39 Wis. 376 | Wis. | 1876
“ The intention of the parties to any particular transaction may he gathered from their acts and deeds, in connection with surrounding circumstances, as well as from their words; and the law therefore implies from the silent language of men’s conduct and actions, contracts and promises as forcible and binding as those that are made by express words, or through the medium of written memorials not under seal.” Addison on Cont., 209.
"When, without express contract, an infant is indefinitely taken into a family not akin to it, the surrounding circumstances must give construction to the act, and determine whether-the infant is so taken as a visitor, or as a servant for wages to be earned by it, or as a boarder or pupil for nurture or tuition for compensation to the head of the family, or as a child adopted by the family in the relation of a child by blood, or in some other peculiar relation. In the absence of proof of surrounding circumstances from which a contract can be implied, it is not the province of the law to impose one upon the parties.
Fisher v. Fisher, 5 Wis., 472, was an action by an adult son who remained in his father’s family and labored for him after majority, against the father, for the services of the son swi juris. It is said by the court that it was incumbent on the plaintiff to show that the ordinary relation of parent and child did not subsist between him and the defendant, and that there was an understanding, that is an express contract, between them that the son should be compensated for his services. This was said obiter in that case, but was the direct rule of decision in Kaye v. Crawford, 22 Wis., 320, and again in Pellage v. Pellage, 32 id., 136. The same rule was applied to a sister living with her brother as a member of his family. Hall v. Finch, 29 Wis., 278.
i And the rule relating to children by blood appears to apply equally to children by adoption. Mountain v. Fisher, 22 Wis., 93. There the plaintiff was an infant, not of kin to
TRe adoption of an infant into a family as a child implies no contract to pay for its services to the family; and an infant so adopted can recover for such services against the Read of the family only upon express contract.
TRe rule of evidence by which such express contract between parent and child, by blood or by adoption, must be established, is laid down in Pellage v. Pellage, supra. Cole, J., says: “TRe rule is, that the evidence of a contract to compensate the services of a child must be positive and direct, and the contract cannot be inferred from circumstances and probabilities.” And Dixon, O. J., adds byway of explanation: “ It may perhaps be going too far, and be a deduction not authorized from Hall v. Finch, to say that, in every case of this kind, there must be positive proof of an express contract for the payment of wages or the making of pecuniary compensation for the services performed. There may undoubtedly exist other facts and circumstances, clear and unequivocal
And so it is apparent, first, that when the respondent was received in her infancy into the family of the appellant’s testator, the mere fact implied no contract to pay her wages for any services she might render to it, though such a contract might be implied from the surrounding circumstances; and, secondly, that if it appeared expressly or from the surrounding circumstances, that she was so received in the relation of a child, the law excludes an implied contract to pay her wages for her services; but that she could recover upon an express contract to j>ay her, which might be established by direct and positive evidence or by circumstantial evidence equivalent to direct and positive. In what relation she entered the testator’s family, was therefore the first question of fact to be determined. If as a servant, there was an implied contract of the testator to pay her wages qucmtwn meruit. If as a child, there was no implied contract to pay her wages; and she could recover them only upon express contract with the testator, which it was incumbent upon her to establish.
The learned judge of the court below appears to have been misled into a distinction, not sanctioned by the rule, between a child by blood and a child by adoption. And so, in his view, because the respondent was not of kin to the testator, there was a presumption that she was taken into the testator’s family under a contract to pay her for her services to it, and the onus of disproving such a contract lay with the appellant.
So the jury was instructed. This is error. The onus pro-bctncii of her right to recover was on the respondent. The mere fact of her being taken into the testator’s family did
And mere expectation on his part to pay and on her part to receive wages, would not constitute an express contract, unless by mutual expression of the expectation it became consensual. Resting in the several minds of the parties, unexpressed to each other, independent and changeable, their expectations would tend rather to rebut than to establish an express contract. Eor upon contract expressly made, expectation would cease. In such cases expectation looks rather to an implied than an express contract. If established by competent evidence, as entering into the res gestae, such expectations of these parties might give color to circumstances tending to show that they ripened into a mutual understanding, an express contract. This is apparently the sense in which the rather loose word is used in Mountain v. Fisher, as the context of the opinion shows, and is the construction put upon it in all the later cases; especially in Pellage v. Pellage, both opinions being by my brother Cole, who quite concurs in my view of them.
And, though the express contract required by the rule may be established by circumstantial evidence, vague, doubtful, ambiguous circumstances are insufficient for that purpose;, but only such circumstances, clearly proved, as are equivalent to direct and positive proof. Pellage v. Pellage. And, as peculiarly applicable here, we again quote from Gibson, C. J., in Bash v. Bash, 9 Pa. St., 260, cited in Hall v. Finch. “Every sane man must be allowed to make his own contract, as well as his own will. And to prevent jurors from making it for him according to their peculiar notions of fitness and propriety, we have held that the evidence of a contract to
In this case, it is equally the duty of the court to support an express contract, if bona fide made and clearly established, in favor of the respondent, against her benefactor, the testator’s estate, and to protect his estate from a contract to be implied after his death from his benevolence to the respondent during his life.
Eor the reasons stated, the judgment of the court below is reversed, and the cause remanded for a new trial.
■ By the Coxvrt. — So ordered.