delivered the opinion of the Court.
On the night of June 27, 1967, Meade’s Liquor Store in Prince George’s County was held up by two men, one of whom held a gun on Francis Krahling, the store manager, directed him *267 to open the cash register and then shot him in the foot. Krahling described the man who shot him to the police shortly after the robbery as being a light complected Negro male, approximately 5'7" and between twenty-fivе and twenty-seven years of age. Krahling was unable to give police any description of the second robber.
The day following the robbery, Krahling was shown eight to ten photographs of Negro males from which he picked out the appellant as the man who held the gun on him during the robbery. Appellant was arrested on June 30, 1967 in the District of Columbia and after his request fоr counsel was denied by that jurisdiction, he was promptly transported to Prince George’s Comity where he made two more requests for immediate ap2)ointment of counsel, both of which were also denied. On July 3, 1967, a preliminary hearing was held in the People’s Court for Prince George’s County at which appellant was not represented by counsel. Francis Krahling attended the preliminary hearing and identified appellant as one of the men who had robbed him. Appellant was subsequently indicted on August 7, 1967 and charged with robbery with a deadly weapon and related offenses, all in connection with the liquor store robbery on June 27. Counsel on behalf of appellant thereafter entered his appearance and the case came on for trial on September 14, 1967 before a jury in the Circuit Court for Prince George’s County.
At the trial, the State on direct examination established the corpus delicti through the testimony of Francis Krahling, who also made an in-court identification of the appellant as the person who had robbed him. No objection was interposed at that time by the appellant to the in-court identification. On cross-examination, however, it was brought out that Krahling had made an extrajudicial identification of appellant by photograph and had also identified him at the preliminary hearing. It was Krahling’s testimony that he was in the courtroom for the preliminary hearing when the appellant, dressed in blue denim, was brought through a side door with anоther man, after which he stood with other men whom he believed to be “officers of the court.” Krahling testified that he knew at that time that he was to be a witness in a case involving James Tyler (the appellant) ; *268 that he heard appellant’s name called out in court, heard the reading of the charge against appellant by the Clerk to the effect that аppellant had robbed Krahling; and that he observed appellant sitting at the table alone near the witness stand. Krahling further testified that he was asked at the preliminary hearing whether he had seen appellant before, to which he responded that he was the man who had robbed him on June 27; that he had observed appellant’s face at the preliminаry hearing and did not “positively identify him until I got around and looked right at his face.” Testifying on his photographic identification of appellant, Krahling stated that he had picked him from eight to ten photographs of Negro males and that there was “no question” in his mind that the photograph he selected was of the man who robbed him.
Appellant moved to strike the identifiсation evidence resulting from the confrontation at the preliminary hearing on the ground (a) that his right to counsel at the preliminary hearing was denied in violation of the sixth amendment to the federal constitution, and (b) that the in-court identification was inadmissible as it was tainted by the illegal extrajudicial identification made at the preliminary hearing. The motion was denied and appellant was subsequently convicted by the jury of robbery with a deadly weapon and sentenced by the court to ten years imprisonment.
Appellant contends on this appeal, as he did in substance below, that the State’s failure to provide counsel for him as an indigent accused at the preliminary hearing was a denial of his constitutional right to counsel in that he was denied the right to adequately cross-examine the State’s witness and consequently was denied the right to discover}’ of the State’s case. More specifically, he maintains that where an accused has counsel to represent him at the preliminary hearing, he is thereby afforded an opportunity, through cross-examination of the Statе’s witnesses, to learn more of the State’s case and is thus better enabled to prepare a more intelligent defense — one which includes the opportunity to use testimony of the State’s witnesses at the preliminary hearing for impeachment purposes at the trial. Appellant urges that as these rights and advantages accrue to the accused who is financially able to employ counsel *269 to represent him at the preliminary hearing, it is a denial of the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment not to afford indigent accused persons with counsel at the preliminary hearing, viz., that the classification thus drawn constitutes an invidious discrimination based solely on the ability to pay.
That an indigent accused in a serious State criminal prosecution has an absolute constitutional right to have counsel appointed for his defense at his trial is settled beyond question.
Gideon v. Wainwright,
Appellant next contends that even though the preliminary hearing may not always constitute a critical stage of the proceedings, when events transpire there that are likely to prejudice the ensuing trial, then the preliminary hearing does become “critical” and the accused who is subjected to such a proceeding in the absence of counsel is denied his constitutional right
*270
to counsel under the sixth amendment. For this proposition appellant relies' upon
United States v. Wade,
We hold that nothing in Wade or Gilbert guarantees the right to counsel at a preliminary hearing whether or not an identification of the accused is made. In Tender v. State, 2 Md. App. 692, we said that the precise holdings in Wade and Gilbert were that a post indictment lineup held after June 12, 1967/at which the accused was exhibited to identifying witnesses, was a critical stage of the criminal prosecution; that police conduct of such a lineup without notice to and in the absence of cоunsel denied the accused his sixth amendment right to counsel and called in question the admissibility at trial of the in-court identification of the accused by witnesses who attended the illegal lineup; and that for such testimony to be admissible, it must be established by clear and convincing evidence that the in-court identification was based upon observations of the accusеd other than the lineup identification. 1
*271 To comprehend the scope and reach of the Wade decision necessitates a full appreciation of its essential underpinnings. By way of a foundation for its decision, the Wade court found that “today’s law enforcement machinery involves critical confrontations of the accused by the prosecution at pretrial proceedings where the results might well settle the accused’s fate and reduce the trial itself to a mere formality” (at page 224); that in light of this reality, the sixth amendment right to counsel at critical stages of the prosecution is reached whenever counsel’s presence is necessary to assure “a meaningful defense,” the test thereof being, with respect to pretrial confrontations, “whether the рresence of his counsel is necessary to preserve the defendant’s right to a fair trial as affected by his right meaningfully to cross-examine the witnesses against him and to have effective assistance of counsel at the trial itself” (at page 227) ; that the analysis to be made is one of “whether potential substantial prejudice to defendant’s rights inheres in the particular confrontation and the ability of counsel to help avoid that prejudice” (at page 227) ; that the “confrontation compelled by the State between the accused and the victim or witnesses to a crime to elicit identification evidence is peculiarly riddled with innumerable dangers and variable factors which might seriously, even cruciаlly, derogate from a fair trial” (at page 228), and result in mistaken identification, particularly where there has been a “degree of suggestion inherent in the manner in which the prosecution presents the suspect to witnesses for pretrial identification” (at page 228). With these factors in mind, the Wade court concluded that in a lineup of suspects, or in a viewing of the suspect alone, there is a serious difficulty in depicting what actually transpired since “privacy results in secrecy” and the defense “can seldom reconstruct the manner and mode of lineup identification for judge or jury at trial” (at page 230) ; that this is particularly so because those participating in a lineup with the accused are often poliсe officers whose identity is otherwise unknown and, further, because the suspect, by him *272 self, is unable to ferret out the existence of prejudicial confrontation conditions and is consequently unable “effectively to reconstruct at trial any unfairness that occurred at the lineup” (at page 232); and he is thus deprived of his only opportunity “meaningfully to attack thе credibility of the witnesses’ courtroom identification” (at page 232). It is against this background that Wade then concludes that insofar as an accused’s conviction may rest upon a court room identification, in fact the fruit of a suspect pre-trial identification which the unrepresented accused is helpless to subject to effective scrutiny at his trial, he has been in substance deprived of his right of cross-examination, which is an essential safeguard to his right to confront the witnesses against him. Under such circumstances, Wade proceeds to its ultimate end — that “where so many variables and pitfalls exist, the first line of defense must be the prevention of unfairness and the lessening of the hazards of eyewitness identification at the lineup itself” (аt page 235) by assuring the right to the presence of counsel at such pretrial confrontations to “avert prejudice and assure a meaningful confrontation at trial” (at page 236).
We think it evident that Wade does not hold that all pretrial confrontations between the accused and the victim or other identifying witnesses are thereby deemed to be critical stages of the сriminal prosecution. In our opinion, Wade indicates that only those pretrial confrontations that are not subject to fair and meaningful objective review later at the trial fall within its strictures, so that where the circumstances of the confrontation can be fully developed at the trial by cross-examination of the State’s witnesses, or by presentation of witnesses on behalf of the defendant, the right to counsel does not attach. Specifically, we hold that the rationale of Wade and Gilbert is not applicable to confrontations at a public pretrial judicial hearing presided over, as here, by a judicial officer since what occurred there is not only the antithesis of the “privacy results in secrecy” elеment highlighted in Wade, but the accused has the opportunity for “a meaningful confrontation” of the State’s case at the trial through the ordinary process of cross-examination of the State’s witnesses and the presentation of the evidence of his own witnesses, including, if necessary, the judicial officer who.presided *273 at the hearing. Under these circumstances, the risk that counsel’s absence at the pretrial confrontation might in some way derogate from the accused’s right to a fair trial is minimal; the manner and mode of the identification at the preliminary hearing is capable of reconstruction at trial so that the trier of fact may, as was the case here, be in a position effectively to scrutinize the pretrial identification process as it affected the identification at trial.
Finally, appellant urges that the trial court erred in any event in admitting the in-court (trial) identification of the appellant by Kraliling since it was the product of the tainted pretrial identification at the preliminary hearing. He maintains that the fairness of this confrontation must be аnalyzed in light of the totality of the circumstances and that, so viewed, it was manifestly prejudicially inspired. He particularly points out that as Kraliling initially identified him from police photographs, Krahling knew that lie was a criminal and that the conditions under which he was seen by Kraliling at the preliminary hearing were obviously prejudicially suggestive and unfair. Under such conditions, aрpellant contends that his exhibition at the preliminary hearing was illegal and that the subsequent in-court (trial) identification “was come at by exploitation of that illegality” within the meaning of
Wong Sun v. United States,
It has long been a recognized ground of attack upon a criminal conviction that the accused was subjected to a pretrial confrontation with the victim under conditions so unnecessarily suggestive and conducive to irreparable mistaken identification as to amount to a denial of due process of law.
Stovall v. Denno,
Judgment affirmed.
Notes
. Under Gilbert, testimony at the trial as to the making of an ■extrajudicial identification of the accused at an illegal lineup (as contrasted with testimony of identification of the accused only at the trial), is per se excluded, both at the guilt and penalty stage of the proceeding “as come at by exploitation of [the primary] *271 illegality” and the State is therefore “not entitled to an opportunity to show that the testimony had an independent source.” Gilbert at page 273.