OPINION
Opinion by:
The appellees’ motion for rehearing is denied. This court’s opinion and judgment dated December 8, 2010 are withdrawn, and this opinion and judgment are substituted. We substitute this opinion to clarify our judgment.
This case stems from a dispute regarding Appellant U.S. Renal Care’s (Renal Care) purchase of Rencare, Ltd., formerly owned by Appellees Laura Jaafar, Lisa Lewis, and their father, Bob Ehl (collectively Sellers). Jaafar and Lewis sued Renal Care for breach of contract, violation of prompt payment statutes, and attorney’s fees, among other claims. Renal Care counterclaimed for breach of contract and sued third party defendant Ehl for breach of contract and fraud. Following a jury trial, the trial court entered a final judgment in favor of the plaintiffs on the jury’s verdict in the amount of $750,000.00 in damages, $800,000.00 in attorney’s fees for trial, and prejudgment interest of $68,938.36. In addition, a conditional award of $375,000.00 in appellate attorney’s fees was granted. A take-nothing judgment was entered on Renal Care’s counterclaims against the plaintiffs and its third party claim against Ehl. The only portion of the judgment challenged on appeal is the award of damages, interest, and attorney’s fees to Jaafar and Lewis. Because we conclude there is no evidence to support the jury’s award of damages and, consequently, no right to attorney’s fees, we reverse the judgment as to the award of damages, interest, and attorney’s fees and render a take-nothing judgment in favor of Renal Care with regard to Jaafar and Lewis’s claims. The remaining portions of the judgment which have not been challenged on appeal arе affirmed.
Background
Bob Ehl started Rencare, which owned and operated several dialysis clinics in and around San Antonio. In 2006, Renal Care contacted Ehl, Jaafar, and Lewis regarding the purchase of Rencare, and ultimately the parties entered into an agreement. The Sale Agreement (also referred to as the Stock Purchase Agreement (Agreement)) stated Renal Care would acquire 100% of the stock in Rencare, but Sellers would retain all accounts receivable for services rendered by Rencare prior to the closing date of February 23, 2006. Following the sale, a controversy arose over the accounting for the pre-sale receivables, and Sellers sued Renal Care, for breaching the Agreement specifically as it pertained
At trial, Sellers asked the jury to find that Renal Care breached at least one of three specific sections of the Agreement: (1) Section 6.13, by failing to promptly pay to Sellers funds received in payment of services provided by Rencare prior to the Agreement; (2) Section 6.06, by failing to pay Sellers any balance due from any third party payors pertaining to services rendered by Rencare prior to closing; and (3) Section 6.11, by failing to provide documents, data, and software pertaining to the retained accounts receivable to Sellers.
A. Prior to Closing
This case focuses on the Sellers’ retained accounts receivable and a perhaps tedious, but thorough, discussion of the accounts receivable is necessary to understand the nature of the parties’ dispute. A pre-sale audit was completed in November 2005 that calculated the value of Rencare’s receivables as of September 30, 2005. From its opening in 1997, Rencare had maintained its books on a cash basis and never wrote off uncollectable receivables. The amount of receivables on Rencare’s books in 2005 totaled approximately $22 million, but only an unknown fraction was collectable. For these reasons, the auditors were unable to rely on Rencare’s books and, therefore, had to develop a method capable of determining a reasonable value for the collectable accounts receivable.
To determine the amounts that were actually collected for the services performed prior to December 31, 2004, the auditors first looked at the services rendered prior to Deсember 31, 2004, and the collection history for those services during the following eleven-month period. Based on the eleven-month period, the auditors determined that virtually all payments received by Rencare were collected within sixty days of the date of the bill. Using this method, the auditors developed an accounts receivable figure as of December 31, 2004. The auditors then looked at the sixty-day period following September 30, 2005, to determine the value of Rencare’s receivables as of September 30, 2005. The estimated collectible receivables, as of September 30, 2005, totaled approximately $1,011 million. This accounts receivable value was inserted into the final financial statements attached to the Agreement.
Because the audit was effective as of September 2005, аnd the sale was not finalized until February 2006, Renal Care sought assurance that no substantial change had occurred in Rencare’s business during the interim months, including the value of its receivables. In response, the auditors prepared a management representation letter that Ehl signed on behalf of Rencare. This letter provided that no material change had occurred in the condition of the business, and acknowledged the accuracy of the accounts receivable as recorded at December 31, 2004, and September 30, 2005.
B. After Closing
The Agreement required Renal Care to promptly pay Sellers any funds received by Renal Care attributable to Rencare’s pre-sale services. It also required Renal Care to keep former Rencare office employees on staff for ninety days fоllowing the closing date, thus allowing them to collect the bills already sent. During this time, the Rencare staff worked the outstanding claims, and Sellers ultimately col
Because the Sellers retained the right to be paid for their pre-sale services, the accounting of proceeds collected after the sale became critical. Following the sale, Renal Care received payments from third party payors for pre-sale services provided by Rencare. The payments to Sellers and other amounts still owed from Sellers were displayed on spreadsheets created by Renal Care. These spreadsheets, or “true-ups” as they were named, were sent to Sellers on a weekly basis, along with a check and copies of underlying documentation. Sellers began voicing concerns regarding the true-up system of offsetting money owed by Rencare to Renal Care with payments received by Renal Care for services rendered by Rencare. 2 Additionally, Sellers, and specifically Ehl, frequently complained that the disorganization, and lack of itemization contained in the documentation, made the true-ups confusing. Ehl sent Renal Care a letter alleging that based on discrepancies found between true-ups, he calculated that approximately $260,000.00 was owed to Rencare. Ehl’s demand letter stated, “[W]e want to look at Rencare’s books and all bank accounts to confirm the total amount of [accounts receivable] collected since February 23, 2006, and the amounts due each party.” 3 Dissatisfied with Renal Care’s lack of payment, Sellers subsequently filed suit.
Upon notice of suit, Renal Care hired an accountant to examine Renal Care’s books and determine what monies, if any, were still owed to Sellers under the Agreement. The accountant, Mark Schwartz, determined thаt $4,400.00 was still owed, and Renal Care promptly paid this amount to Sellers. At trial, Renal Care asserted all the monies owed to Sellers had been paid. Rencare offered a different picture. Their expert, Gene Trevino, opined that the retained accounts receivable that could have been collected totaled over $2.3 million. By including interest and prompt payment penalties, Trevino arrived at a damage figure of $2,787,157.21. During closing argument, Sellers’ attorney offered an additional damage figure, encouraging the jury to award $22,359,502.29, representing the balance calculated from two trial exhibits.
At trial, the various breach of contract allegations were submitted as one question for the jury: “Did [Renal Care] fail to comply with the [Agreement] dated February 23, 2006?”, to which the jury answered ‘Tes.” The jury then rеturned a verdict awarding $750,000.00 in damages, $300,000.00 in attorney’s fees for trial, and prejudgment interest of $68,938.36. In addition, a conditional award of $375,000.00 in appellate attorney’s fees was granted. Renal Care argues on appeal: (1) the evidence is legally insufficient to show a material breach of the Agreement, (2) the trial court erroneously admitted the expert testimony, (3) the evidence is legally insuf
ExpeRT Testimony Regarding Damages
Sellers relied on the expert testimony of Gene Trevino to support their damage award. Renal Care complains that Trevino’s testimony was inadmissible based on his lack of qualifiсations and his unreliable damage model. 4 If Trevino’s testimony is excluded, Renal Care argues that there is no evidence to support the damage award. The Sellers respond (1) that Trevino is a qualified expert under Texas Rule of Evidence 702, (2) that his methodology is reliable, and (3) that even if Trevino is excluded, there was other evidence sufficient to support the damage award. Because Trevino’s methodology and assumptions were unreliable, we conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting his testimony, and Trevino’s testimony provides no evidentiary support for the damages found by the jury.
A. Standard of Review — Admissibility of Expert Testimony
Texas Rule of Evidence 702 permits a witness who is “qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education” to “testify ... in the form of an opinion or otherwise” when “scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue.” Tex.R. Evid. 702. A two-prong test governs whether expert testimony is admissible: (1) the expert must be qualified, and (2) the testimony must be relevant and based on a reliable foundation.
E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. v. Robinson,
Expert testimony is unreliable if it is based on unreliable data, or “if the expert draws conclusions from [his underlying] data based on flawed methodology.”
Merell Dow Pharm.,
B. Trevino’s Qualifications
Renal Care first contends the trial court erred in denying its motion to exclude Trevino’s testimony because Trevino was not qualified to give an opinion as to the value of the retained accounts receivable owed to Rencare. Because no bright-line test exists to guide us as to whether a particular witness is qualified to testify as an expert, we focus instead on “whether the expert’s expertise goes to the very matter on which he or she is to give an opinion.”
Broders v. Heise,
Renal Care lists the following reasons why Trevino is unqualified to testify to a damage figure based on healthcare billing: (1) although Trevino has his bachelor’s and master’s degrees, they are in the field of finance, not accounting, and his Ph.D. is from an online university; (2) аlthough he is a Certified Financial Analyst, this is an investment advisor certification and he is not certified as a Certified Public Accountant; (3) he has published no peer reviewed articles and his non-peer reviewed articles deal with being an expert witness; and (4) he has no training or experience concerning insurance practices or healthcare billing. Sellers respond that Trevino has the following background that makes him qualified to testify regarding unpaid accounts receivable: (1) the above listed degrees; (2) a publication in a non-peer reviewed journal; (3) his experience valuing businesses for twenty years; (4) his understanding of the Medicare payor system; and (5) his accreditations as a credit senior appraiser from the American Society of Appraisers.
Trevino holds a bachelor’s degree in finance and a master’s degree in business from the University of Texas at San Antonio. He received a Ph.D. from Walden University, a distance learning center. Trevino testified to extensive experience in valuing businesses over the preceding twenty years. He explained that in the normal course of a business valuation the biggest asset is often “the accounts receivable — or what money people owe them.” He described his experience in valuing several physician practices, clinics, ambulatory surgery centers, home health care agencies, nursing agencies, and physical therapy businesses involving a valuation of their accounts receivable. The majority of these valuations, however, were for non-litigation purposes. He is also accredited as a “credit senior appraiser” as conferred
We, therefore, conclude that Trevino’s qualifications are based on specialized knowledge, skill, and experience in the area in which he offered testimony.
See Helena Chem. Co.,
C. Trevino’s Methodology
Robinson’s,
second prong requires courts to assess whether the expert’s methodology is relevant and based on a reliable foundation.
Robinson,
923 5.W.2d at 556. In
Robinson,
the court identified factors to determine whether an expert’s testimony is reliable, and thus admissible.
Id.
at 557.
6
Renal Care argues that Trevino’s methodology is deficient under
Robinson.
The Sellers respond that the
Robinson
factors are irrelevant, and the reliability of Dr. Trevino’s opinion is properly measured by the less rigorous “analytical gap” test.
See Gammill,
In determining whether expert testimony is reliable, a court may consider the factors set out by the Court in Robinson and the expert’s experience. However, in very few cases will the evidence be such that the trial court’s reliability determination can properly be based only on the experience of a qualified expert to the exclusion of factors such as those set out in Robinson, or, on the other hand, properly be based only on factors such as those set out in Robinson to the exclusion of considerations based on a qualified expert’s experience.
Whirlpool Corp.,
Irrespective of the test applied, in its gate-keeping function, “courts are to rigorously examine the validity of facts and assumptions on which the testimony is based, as well as the principles, research, and methodology underlying the expert’s conclusions and the manner in which the principles and methodologies are applied by the expert to reach the conclusions.”
Whirlpool,
1. Trevino’s “Balance Sheet” Methоd of Calculating Accounts Receivable
Trevino testified that the currently unpaid balance of accounts receivable Renal Care owed to Rencare was $2,350,691.00 and that with interest and penalties the total amount of damages amounted to $2,787,157.27. Trevino explained that his calculation was “very straightforward: I just took a percentage of what’s been paid on the amount billed in the past and applied that percentage to the amounts outstanding.” Trevino called his method the “Balance Sheet Approach,” which involved looking at Rencare’s historical experience in collecting receivables and applying that experience to current outstanding amounts.
Trevino testified, that in terms of data, his opinion is based solely on two reports known as the “44-pagе report,” the non-Medicare or private pay report, and the “77-page report,” or Medicare report (collectively Reports). The Reports identify the patients receiving services from January 2005 to the date of sale, February 23, 2006. 9 The Reports list Rencare’s patients followed below by their data contained in several columns including: date of service range, filed date, amount billed, amount paid, balance, and date last paid. 10
In arriving at his damage figure of $2,350,691.00, Trevino stated this number “does not include [the] $1.4 million collected by Rencare during the ninety days following the sale.” Those amounts are reflected in the “paid” column of the Reports. An example of the data contained in the Reports is replicated below without the patient’s name.
The two reports split the аccounts receivable into patients with Medicare (the 77-page report) and patients who were private pay (the 44-page report). However, Trevino applied the same methodology to both. The 44-page report contains patients whose payment history varies reflecting: (1) payments substantially less than the amount billed; (2) non-payment for some billed services; and (3) the amount paid equals the amount billed for some services.
a. Patient Example 1 (from the Uk-page private pay report)
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To determine the balance actually owed by the patient in Example 1, Trevino made several assumptions. First, Trevino assumed some patients were insured by companies that contracted to pay less than the entire bill. Second, he assumed other patients were insured by companies with no Rencare contract and remained resрonsible for the entire billed amount. Third, to determine which patients were insured by companies with Rencare contracts and which were not, Trevino assumed that if a patient had ever paid the entire amount billed, then that patient’s insurance company did not have a contract with Rencare; patients falling under this category owed the entire unpaid balance reflected in the report. Thus, under Example 1, because the entire amount billed on March 15, 2005, was paid, Trevino determined the patient’s insurance company did not have a contract with Rencare and the entire amount of the outstanding balance of $3,029.00 was due.
The inequities resulting from this assumption is reflected in Trevino’s testimony about a different patient listed in the 44-page report. The patient paid reduced amounts towаrd forty-three bills and the total amount owed on five other bills. Because she had paid the total amount owed on some services, Trevino assigned her to the no-contract group in calculating damages. Finally, based on Ehl’s testimony that Rencare aggressively worked claims, Trevino assumed all of these non-contract patients would ultimately pay their balance owed.
b. Patient Example 2 (from the fk-page private pay report)
[[Image here]]
Trevino likewise assumed that some patients were insured by companies that contracted with Rencare and only paid a percentage of the services provided to their insureds. For those patients, Trevino averaged the percentage of past collection reflected for that patient and applied the percentage to the total amount outstanding. Thus, in Example 2 above, despitе the varying percentages of collection for different bills, Trevino merely added the amount billed, added the amount paid on a per-patient basis, and determined the percentage ratio which he then applied to the balance figure. On one patient, whose history reflected no payment toward any of his six bills, Trevino assumed a 29% collection rate because that was the average percentage paid for those patients that he assumed had contracts with Rencare.
c. Patient Example 3 (from the 77-page Medicare patient report)
[[Image here]]
Finally, Example 3 reflects a patient with Medicare and secondary coverage under Texas Medicaid. As with the 44-page private pay report, Trevino employed a similar methodology. He assumed that Mediсare simply paid an 80% portion of the amount billed and the secondary insurer was responsible for some or all of the remainder using the same methodology described above. As will be discussed further below, Trevino did not review any of the underlying documents upon which both reports were based. Likewise, Trevino did not age any of the amounts outstanding. During cross-examination, Trevino testified that he did not “consider aging of the accounts receivable” because “all the payors were creditworthy,” and there was no need to write off accounts because he was told Rencare aggressively worked claims. Trevino performed no independent analysis or testing to determine if aging had affected Rencare’s accounts receivable.
2. Underlying Data Reviewed by Trevino
Renal Care’s strongest criticism of Trevino’s opinion was that his assumptions were based on speculation. Trevino never looked at any of the underlying patient data to determine if his assumptions were correct. He never examined the underlying explanation of patient benefits (EOBs) from the insurers or Medicare to determine the reasons for non-payment or reduced payment. Renal Care presented Richard Robertson, who primarily worked in the dialysis arena, as an expert.
11
Weighing conflicting evidence is a matter for the jury, but we must consider the testimony of opposing experts in a no-evidence review because we must also consider contrary evidence showing the opinion has no scientific basis.
See City of Keller,
Robertson reviewed the payor contracts, EOBs, and some individual patient flies for the patients listed on the 44-page and 77-page reports.
12
He explained many reasons exist for reduced or non-payment by third party payors including the reimbursement rate for the services provided,
Specifically, Robertson tested Trevino’s assumptions regarding the patients on the 77-page Medicare report by pulling eight patient files that were produced in the litigation. On seven out of the eight patients, the secondary insurance payment was posted as a primary Medicare payment, “which basically created the zero balance on the secondary side, which inflated the retained accounts receivable in Dr. Trevino’s report.” On the eighth patient, there was a handwritten note in the file that the patient had no secondary insurance, but on the 77-page report it incorrectly reflected private secondary insurance. The importance of Robertson’s testimony is that it indicates the underlying documentation was available for Trevino to at least test his assumptions, but Trevino declined to look at the data. Robertson ultimately concluded Trevino’s methodology was “extremely unreliable.” Trevino testified that he asked for patient files and underlying data but was not provided the information because his attorneys stated it did not exist or was unavailable. He further testified that he was аware that Renal Care had produced EOBs, but did not know if they were relevant, and did not ask to see them. Renal Care’s expert, Robertson, had sufficient data to test Trevino’s assumptions, and expert Mark Schwartz also reviewed patient EOBs that were produced. While there is evidence that certain patient documents, including EOBs, were not provided by Renal Care until over two years after the sale and then in a disorganized fashion, substantial documentation including EOBs and patient files were produced at the deposition of Kristie Harlson. The burden was on Sellers to establish Dr. Tevino’s testimony was admissible.
See Gammill,
D. Trevino’s Testimony Unreliable
Under either an analytical gap approach or review of Trevino’s opinion against the
Robinson
factors, we conclude that his opinion is unreliable. Trevino’s analysis of the 44-page and 77-page reports was subjective, his assumptions were unfounded, his opinion has not been subjected to peer review, and his technique has an unknown rate of error.
See Robinson,
Not only did Trevino fail to look at the data behind the numbers on the 44-page
Legal Sufficiency
Renal Care claims that without Trevino’s testimony there is no evidence to support the jury’s award of $750,000.00 in damages. Sellers counter that the Reports reflect an approximately $22,359,502.29 balance for all the patients listed. 13 Sellers also point to a demand letter, stating that payments of $263,473.36 were not credited to the Sellers, as some evidence of damages. Because the jury award of $750,000.00 falls within the foregoing two numbers, Sellers argue that there is more than a scintilla of evidence to support the jury’s damage award.
A. Standard of Review
In analyzing a legal sufficiency challenge, we must determine “whether the evidence at trial would enable reasonable and fair-minded people to reach the verdict under review.”
City of Keller,
(a) the record discloses a complete absence of evidence of a vital fact; (b) the court is barred by rules of law or of evidence from giving weight to the only evidence offered to prove a vital fact; (c) the only evidence offered to prove a vital fact is no more than a mere scintilla; [or] (d) the evidence establishes conclusively the opposite of the vital fact.
Id. at 810 (quoting Robert W. Calvert, “No Evidence” and “Insufficient Evidence” Points of Error, 38 Tex. L.Rev. 361, 362-63 (1960)).
B. Jury Awards
It is the plaintiffs burden to prove its damages with a reasonable degree of certainty.
A.B.F. Freight Sys., Inc. v. Austrian Imp. Serv., Inc.,
C. Sellers’ Evidence of Damages
1. $22,359,502.29 Balance Based on Closing Argument
In his closing argument, the Sellers’ attorney argued that the $22,359,502.29 balance from the Reports was the outstanding amount owed to the Sellers. Their attorney derived this figure by adding the totals calculated in both the 44-page and 77-page reports and subtracting the amount paid to arrive at a balance. Several witnesses confirmed the reports reflected such a balance. However, the evidence at trial was uncontroverted that Sellers had no expectation of being paid the entire amount it billed for all patients.
14
For the same reasons Trevino’s opinion based on the 44-page and 77-page reports was unreliable, the witnesses’ addition of the balance figures in the two reports and counsel’s argument that the reports support an award in excess of $22 million, without further explanation, does not constitute evidence to support the jury’s award. “It is well settled that the naked and Unsupported opinion or conclusion of a witness does not constitute evidence of probative force and will not support a jury finding even when admitted without objection.”
Dallas Ry. & Terminal Co. v. Gossett,
2. The $263,4-73.36 Balance Based on the Demand Letter
In June 2006, Bob Ehl sent a letter to Renal Care expressing dissatisfaction with the accounting between the parties, and demanding $263,473.36 as the amount of money collected by Renal Care that was attributable to Sellers’ retained accounts receivable. The letter discusses the “true-up” spreadsheets that had been provided by Renal Care and his disagreement with the figures contained therein. Ehl concludes in the letter: “For these three months, $263,473.36 [is] due the Sellers for claims that were paid but did not show up on the ‘true-up’ spreadsheets, and no receipt of funds were received.”
Though the trial court admitted the demand letter into evidence, Bob Ehl never discussed it in detail. He never testifiеd how he derived his calculations or substantiated the figure reflected in the letter. On appeal, Sellers argue that “there is evidence of at least $263,473.36 in payments that were not credited to the Sellers.” Furthermore, Sellers point out the preceding figure combined with the general spoliation instruction given to the jury
3. The Spoliation Instruction
Sellers contend that the adverse inference contained in the spoliation instruction in this case (1) supplants legally sufficient evidence of damages, and (2) overcomes any unreliability in Trevino’s expert testimony.
16
The adverse inference does not obviate the requirement that Sellers present legally sufficient evidence of their damages.
See Trevino v. Ortega,
We, therefore, conclude that neither the testimony regarding the $22,359,502.29
Conclusion
The testimony and opinion of Dr. Trevino was unreliable and thus, inadmissible and legally insufficient to support the damage award. The demand letter and the witness testimony regarding the 44-page and 77-page reports is legally insufficient to support the award. Becausе Renal Care’s challenge to the legal sufficiency of the damage award is dispositive, we do not reach the remainder of the issues. We reverse the portion of the trial court’s judgment awarding Jaafar and Lewis damages, interest, and attorney’s fees and render judgment that Jaafar and Lewis take nothing.
Notes
. The Sellers' pre-sale accounts receivable are sometimes referred to as the retained ae-counts receivable.
. At trial several Renal Care employees confirmed the Agreement did not provide for offsets.
. Sellers sent an auditor to Renal Care to reconcile amounts owed; however, he did not testify at tried and the results of his audit are unknown.
. The trial court conducted a pre-trial hearing on the admissibility of Trevino’s testimony and determined that Trevino was qualified and his methodology reliable. At trial, Renal Care moved for a directed verdict arguing that Trevino’s testimony was unreliable and, therefore, the plaintiffs presented no evidence of damages.
. "Admission of expert testimony that does not meet the reliability requirement is an abuse of discretion.”
Cooper Tire
&
Rubber Co. v. Mendez,
. These factors include, but are not limited to:
(1) the extent to which the theory has been or can be tested;
(2) the extent to which the technique relies upon the subjective interpretation of the expert;
(3) whether the theory has been subjected to peer review and/or publication;
(4) the technique's potential rate of error;
(5) whether the underlying theory or technique has been generally accepted as valid by the relevant scientific community; and
(6) the non-judicial uses which have been made of the theory or technique.
Robinson,923 S.W.2d at 557 (internal citation omitted).
. Under the analytical gap approach, the focus is on the expеrience of the expert and an examination of whether there is "too great an analytical gap between the data and the opinion proffered.”
Gammill,
. "An expert’s opinion might be unreliable, for example, if it is based on assumed facts that vary from the actual facts_"
Whirlpool,
. Trevino stated he read the depositions of various Rencare employees in order to gain knowledge on the rigorous claim collection techniques utilized. He also relied on the testimony of Kristie Harlson as confirmation of his methodology.
. If the figures in the "balance” column are totaled for both reports, the sum is $22,359,502.29.
. Robertson was the owner of RPM Health Care, a firm specializing in health care receivables management.
. We note that Robertson testified that he could not find all the patient files and data hе looked for, but there was sufficient information to test Trevino’s assumptions.
. The $22 million figure is derived by totaling all sums in the balance column of the Reports, and assuming every amount billed would be collected. At closing, Sellers argued that there were two models the jury could base their damage award upon: (1) the Trevino model of $2,787,157.27 and (2) the $22,359,502.29 sum of the balances reflected in the 44-page and 77-page reports.
. At trial the deposition of Bob Ehl was played. Bob Ehl testified that Medicare only paid 80% of billed amounts; and certain contractual arrangements between Rencare and insurers resulted in payments less than the amount billed. Neither Sellers' expert, nor any witnesses, testified that the amount owed to Sellers equaled $22,359,502.29.
. The charge provided in part:
When a party has possession* of a piece of evidence at a time it knows or should have known it will be evidence in a lawsuit, and thereafter he disposes of it, alters it, makes it unavailable, or fails to produce it, there is a presumption in law that the piece of evidence, had it been produced, would have been unfavorable to the party who did not produce it.
The instruction referenced neither party.
. Renal Care raises no issue on appeal addressing the propriety of the spoliation instruction.
.
See also Kammerer v. Sewerage & Water Bd. of New Orleans,