Joseph F. Bianco, United States District Judge
Presently before the Court are defendants' motions to dismiss the complaint pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). For the reasons set forth below, the Court grants the motions in part and denies the motions in part. More specifically, defendants' motions to dismiss are granted as to plaintiff's claim for aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duty, and defendants Feinsod's, Feinstein's, and Mullens' motions to dismiss are granted as to plaintiff's claim for conspiracy. Defendants' motions to dismiss are denied in all other respects.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Facts
The Court takes the following facts from the complaint (ECF No. 1), unless indicated otherwisе herein. The Court assumes these facts to be true in deciding the motion to dismiss, and construes them in the light most favorable to plaintiff.
1. Regulatory Background
The Small Business Investment Act of 1958 ("SBIA"),
Section 687(c) of the SBIA authorizes the SBA to enact regulations governing SBICs. These regulations are codified at Title 13 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 107. The following two regulations are relevant to this action:
The SBIA provides that the SBA may enforce its provisions and regulations by, among other things, suspending or revoking the SBIC's license, 15 U.S.C. § 687a, removing or suspending management,
2. The Parties
Elk, a New York corporation, became licensed as an SBIC on July 24, 1980. (Compl. ¶¶ 10, 26.) Elk's Certificate of Incorporation states that "[t]he corporation is organized and chartered solely for the purpose of performing the functions and conducting the activities contemplated under the Small Business Act of 1958, as amended from time to time." (Id. ¶ 27.)
Defendants are former officers and directors of Elk. Defendants Feinsod, Feinstein, and Mullens served as officers of Elk. (Id. ¶¶ 11-13.) Feinsod also served as a director of Elk, and Feinstein participated in Board of Director meetings. (Id. ¶¶ 11, 128.) Defendants Granoff, Etra, Laird, Wolpert, Sommer, Indick, Singer, and Boockvar (collectively, "the Independent Director defendants") served as directors of Elk, but did not hold management roles. (Id. ¶¶ 14-21.)
3. Elk and the SBA
In September 1993, Elk received a loan from the SBA. (Id. ¶ 37.) In connection with the loan, Elk and the SBA entered into several agreements, which the complaint refers to as the "SBA Security Agreement," the "SBA Agreement," the "Intercreditor Agreement," and the "Custodian Agreement." (Id. ¶¶ 37-40, 44.)
The Custodian Agreement appointed Israel Discount Bank ("IDB") as custodian of Elk's assets for the benefit of the SBA and the other private lenders. (Id. ¶ 44.) Pursuant to the Custodian Agreement, Elk was required to assign and deliver to IDB "Custodian Collateral," including Elk's "notes, security agreements, financing statements, assignments of financing statements, and other instruments and securities." (Id. ¶¶ 45-46.) Elk had the discretion to sell its "interest in any note or other evidence of indebtednеss," as long as it delivered to IDB a "written certification" that the net proceeds from such sale would be used immediately to pay down Elk's "Senior Indebtedness." (Id. ¶ 49.) However, in the event that Elk intended to use the net sale proceeds for another purpose, Elk was required to provide the SBA and the other lenders advance notice of the proposed sale and an opportunity to object. (Id. ¶¶ 49-50.)
4. Elk and Ameritrans
In 1998, Elk was reorganized as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Ameritrans Capital
Elk sought approval from the SBA and the SEC to reorganize as a wholly-owned subsidiary under Ameritrans. (Compl. ¶ 61; Shur Decl. Exs. B-D.) In order to secure SEC approval, Elk and Ameritrans filed an application for an order granting certain exemptions from SEC regulations that might otherwise apply. (Shur Decl. Exs. B, C.) In the application, Elk and Ameritrans detailed how the corporations would be organized. Specifically, the application disclosed that Elk and Ameritrans would operate as "оne company" (Shur Decl. Ex. C at 14); that "Ameritrans [would] engage directly and/or through its principal subsidiary [Elk] primarily in the business of making loans to small businesses" (id. at 5); and that the companies would share a Board of Directors (id. at 43).
The application also sought exemptions to allow the following transactions: (1) "making of loans or advances by any of Elk or any Future Subsidiary to Ameritrans or to any other of Elk or any Future Subsidiary," (id. at 18); (2) "lending of money or other property by Elk ... to Ameritrans or another Subsidiary" (id. at 30); (3) "borrowing of money or other property by Ameritrans from Elk" (id. ); and (4) financial reporting by "Ameritrans, Elk, and Future ... Subsidiaries ... on a consolidated basis" (id. at 38-39).
The SBA approved Ameritrans' acquisition of Elk on September 21, 1999, after receiving confirmation that Elk's assets could not be used to collateralize any indebtedness to Ameritrans. (Compl. ¶¶ 61-67.) On December 7, 1999, the SEC granted the application for exemptions. (Shur Decl. Ex. D.)
Defendants, aside from Mullens and Feinstein, served as directors of Ameritrans (Feinstein participated in meetings). (Compl. ¶¶ 11, 13-21, 128.) Defendants, aside from Feinstein and Indick, were also shareholders of Ameritrans. (Id. ¶¶ 11-12, 14-18, 20-21.)
5. Financial Difficulties and Alleged Improper Transactions
Following the Great Recession, Elk and Ameritrans faced financial difficulties. (See, e.g.,
In September 2009, the SBA approved a commitment of $9,175,000 for Elk. (
Starting in or around this time, in 2009, Ameritrans also received significant financial support from Elk, including through (1) Elk's payment of Ameritrans' expenses; (2) cash transfers; and (3) a $4.5 million board-approvеd loan. (See Compl. ¶¶ 82, 97-158.) More specifically, from 2009 until 2013, when the SBA took over as receiver, Elk paid $7,491,139 of Ameritrans' expenses and transferred Ameritrans $6,779,898 in cash (including the above-mentioned loan), ultimately depleting Elk's bank account to $17,415.85. (Id. ¶¶ 73, 82, 153.) These transactions form the bases of plaintiff's causes of action. Plaintiff alleges that defendants "repeatedly and improperly used Elk's funds to operate and conduct business for the benefit of Ameritrans and its shareholders" (id. ¶ 78) and gave Ameritrans over $14 million "for no consideration" (id. ¶ 82). Plaintiff alleges that Elk was insolvent as of December 31, 2010. (Id. ¶ 105.) The Court discusses each transaction in turn.
a. Alleged Improper Payment of Expenses
After Elk received SBA funding in 2009, Elk's payment of Ameritrans' expenses increased, while reimbursements from Ameritrans decreased. (Id. ¶ 97.) Elk's financial statements filed with the SBA ("Form 468s"), as well as Elk's general ledger, reflect that Ameritrans' liability to Elk grew from $418,595 in 2009 to $10,901,847 in 2012, the majority of the liabilities being unpaid expenses. (Id. ¶¶ 100-09.) In the last nine months of 2012, Elk also paid an additional $2,800,000 of Ameritrans' expenses without any reimbursement. (Id. ¶ 110.) Further, between April 1, 2013 and April 24, 2013, defendants "approved and/or caused Elk to pay an additional $226,043 of Ameritrans' expenses with no consideration." (Id. ¶ 153.) Ameritrans' last reimbursement to Elk was in 2011, for $38,000. (Id. ¶ 120.)
The Form 468s, which reported the amount "Due From Parent," were certified by defendants Feinstein and Mullens, and were reviewed and approved by the other defendants. (See, e.g.,
b. Alleged Improper Loan and Cash Transfers
Elk also transferred cash directly to Ameritrans to pay Ameritrans' debts. (Id. ¶ 121.) The alleged improper transfers started in early 2012, and reached $6,779,898 by April 2013. (Id. ) The complaint connects the alleged improper cash transfers to two events.
First, in January 2012, Ameritrans' bank account balance fell to approximately $15,000. (Id. ¶ 124.) This constituted an "event of default" under a loan agreement between Ameritrans and Columbus Nova, Ltd. ("CN"), causing CN to notify Ameritrans that its $1.5 million loan was immediately due and payable. (Id. ¶¶ 123-24.)
Second, on February 24, 2012, the SBA informed Elk by telephone that, as a result of Elk's "capital impairment" (as defined in
On February 24, 2012, the Board of Directors (including Feinstein) held a "Special Meeting of the Board of Directors of Ameritrans and Elk," during which the directors discussed, among other things, the SBA's referral of Elk to its Office of Liquidation and the CN and Etra-affiliated loans. (Compl. ¶ 128; Shur Decl. Ex. K.) At the end of the meeting, the boards passed a resolution approving a $4.5 million loan from Elk to Ameritrans. (Compl. ¶ 128; Shur Decl. Ex. K.) Etra recused himself from the discussion of the Etra-affiliated loans, as well as the vote. (See Shur Decl. Ex. K.)
Following the February 24, 2012 board meeting, defendants Feinsod, Feinstein, and Mullens facilitated cash transfers from the sale of Elk assets to Ameritrans. (E.g. , Compl. ¶¶ 129-32.) The majority of the cash transferred from Elk to Ameritrans came from the sale of Elk's investments that had been made with SBA funds. (Id. ¶ 122.) Instead of depositing the cash with IDB (as required under the Custodian Agreement), the cash was wired to a different Elk bank account, and then to Ameritrans, without the required notice to the SBA or Elk's other lenders. (Id. ¶¶ 129-38, 140-52.)
6. 2012 Elk Lawsuit and Settlement
On March 20, 2012, in the midst of the alleged improper cash transfers and one day before the March 21, 2012 deadline for Elk to cure its capital impairment, Elk moved for an emergency temporary restraining order against the SBA in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, to stall the SBA's transfer of Elk to the Office of Liquidation. (Id. ¶ 137.) The basis of Elk's lawsuit was that the SBA violated the Administrative Procedure Act by rejecting certain transactions proposed by Elk that would have recapitalized Elk and prevented Ameritrans' event of default on the CN notes. See Compl., Elk Assocs. Funding Corp. v. SBA , No. 12-CV-0438 (CKK) (D.D.C. Mar. 20, 2012).
Elk and the SBA settled the lawsuit on October 31, 2012. (Shur Decl. Ex. N.) Pursuant to the settlement agreement, Elk voluntarily surrendered its SBIC license, and, in return, the SBA agreed to accept a discounted amount of $7,900,000 from Elk in satisfaction of Elk's debt to the SBA. (Id. ¶¶ 1-3.) In addition Elk agreed that, in the event it did not timely repay the SBA, the SBA would be entitled to put Elk into receivership. (Id. ¶ 4.)
The settlement agreement also contained the following release:
SBA, on behalf of itself and its successors and assigns, predecessors, officers, officials and its present and former employees and agents, in their official capacities only (collectively, the "SBA Releasors"), hereby releases and forever discharges ELK, its successors and assigns, predecessors, shareholders, officers, directors, representatives, agents,and employees (collectively, the "Elk Releasees") from any and all actions, causes of action, claims, rights, and demands of every kind of nature, in law or equity, whether known or unknown, suspected or unsuspected, which the SBIA Releasors now have, may have or has ever had against any against any Elk Releasee, from the beginning of the world to [October 31, 2012].
(Id. ¶ 6.)
7. 2013 Receivership Action
Elk failed to timely pay the SBA the $7,900,000 due under the settlement agreement. (Compl. ¶¶ 3, 68.) Accordingly, on February 14, 2013, the SBA filed a complaint in this Court seeking its appointment as receiver of Elk. (Id. ); see also Compl., United States v. Elk Assocs. Funding Corp. , No. 13-CV-1326 (JFB)(GRB) (E.D.N.Y. Feb. 14, 2013) ("the receivership action"). By Order dated April 24, 2013, the Court appointed the SBA as receiver of Elk pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 687c, and entered judgment in favor of the SBA for the amount of the loans outstanding, which totaled over $20 million. (Compl. ¶ 69); Consent Order Appointing SBA as Receiver of Elk, United States v. Elk Assocs. Funding Corp. , No. 13-CV-1326 (JFB)(GRB) (E.D.N.Y. Apr. 24, 2013).
8. 2016 Ameritrans Bankruptcy
On October 5, 2016, Ameritrans filed for bankruptcy in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the District of Massachusetts. (Compl. ¶ 79.) Plaintiff filed a proof of claim for $12,339,927 with the bankruptcy court on January 20, 2017. (Id. )
9. Pending Action
In 2016 and 2017, plaintiff made demands on defendants for "damages suffered by Elk as a consequence of [defendant's alleged] actions in approving, facilitating and/or executing the actions and transactions described [in the complaint]." (Id. ¶¶ 159-76.)
By Order dated November 21, 2016, the receivership action court lifted the stay and injunction imposed by the receivership order for the limited purpose of authorizing plaintiff to bring this action. (Id. ¶ 9.); Order Partially Lifting Judicial Stay, United States v. Elk Assocs. Funding Corp. , No. 13-CV-1326 (JFB)(GRB) (E.D.N.Y. Nov. 21, 2016).
B. Procedural History
Plaintiff filed the complaint in this action on June 14, 2017. (ECF No. 1.) The case was assigned to District Judge Sandra J. Feuerstein. On October 6, 2017, pursuant to Judge Feuerstein's Individual Rules, the parties filed fully submitted motions to dismiss. (ECF Nos. 31-53.)
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
In reviewing a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), the Court must accept the factual allegations set forth in the complaint as true and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff. See Cleveland v. Caplaw Enters. ,
The Supreme Court clarified the appropriate pleading standard in Ashcroft v. Iqbal , setting forth a two-pronged approach for deciding motions to dismiss.
The Court notes that, in adjudicating this motion to dismiss, it may consider:
(1) facts alleged in the complaint and documents attached to it or incorporated in it by reference, (2) documents "integral" to the complaint and relied upon in it, even if not attached or incorporated by reference, (3) documents or information contained in defendant's motion papers if plaintiff has knowledge or possession of the material and relied on it in framing the complaint, (4) public disclosure documents required by law to be, and that have been, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and (5) facts of which judicial notice may properly be taken under Rule 201 of the Federal Rules of Evidence.
In re Merrill Lynch & Co. ,
III. DISCUSSION
A. Applicable Law
As an initial matter, the parties dispute to what extent the Court can rely on defendants' alleged violation of the SBIA and its regulations to support plaintiff's claims.
As noted, plaintiff brings causes of action for breach of fiduciary duty, ultra vires acts, waste of assets, conversion, negligence,
There is no private right of action for a violation of the SBIA or its regulations. United States v. Fid. Capital Corp. ,
The Court also disagrees with plaintiff's argument that the SBIA establishes that defendants owed fiduciary duties to Elk. As written, Section 687f simply provides that it is unlawful under the SBIA to breach one's fiduciary duty. See 15 U.S.C. § 687f(b) ("It shall be unlawful for any officer [or] director ... to engage in any act or practice, or to omit any act, in breach of his fiduciary duty as such officer [or] director."). It does not purport to create fiduciary duties that do not otherwise exist under state law, and the Court "decline[s the] invitation to read into [New York] law greater rights and remedies than the Federal scheme provides." Lloyd Capital Corp. v. Pat Henchar, Inc. ,
Accordingly, the Court will now address whether plaintiff has plausibly stated that defendants committed the alleged torts under New York state law.
B. Breach of Fiduciary Duty
1. Applicable law
In general, officers and directors owe fiduciary duties, including a duty of loyalty and a duty of care, to a corporation and its shareholders. E.g., Norlin Corp. v. Rooney, Pace Inc. ,
New York's business judgment rule "creates a presumption that directors of a company act in good faith and in the best interests of the corporation." In re Sabine Oil & Gas Corp. ,
2. Analysis
Defendants argue that plaintiff's breach of fiduciary duty claim fails because defendants did not owe a duty to Elk and, in the alternative, because defendants are protected under the business judgment rule. The Independent Director defendants further assert that plaintiff's allegations are insufficient to establish the Independent Director defendants' involvement in the allocation of expenses and cash transfers. Defendants Mullen, Granoff, Etra, and Feinsod also make specific аrguments as to their involvement. For the reasons that follow, the Court concludes that defendants owed a duty to Elk once it is alleged to have been rendered insolvent, and that plaintiff's allegations are sufficient to plausibly rebut the business judgment rule at this stage of the litigation.
a. Duty
As noted, "[d]irectors and officers typically owe fiduciary duties to a corporation and its shareholders." RSL Commc'ns PLC ,
However, "once a corporation is insolvent, corporate officers and directors owe a fiduciary duty to preserve corporate assets for the benefit of the creditors." Teras Int'l Corp. v. Gimbel , No. 13-CV-6788 (VEC),
Here, whether defendants owed a duty to Elk is complicated by the fact that plaintiff alleges that Elk was insolvent by December 31, 2010. (Compl. ¶ 105.)
Defendants argue that, even assuming Elk was insolvent, plaintiff's breach of fiduciary duty claim fails because defendants owed duties to Elk's creditors, and not Elk. The Court disagrees. In short, although defendants' duties shifted to preserving Elk's assets for its creditors, the breach of fiduciary claim belongs to the corporation (Elk), and plaintiff is the proper party to bring this action. See, e.g., Teras Int'l Corp. ,
b. Breach of Duty and Application of Business Judgment Rule
Having concluded that plaintiff can assert a breach of fiduciary duty claim against defendants for their actions after December 31, 2010, the Court turns to defendants' alternative argument-that defendants are insulated from liability by the business judgment rule.
As noted, the business judgment rule "bars judicial inquiry into actions of corporate directors taken in good faith and in the exercise of honest judgment in the lawful and legitimate furtherance of corporate purposes." Auerbach ,
Defendants argue that Elk's payment of Ameritrans' expenses does not suggest bad faith because Elk and Ameritrans operated as "one company," with "shared 'administrative costs,' " and "Elk did not simply gift Ameritrans these amounts-it accounted for them as debt Ameritrans was to repay to Elk once it was able." (Defs. Omnibus Mot. 15, ECF No. 47-1.) However, defendants overlook the fact that, once Elk became insolvent, defendants' duties shifted to preserving Elk's assets for the benefit of its creditors. See In re Magnesium Corp. of Am. ,
The Independent Director defendants separately argue that the complaint fails to allege that they were involved with the allocation of expenses. The Court disagrees. The complaint alleges that all defendants, including the Independent Director
With respect to the cash transfers, defendants claim that plaintiff "does not explain what those transfers were, much less how they show bad faith." (Defs. Omnibus Mot. 16.) To the contrary, the complaint alleges that defendants caused Elk to transfer cash generated from the sale of identified Elk assets to Ameritrans, bypassing the Custodian Account, and receiving no consideration in return. (Compl. ¶¶ 126, 127, 140-52.) Further, defendants allegedly started transferring the cash after learning that the SBA was going to move Elk to its Office of Liquidation, and the transfers continued up until SBA was named as receiver. (Id. ¶¶ 125, 140-52.) Thus, in essence, plaintiff contends that defendants' actions are "explicable only by bad faith."
The Court disagrees that plaintiff's claim regarding the intercompany loan is barred by the business judgment rule at this juncture. This is not a situation where plaintiff, in hindsight, is simply second-guessing defendants' good faith business judgments as to Elk. Instead, the complaint alleges that, at the time defendants approved the loan, defendants acted with the improper purpose of paying Ameritrans' debts before Elk's assets were liquidated by the SBA, while aware that Ameritrans could not repay Elk. (See, e.g. , Compl. ¶¶ 125-28, 155.) In other words, accepting the facts in the complaint as true, and drawing all reasonable inferences in plaintiff's favor, plaintiff has plausibly alleged that the loan did not further any legitimate business purpose for Elk.
The Court notes that defendants cite portions of the board minutes that state that defendants considered, among other things, whether the loan was in the best interest of Elk and its stakeholders and whether Ameritrans' collateral was sufficient to repay the loan. However, at the motion to dismiss stage, the procedures and methodologies reflected in the board minutes are not dispositive as to whether the business judgment rule would cover defendants' decision in this case. See RSL Commc'ns PLC ,
C. Ultra Vires Acts
Plaintiff alleges that defendants committed ultra vires acts because the three transactions discussed herein constituted violations of the SBIA and its regulations, which, in turn, constituted a violation of Elk's Certificate of Incorporation. More specifically, plaintiff alleges that defendants violated SBIA regulations
The parties seem to agree that plaintiff's ultra vires claim is governed by New York Business Corporation Law § 203, which states, in relevant part, that "the fact that the corporation was without capacity or power to do [an] act ... may be asserted ... [in] an action by or in the right of the corporation to procurе a judgment in its favor against an incumbent or former officer or director of the corporation for loss or damage due to his unauthorized act."
The parties, however, dispute to what extent the business judgment rule applies. Defendants urge the Court to import the business judgment rule into its analysis, relying on the New York Court of Appeals' decision in People ex rel. Spitzer v. Grasso ,
Defendants also argue that plaintiff has failed to allege that defendants breached the SBIA regulations. Defendants note that Section 107.730 provides that SBICs that receive an SEC exemption do not need the SBA's approval of the transaction as long as they promptly notify the SBA.
Here, the Court concludes that plaintiff has plausibly alleged that defendants knowingly violated the SBIA regulations. Accordingly, the Court need not, and does not, determine whether the business judgment rule applies to claims under § 203.
Although defendants argue that they did not violate the SBIA regulations, based on the pleadings, the Court cannot conclude at this juncture as a matter of law that the transactions were in full compliance with the regulations. For example, defendants argue that they were exempt from seeking SBA approval under § 107.730(f), however the Court is unable to conclude as a matter of law that the Form 468s constituted "prompt notification" as required under the regulation, and, even if they did, that defendants documented all of the alleged improper transactions in those forms (e.g., the cash transfers). As another example, defendants claim that they did not violate § 107.885 because the alleged unlawful transactions were loans, however, the Court is likewise unable to conclude based on the pleadings that the cash transfers do not fall under this provision. In addition, the Court determines that plaintiff's allegations are sufficient to establish that defendants' alleged violation of the regulations was knowing. (See, e.g. , Compl. ¶¶ 29, 86, 125-57, 228-33.)
Accordingly, for these reasons, defendants' motions to dismiss plaintiff's claim for ultra vires acts are denied.
D. Waste of Assets
Under New York law, "[c]orporate waste occurs when assets are used in a manner 'so far opposed to the true interests [of the corporation so] as to lead to the clеar inference that no one thus acting could have been influenced by any honest desire to secure such interests.' " Patrick ,
E. Conversion
In New York, "[a] conversion takes place when someone, intentionally and without authority, assumes or exercises control over personal property belonging to someone else, interfering with that person's right of possession." Colavito v. N.Y. Organ Donor Network, Inc. ,
Accepting the facts in the complaint as true, and drawing all reasonable inferences in plaintiff's favor, the Court concludes that plaintiff has plausibly stated a claim for conversiоn. First, plaintiff has sufficiently alleged that Elk had an interest in the cash advanced, loaned, and transferred to Ameritrans. (E.g. , Compl. ¶¶ 82, 210-11.) Second, plaintiff plausibly alleges that defendants, without authorization, transferred Elk's cash to Ameritrans for the purpose of paying Ameritrans' expenses and debts, and therefore interfered with Elk's rights to that money. (Id. ¶¶ 210-13.)
Defendants argue that plaintiff's conversion claim fails because plaintiff has failed to allege defendants' "unauthorized possession." The Court disagrees. As noted, plaintiff plausibly alleges that defendants' actions were unauthorized. In addition, the Court concludes that defendants' role in approving and facilitating the alleged unlawful expense payments and transfers is sufficient to establish defendants' "dominion over the property or interference with it" at this juncture. For example, in Grossi , the case upon which defendants rely, the court found that the plaintiff had stated a cause of action for conversion when the defendants "exercised dominion and control over [plaintiff's] proceeds in such a
Accordingly, defendants' motions to dismiss plaintiff's claim for conversion are denied.
F. Aiding and Abetting Breach of Fiduciary Duty
Plaintiff asserts a claim for aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duty against all defendants. Because plaintiff also alleges that each defendant owed a fiduciary duty to Elk, and because the Court concludes that plaintiff has plausibly alleged that defendants owed duties to Elk (and breached those duties), the Court dismisses plaintiff's aiding and abetting claim as duplicative. See Transeo S.A.R.L. v. Bessemer Venture Partners VI L.P. ,
G. Conspiracy
Plaintiff alleges a claim for conspiracy against defendants Feinsod, Feinstein, and Mullens. The Court agrees with defendants that plaintiff's conspiracy claim must be dismissed because it is duplicative of plaintiff's other tort claims.
To state a claim for civil conspiracy under New York law, a plaintiff must allege an underlying tort, as well as the following elements: "(1) an agreement between two or more parties; (2) an overt act in furtherance of the agreement; (3) the parties' intentional participation in the furtherance of a plan or purpose; and (4) resulting damage or injury." Bigio v. Coca-Cola Co. ,
"[A] cause of action for 'conspiracy may be alleged to connect a defendant' to a sufficiently pleaded tort claim, but plaintiffs may not 'reallege a tort asserted elsewhere in the complaint in the guise of a separate conspiracy claim.' " Loreley Fin. (Jersey) No. 3 Ltd. v. Wells Fargo Sec., LLC , No. 12-CV-3723 (RJS),
Here, plaintiffs conspiracy claim is premised on the same allegations and the same torts asserted elsewhere in the complaint. (Compl. ¶ 239 ("The underlying torts [for the civil conspiracy claim] include breach of fiduciary duty, aiding and
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, defendants' motions to dismiss are granted as to plaintiffs claim for aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duty, and defendants Feinsod's, Feinstein's, and Mullens' motions to dismiss are granted as to plaintiff's claim for conspiracy. Defendants' motions to dismiss are denied in all other respects.
SO ORDERED.
Notes
The terms "financing" and "associate" are defined at
The Court notes that Granoff served as an officer of Elk until July 2010, and then served as Managing Director of Elk until 2013. (Compl. ¶ 14.) However, for the purpose of this opinion, the Court considers Granoff as an independent director. See infra note 15.
As discussed infra , in addition to the facts alleged in the complaint, the Court is permitted to consider on a motion to dismiss documents that are incorporated by reference in the complaint, documents that are "integral" to the complaint, and public disclosure documents filed with the SEC. In re Merrill Lynch & Co. ,
The Etra-affiliated notes were repaid with the transferred cash on March 19, 2012. (Compl. ¶ 135.)
At the time of the April 24, 2013 Order, the receivership action was assigned to District Judge Leonard D. Wexler. The receivership action was reassigned to the undersigned on April 4, 2018.
Plaintiff had made a demand on Ameritrans for $12,339,927 on October 2, 2015, which Ameritrans did not pay. (Compl. ¶ 75.)
Defendants submitted five motions to dismiss: (1) Defendants Feinsod and Feinstein submitted a joint motion to dismiss (the "Omnibus Motion"), which all defendants incorporated by reference in their respective motions; (2) Defendants Laird, Wolpert, Sommer, Indick, Singer, and Boockvar submitted a joint motion to dismiss, which was joined by defendants Granoff and Etra; (3) Mullens submitted a separate motion to dismiss, which was incorporated by reference as to defendant Feinstein in the Omnibus Motion; (4) Granoff submitted a separate motion to dismiss; and (5) Etra submitted a separate motion to dismiss. Plaintiff sepаrately opposed each motion, incorporating by reference its opposition to defendants' Omnibus Motion in each opposition brief, as well as incorporating by reference its opposition to the Independent Director defendants', Mullens', Granoff's, and Etra's briefs in its opposition to the Omnibus Motion.
Defendants urge the Court to look to Delaware law for guidance in interpreting New York law. See, e.g., In re Kenneth Cole Prods., Inc. ,
Defendants argue that plaintiff's allegation that Elk was insolvent by December 31, 2010 is a "bare assertion of a legal conclusion" and, therefore, "is insufficient to plead insolvency." (Defs. Omnibus Reply 11, ECF No. 52.) The Court disagrees, and concludes that whether Elk was insolvent is a question of fact that cannot be resolved at this stagе. See, e.g., In re Tronox Inc. ,
As noted in Teras International Corp. , in order to have standing, plaintiff must assert injuries suffered by Elk that are distinct from the injuries suffered by its creditors.
Defendants argue that the settlement agreement entered into between the SBA and Elk in connection with Elk's lawsuit in 2012 precludes the SBA from pursuing this action. However, because the SBA is bringing this action in its role as receiver for Elk, the terms and conditions of the settlement agreement do not apply here. Accordingly, defendants' motions to dismiss based upon the settlement agreement are denied.
Defendants point out that Elk's Certificate of Incorporation "provide[s] for indemnification of the officers and directors of [Elk] to the fullest extent permissible under the Business Corporation Law of New York." (Shur Decl. Ex. Q.) New York Business Corporation Law § 402(b) provides that "[t]he certificate of incorporation may set forth a provision eliminating or limiting the personal liability of directors to the corporation or its shareholders for damages for any breach of duty in such capacity," aside from "bad faith," "intentional misconduct," "a knowing violation of law," or self-dealing.
The Court also notes that the complaint alleges that defendants misrepresented Ameritrans' debt as a "current asset," payable within one year. (Compl. ¶ 111.)
The Court notes that, although plaintiff does not use the phrase "bad faith" in the complaint, it is clear that the complaint, in essence, is alleging bad faith based upon the alleged lack of legitimate corporate purpose for the transactions at issue. In fact, at oral argument, plaintiff's counsel equated the actions of the defendants to "setting Elk's money on fire." Thus, whether characterized as "bad faith" or as actions lacking any legitimate business purpose for Elk, the allegations themselves are sufficient for the claim to overcome the business judgment rule for purposes of a motion to dismiss. See Hanson Tr. ,
The Independent Director defendants also argue that the complaint fails to allege that they were involved in the cash transfers. However, given that the Court concludes that plaintiff has plausibly stated a breach of fiduciary duty claim against the Independent Director defendants in connection with the expense payments and/or intercompany loan, the Court need not address the adequacy of the pleading with respect to these additional allegations regarding the cash transfers. For the same reason, the Court also declines to dismiss plaintiff's claims against defendants Etra, Indick, and Granoff, given their alleged involvement in the improper payment of Ameritrans' expenses, without addressing the sufficiency of the pleading as to each of them regarding the other transactions.
The Court has also considered defendant Mullens' arguments in support of her motion to dismiss plaintiff's breach of fiduciary claim. However, the Court concludes that plaintiff's allegаtions with respect to Mullens, and in particular plaintiff's allegations regarding her role in executing the cash transfers in 2012, are sufficient to state a claim for breach of fiduciary duty at this juncture. Mullens served as an officer of Elk and Ameritrans starting in 1996 and 1998, respectively (Compl. ¶¶ 12, 29-31); was a signatory on Elk's bank accounts (id. ¶ 58); certified the Form 468s (e.g., id. ¶ 109); and was an active participant in each of the alleged unlawful cash transfers (id. ¶¶ 129-36, 141, 145, 147, 152). Accordingly, although Mullens did not attend board meetings, the reasonable inferences drawn from the totality of plaintiff's allegations in the complaint would support a plausible claim that Mullens was aware of the financial conditions of Ameritrans and Elk; was familiar with the processes for selling Elk's assets; and therefore that Mullens' actions lacked good faith and a legitimate corporate purpose as to Elk.
The Court also denies defendants' motions to dismiss plaintiff's claims for negligence and gross negligence. Defendants moved to dismiss these claims on the same basis that they moved to dismiss plaintiff's claim for breach of fiduciary duty-specifically, defendants argue that these claims fail because defendants did nоt owe a duty to Elk and because plaintiff failed to plead around the business judgment rule. Accordingly, in light of the fact that the Court finds that plaintiff has plausibly stated a claim for breach of fiduciary duty and denies defendants' motions to dismiss that claim, the Court likewise denies defendants' motions to dismiss plaintiff's negligence and gross negligence claims.
Even if New York courts looked to Delaware courts for additional guidance, the standard under Delaware law would be similar. See, e.g., Brehm v. Eisner ,
Because the Court dismisses plaintiff's conspiracy claim as duplicative, it need not, and does not, reach defendants' argument that this claim is also barred by the intracorporate conspiracy doctrine.