 1911', c. 231) § 28, 36 Stat. 1094 — but would still have allowed a nonresident defendant to remove. The words used prohibit absolutely any removal when the “case” is of a given kind, and if the intent had been less absolute than the language, I think Congress would have adopted the prohibition to the scheme of removal as it has long existed under the earlier forms of the present section 28 of the Judiciary Code. It was well known that that action set forth the various grounds of removal, and if the intent was to prohibit removal only for one of those grounds, I should have looked for some use of its language, or at least of the classification there contained. As matter of mere statutory interpretation, I think the plaintiff is right.
Again, consider the actual subject-matter of the section. The employer’s liability act affects interstate railroads exclusively, and! such railroads are commonly organized in only one state. As now organized, such interstate railroads usually operate in a number of other states than those in which they are organized. It is hardly likely that Congress meant so absolute a prohibition to apply only in the state of the railroad’s organization. The apparent purpose at least of the act was to prevent the defendant from invoking a federal court’s construction of the plaintiff’s right, though it was created by a federal law. The plaintiff was to have the choice, not the defendant, as to whether the national tribunal should interpret the national will. That purpose would be in fact substantially defeated in most of the cases to which it applied, if the defendant could remove for diversity of citizenship. It is theoretically possible that Congress might have thought that state tribunals would fairly administer a federal right, but might be moved by local bias against a nonresident, and that would have some force if the whole history of our legislation had not coupled both grounds of removal together, but from the Constitution itself it has done so, and it, therefore, is remote from our legal traditions to impute such a distinction to Congress. Of course, the whole existence of inferior federal courts rests solely upon the possibility that state courts may not be impartial, and while such possible partiality might be sectional, without being antinational, to import such a distinction is unhistorical. Congress, in depriving railroads of the right to invoke the National courts, did not, therefore, I believe, entertain the distinction that,-while the state courts might do them full justice when they were organized within the state, they would not do them justice when they were not. The state in which a railroad is organized has no such different sentiments towards it on that account as would make such a distinction have any but a fictitious bearing upon the question. I think, therefore, that' the section includes a case of diversity of citizenship.
There remains a theoretical point which the case sharply raises. 'The complaint alleges, not only those facts upon which depends the “right” created by the United States employer’s liability act, but also those upon which depend another “'right,” created by Labor Law N. Y. § 200 et seq., and, moreover, those upon which the com'mon-law “right” depends. Now, were it not for the fact that the federal “right” was alleged, the defendant could come into a federal court, paradoxical though that result may seem. How, then, can the defendant obtain its right to a trial in a federal court upon the common-law and New York statutory “rights”? An obvious way would be to compel the plaintiff either to disclaim any “right” in this action, except the federal, or in the alternative to separate his action into two parts, and remand one, while I kept the other. The result of the latter alternative would be to have two actions brought by the same plaintiff, pending at the same time, to recover for the same injuries, caused by the same accident. I purposely leave the word “accident” vague, because in one case the cause of the injury might be a fellow servant, in the other a defective track, and therefore the causes are not necessarily the same. However, it is a question whether the meaning of Congress should include the subdivision of a “case” into such “causes of action.” T think not. I believe that the “case” for all purposes arises under the federal employer’s liability act, when the plaintiff alleges that he was himself engaged in interstate commerce and) is injured by an interstate railroad. It is immaterial, as I regard it, to consider nicely whether the employer’s liability act creates a new “right,” or whether it changes the incidents of the “right” at common law, or under the New York labor law; nor do T mean to suggest that the plaintiff might not succeed upon those latter “rights,” though he failed to show that he was engaged in interstate commerce. It is enough to avoid the jurisdiction of this court for all purposes that he has alleged that he was engaged in interstate' commerce. An analogy exists for this interpretation in those cases in which a federal court, having one ground of jurisdiction, can dispose of the whole case, though it involves other matters (Railroad Co. v. Mississippi, 102 U. S. 135, 26 L. Ed. 96), as, indeed, iu those in which the jurisdiction remains, though the allegations of jurisdiction prove unsupported (City Railway Co. v. Citizens’ Steel Railroad Co., 166 U. S. 557, 17 Sup. Ct. 653, 41 L. Ed. 1114). So here, though
The motion to remand is granted.
Note. — District Judges HOLT and HOUGH have both read the foregoing opinion and agree with the conclusion reached.