29 Nev. 88 | Nev. | 1906
Lead Opinion
By the Court,
The respondents have moved to dismiss the appeal from the judgment because it was not taken within one year, and to dismiss the appeal from the order of the district court denying appellants’ motion for new trial, and also to strike from the records the statement on motion for a new trial, upon the ground that the statement was not filed within the time prescribed by law. The appeal from the judgment is dismissed, because not taken until March, 1905, more than one year after its rendition on June 23,1903. On that day Judge Curler, of the Second Judicial District Court, who had tried the case at Reno and rendered the decree, made in open court and had entered in the minutes an order "that all business and all cases and proceedings that have not been completed or'in the process of completion, and all new business that may be brought before the court during the absence of the presiding judge, be referred to Judge M. A. Murphy, of the First Judicial District Court of the State of Nevada, and that he be requested to try, determine, and dispose of all cases and business now before the court in the absence of the judge of this district.” Pursuant to this request Judge Murphy occupied the bench in Reno until July 31,1903, when a recess was taken until the further' order of the court. There was no other session until Judge Curler’s return on August 17th.
On July 17th Judge Murphy, in open court in Reno, made an order allowing plaintiffs until August 15th in which to file objections to findings, and to prepare additional findings. On August 3d Judge Murphy at' Carson City, and within his own First Judicial District, by an ex parte order made without affidavit of Judge Curler’s absence or inability, granted the defendants until September 15, 1903, within which to prepare, file, and serve their notice and statement on motion for new trial. Later extensions were made by Judge Curler, but whether they are effectual
Rule 41 provides: "When any district judge shall have entered upon the trial or hearing of any cause or proceeding, demurrer or motion, or made any ruling, order or decision therein, no other judge shall do any act or thing in or about said cause, proceeding, demurrer, or motion, unless upon the written request of the judge who shall have first entered upon the trial or hearing of said cause, proceeding, demurrer or motion.” , Section 2573 of the Compiled Laws, passed after section 197 of the practice act as quoted, enacts: “The district judges of the State of Nevada shall possess equal coextensive and concurrent jurisdiction and power. They shall each have power to hold court in any county of this state. They shall each exercise and perform the powers, duties and functions of the court, and of judges thereof, and of judges at chambers. Each judge shall have power to transact business which may be done in chambers at any point within the state. All of this section is subject to the provisions that each judge may direct and control the business in his own district, and shall see that it is properly performed.”
We think under the minute order and circumstances related, the power inherent in Judge Curler to extend the time for filing the notice and statement became conferred upon Judge Murphy during the former's absence, and that Judge Murphy became the judge in. charge, endowed with authority to grant the extension without the presentation of an affidavit show-
The argument advanced concedes that, if Judge Murphy had gone to Reno and entered the order in open court, it would have been good; but, under this contention, if he had stepped through the door- into the chambers and made it, it would have been void. Orders extending the time for filings are business usually or properly transacted in chambers, and under section 2573 can and ought to be made as effectually in any part of the state, by the judge having the ease in charge, as if made by him in chambers or in open court. Judge Murphy was merely acting for Judge Curler during his vacation, but by analogy the construction claimed, if adopted, would, in every case where a district judge dies, resigns, or is succeeded, invalidate the orders extending time under section 197 made out of court by his successor in office, although they are of that character ordinarily granted in chambers. This would mean a distinction and two rules for filing orders of the same kind, and that the judge who had tried the
Appellants desired and were entitled to the time granted for the purpose of enabling them to secure from the court reporter, who had left the state, a transcript of the testimony given on the trial, which would enable them to properly prepare the statement. Under section 2573 Judge Curler could have made an order granting them the extension at any place in the state, and, as during his absence Judge Murphy was requested by the court minute to attend to all business for him, we conclude that he was empowered to make the order at Carson City as he did, and as Judge Curler could have done, and that it was not necessary for him to make the trip to Reno and undergo the formality of opening court to enter ex parte orders simply extending time, such as are usually made out of court.
The motion to dismiss the appeal from the order overruling the motion for a new trial and to strike out the statement is denied.
ON THE MERITS.
This action was brought by Alexander Twaddle, in his lifetime, and by Ebenezer Twaddle, as coowners, for four hundred and fifty miners’ inches running under a six-inch pressure of the waters of Ophir Creek, alleged to have been appropriated by their grantors in the year 1856 "by means of dams, ditches, and a flume” for the irrigation of their ranch, containing two hundred and three and ninety-two one-hundredths acres in Washoe County. The answer denies the allegations of the complaint, sets up the ownership by the defendants Winters of a tract of land about one mile wide by two miles long, and alleges appropriations by them or their grantors, aggregating six hundred inches flowing under a four-inch pressure, by the year 1867, which are stated to be prior to any diversion of the water by the plaintiffs, and asserts a claim for defendant Longabaugh, to one hundred and eighty inches for fluming wood, lumber, and
The record affords a glimpse of pioneer history at a period previous to the admission of this state into the Union, and portrays the building and decay of saw and quartz mills and the rise and decline of towns by the banks of the stream, the waters of which are here in litigation. One witness testified that the Hawkins ditch, now known as the "upper Twaddle ditch,” was completed in 1857, and that he turned the water into it that year. Others stated that the water was running in the ditch and flume about that time, and that these were apparently in the same place and of about the same capacity as at present. On behalf of defendants other witnesses testified that they were over the ground and saw no ditch, and that none existed there during those earlier years. It is unnecessary for us to detail the conflicting portions of the evidence. These were carefully considered by the district court, and for the reasons stated in its decision, enforced by statements in deeds made many years before any controversy arose, the finding that this ditch was constructed and a prior appropriation of water made through it in 1857 finds ample support. At first on the Twaddle ranch land was plowed for only a garden and a small piece of grain, and but little hay was cut. A reasonable time was allowed in which to extend and complete the use of. the water that would flow through the ditch, and the quantity of land irrigated was increased.
The lower Twaddle ditch was constructed from Ophir Creek at some time prior to 1869, and runs to and irrigates the eastern portion of plaintiffs’ ranch. It is shown that since that year, at least, their lands have been in practically the same state of cultivation and irrigation that they were in at the time of the commencement of this action, and that during that period plaintiffs used all the water they needed from Ophir Creek without interruption, except in 1887,1898, and at .the time this suit was begun. It appears that the plaintiffs had not materially increased their appropriation in
By consent of the parties in open court the district judge, accompanied by a- civil engineer who had testified as a witness for the defendants, viewed the premises and made measurements. At the point of least carrying capacity of the upper Twaddle ditch, which is the old square flume near the Bowers Mansion and grave, he measured the flow at one hundred and eighty-four inches and the water lacked more than two inches of reaching the top. A surveyor had testified for the plaintiffs that its capacity was one hundred and eighty-two inches at this point, and that the capacity of one hundred feet of the old flume remaining up hearer the head of the ditch which had been impaired by age and abandoned, and supplanted by a new V flume built above the old one by the plaintiffs in 1900, was one hundred and fifty inches. At this point the judge found that the one hundred and eighty-four inches of water which he had measured below about filled the new V flume, and he estimated that this old flume would carry from two hundred to three hundred inches. From his examination of the premises and the character of the soil, the court was of the opinion that the plaintiffs required, and were entitled to, at least the amount of water they had flowing in the flume at the time he made the examination, and he decreed them a prior right to one hundred and eighty-four miners' inches running under a four-inch pressure, or three and thirty-four fiftieths cubic feet per second, from April 15th to November 15th of each year, and twenty inches, or two-fifths of one cubic foot per second, for domestic use and watering stock at other times. It is claimed that the amount allowed is not warranted by the evidence, because more than the capacity of the upper Twaddle ditch,
Alexander Twaddle testified that there were times during the summer, evidently short periods after the land had been irrigated, when it was not necessary to use as much as the upper ditch full of water. On such occasions, and whenever it is not needed by the plaintiffs, it should be turned to the defendants, if they have any beneficial use for it, and not permitted to waste. It may be implied by the law, but it is better to have decrees specify, and especially so in this case, in view of the testimony stated and of the perpetual injunction, that the award of water is limited to a beneficial use at such times as it is needed. (Gotelli v. Cardelli, 26 Nev. 382.) The point and purpose of diversion may be changed if such change does not interfere with prior rights. Under the testimony of Alexander Twaddle that the irrigating season closes about the 1st of October, and that sometimes he used water a little later, we think preferably the decree should limit plaintiffs’ right for irrigating purposes to October 15th. This may allow defendant Longabaugh to flume wood a month earlier at this season when the water is low, and allow Winters more for watering stock without material injury to the plaintiffs. Although his flume was erected many years ago, Longabaugh did not show any prior appropriation, and the decree properly enjoins him from interfering with that part of the water of Ophir Creek awarded to the plaintiffs, because he ran their water in his flume past their ditch and into the one owned by Winters, and joined with the other defendants in answering and resisting the rights of the plaintiffs. The decree does not prevent him from taking any water in the creek in excess of the amount awarded to plaintiffs. Nor does it in any way interfere with the water belonging to him coming from other sources. This he may turn into Ophir Creek and take out lower down, provided he does not diminish the flow to which the plaintiffs are entitled.
Under the assertion in the complaint of the appropriation of water "by means of certain dams, ditches, and a flume” the court properly decreed to plaintiffs the right to use the water through either or both the ditches running to their lands. They would have that right in the upper ditch if
Patents for defendants lands lying along the banks of Ophir Creek were issued to their grantors before the passage of the act of Congress of July 26,1866, and it is asserted that for this reason a vested common-law riparian right to the flow of the waters of Ophir Creek accrued, of which they could not be deprived by that act, If this were true, defendants might well be considered under the circumstances shown, to have lost that right by acquiescence in the continued diversion of the water by plaintiffs for a period many times larger than that provided by the statute of limitations; but in this contention counsel is in error. We do not wish to consider seriously or at length an argument by which it is sought to have us overrule well-reasoned decisions of long standing in this and other arid states, and in the Supreme Court of the United States, such as Jones v. Adams, 19 Nev. 78, 6 Pac. 442, 3 Am. St. Rep. 788, Reno Smelting Works v. Stevenson, 20 Nev. 269, 21 Pac. 317, 4 L. R. A. 60, 19 Am. St. Rep. 364, and Broder v. Water Co., 101 U. S. 274, 25 L. Ed. 790, declaring that this statute was rather the voluntary recognition of a preexisting right to water, constituting a valid claim to its continued use, than the establishment of a new one.
As time passes it becomes more and more apparent that the law of ownership of water by prior appropriation for a beneficial purpose is essential under our climatic conditions to the general welfare, and that the common law regarding the flow of streams, which may be unobjectionable in such localities as the British Isles and the coast of Oregon, Washington, and' northern California, where rains are frequent .and fogs and winds laden with mist from the ocean prevail and moisten the soil, is unsuitable under our sunny skies, where the lands are so arid that irrigation is required
Congress, in appropriating millions for storage and distribution, and our legislature have recognized the advantages of conserving the water above for use in irrigation, instead of having it flow by the lands of riparian owners to finally waste by sinking and evaporation in the desert. The California decisions cited for appellants may no longer be considered good law even in the state in which they were rendered. In the recent ease of Kansas v. Colorado, before the Supreme Court of the United States, Congressman Need-ham testified that irrigation had doubled and trebled the value of property in Fresno and Kings Counties, California; that they had to depart from the doctrine of riparian rights and under that doctrine it would be difficult to make any future development; that there has been a departure from the principles laid down in Lux v. Haggin (Cal.), 10 Pac. 674, because at that time the value of water was not realized; that the decision has been practically reversed by the same court on subsequent occasions; and that the doctrine of prior appropriation and the application of water to a beneficial use is in effect in force now in that state. We must decline to award the defendants the waters of the stream as riparian proprietors and patentees of the land along its banks prior to 1866.
The case will be remanded for a new trial, unless there is filed on part of the plaintiffs, within thirty days from the filing hereof, a written consent that the judgment be modified by limiting the use of the one hundred and eighty-four inches or three and thirty-four fiftieths cubic feet per second of water, awarded to the plaintiffs, to such times as may be necessary for the irrigation of their crops or lands or for other beneficial purposes, between April 15th and October 15th of each year, and by allowing plaintiffs for the remainder of the time the twenty inches awarded to them, when necessary for their household, domestic, and stock purposes, and by striking from the decree the words: "It is further
Rehearing
ON Rehearing.
[Note — The decision on rehearing of this case, which here follows, was rendered on March 30,1907, at which time Talbot, J., by operation of law, had become Chief Justice.]
After the rendition of the decision in this case, and within the time thereby allowed, respondents filed their written consent to the modification of the judgment as suggested by. this court. Later one of the appellants, Theodore Winters, died, and upon the rehearing the attorney for the appellants moved to have Mrs. Nettie M. Gregory, Lewis W. Winters, Archie C. Winters, Mrs. Theodora Longabaugh, and Nevada Winters substituted as defendants and appellants in place of the deceased, upon the suggestion of his death and upon a deed from him to the parties named. The death and execution of the deed are not denied, but it is said that there may be an heir of the deceased other than the persons named, who may have some interest in the property, and objection is made that, under rule 9 of this court, only the representative of the deceased, and not his successors in interest, may be substituted. The opposing parties desired to argue the ease on the rehearing, and proceeded accordingly.
The direction in this rule that,"upon the death or disability of a party pending an appeal, his representative shall be substituted in the suit by suggestion in writing to the court on the part of such representative, or any party on the record,” does not necessarily conflict with the statute (section 3111, Comp. Laws), which provides: "An action shall not abate by the death, or other disability, of a party, or by the transfer of any interest therein, if the cause of action survive or continue. In case of the death or disability of a party, the court, on motion, may allow the action to be continued by or against his representative or successor in interest.
If there were any conflict between the statute and the rule, the former would control. It would seem that ordinarily, where litigants convey their interest in actions where there is no counter claim, the grantee or successor may properly be substituted, whether the original litigant be living or not, and, if he be dead, that it would be proper to substitute the grantee rather than the representative of the deceased, who is without interest in the action. It is an old principle that one or more tenants in common may maintain an action on behalf of all, and on this theory it would seem that this ease could proceed without substituting all the owners. The change of parties is not so important, as the case was fully determined in the district court and on the appeal before the death of Theodore Winters, and we have concluded not to vary our judgment as previously rendered. This leaves the rights of the parties as adjudicated before his death. It has often been held that litigants are not entitled to a rehearing as a matter of right. In Phelan v. Tyler, 64 Cal. 82, 28 Pac. 115, it was said: "There is nothing in the code which would justify the inference that the death of a party pending an appeal ousts the jurisdiction of the supreme court and renders its judgment void, unless before the rendition thereof a representative of said deceased party be substituted in his stead.”
Regarding other points argued on the rehearing, we see no good reason for changing our decision, which directs the lower court to modify the judgment, subject to the consent of the respondents, which has already been given, and we
Also, the testimony of farmers living in the vicinity, regarding the quantity of water required for the irrigation of the crops raised by plaintiffs, and the relative capacities of the square flume back of the mansion and the V flume being shown by actual flow of water to be different from the measurements of the engineer, may be considered as standing against his estimate and as supporting the judgment of the district court. Under the law and the specific terms of the decree as it has been directed to be modified, the allowance of a prior right to plaintiffs for one hundred and eighty-four inches is limited to such tiines as that quantity, by reasonable and economical use, is necessary for the irrigation of their lands, and when they do not need it they are not privileged to waste -water to the detriment of the defend
It is ordered that Mrs. Nettie M. Gregory, Lewis W. Winters, Archie C. Winters, Mrs. Theodora Longabaugh, and Nevada Winters be substituted as defendants in place of Theodore Winters, deceased, and, if any other person or persons are interested in the judgment or property, they may be added as parties by the district court upon proper showing.
The judgment of this court as heretofore rendered will stand affirmed, and, the plaintiffs having already filed their consent, the district court will modify its judgment as we have directed.
