Miller, J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court.
A person of full age, who has been insane, may, after he has sufficiently recovered his reason to understand the character of his act, file a bill in equity to annul a deed or contract to his prejudice, made by him when he was of unsound mind, and incapable of contracting. This proposition was conceded in argument, and the contrary doctrine has long since been repudiated by every American *69Court, and denounced as having no foundation in reason or justice, and as dishonoring the jurisprudence of a civilized people. The bill in this case is one of that character. The deed sought to be vacated was executed by the complainant, William L. Rusk, on the 27th of December, 1862. It is a lengthy document and was carefully and skilfully prepared by an attorney of ability and experience. By it the grantor, “ for divers good causes and valuable consideration, and also in consideration of the sum of ten dollars lawful money,” conveys certain real estate situated- on York avenue in the City of Baltimore, worth, as the proof shows, more than $10,000, to Robert Turner and his heirs, in trust for Barbara Rusk, the mother of the grantor, during her life, and after her death in trust for his sister Hester Ann Turner, wife of William H. H. Turner, with power to the said Hester to dispose of the property absolutely by deed or will, and if she died without making such disposition, then in trust for her children, but if she died without leaving children or descendants of children living at the time of her death, or should such children or descendants all die under age and without issue, then in trust for such persons as would by the then existing laws of Maryland, be the heirs of the said Hester to take an estate in fee in land by descent from her. These are its most important and main provisions.
When this deed was executed the complainant was about forty-eight years of age, and had never married. His mother was then, according to the testimonyof Mrs. Turner, about seventy-five years of age, and she died in the early part of the year 1875. Mrs. Turner was his only sister, and he was very much attached to her, but he also had four brothers towards whom there is nothing to show he entertained other than kindly and fraternal feelings. At that time he was also possessed of other property, which however was subsequently sold, and it seems the proceeds of it were not more than sufficient to pay the debts he *70owed at the date of the deed. He therefore in fact by this voluntary deed, conveyed away absolutely, and' without any pecuniary consideration, all the property he had save what was sufficient to pay his creditors.
He filed his hill to vacate that deed, on the 23rd of February, 1877, and in it he avers, in substance, that at the time of the execution thereof, and for some time previous, and for several years thereafter he was mentally incapacitated from making a valid deed or contract; that he remembers being told at the time that it was done to save his property for him, and that is all he knew or recollects being told in relation to it; and he charges that he was fraudulently deceived and imposed upon by the trustee named in the deed, or by some of the cestuis que trust therein as to the character of the transaction. The parties defendants are the trustee and the cestuis que trust under the deed. There has been no alienation of the property by Mrs. Turner, under the power contained in the instrument. These defendants in their answers, deny all the allegations of the hill, and especially the fraud and deception imputed to them, and aver that the complainant at the time, and for a long time before was capable and mentally qualified, and in nowise incapacitated from making a valid deed or contract, and that he well knew when he signed it, the import and meaning of this instrument and the reasons why he made and executed it. In the progress of the case, 'and after a large part of the testimony, including his own, had been taken, the complainant died, and the appellees, his heirs-at-law, other than Mrs. Turner, were admitted as complainants to prosecute the suit in his stead.
The issue thus made by the hill and answers, is purely one of fact to he determined by the evidence in the cause. That evidence, consisting mainly and almost exclusively of the oral testimony of a large number of witnesses,, is very voluminous, covering more than two hundred *71and fifty pages of the printed record. The task of examining and analyzing it, aided as we have heen by the hriefs, and oral arguments of counsel, has not been a slight one, but we have performed it patiently, carefully and to the best of our ability. Having done this our duty might well be discharged, as would that of a jury, by the simple announcement of our judgment that the deed ought to he set aside: for as each case of this character depends on its own facts and circumstances, and as these are in general, widely different in different cases, no great importance, as a precedent, can be attached to the opinion of an appellate Court in any such case. As the case however has been well and thoroughly argued on both sides, and as something more may justly be expected than the mere statement of the conclusion we have reached, we shall, as briefly as may be, state some of the general features of the case as they appear to us, and some of the principal reasons on which our judgment is founded. Before doing so it is proper to say that in forming that judgment we have considered none of the testimony that by possibility is obnoxious to the exceptions taken to it on either side, but only that which is undeniably competent and admissible. We have placed very little reliance upon the mere opinions of witnesses, (save those of the attending physicians) as to the mental capacity of this party, even where they have stated facts clearly sufficient to warrant the admission of such opinions as evidence. It is upon the facts themselves which the testimony discloses, and the description which the witnesses give, of his conduct, manner, and appearance that we have mainly relied.
The proof shows that Mr. Rusk, from early life, had been brought up to and engaged in beef butchering, a business, the successful prosecution of which requires energy, industry and a good degree of intelligence. In 1846 he purchased the property described in this deed for $7275, and from that time occupied the dwelling house *72upon it and lived there with his mother. His packing house was also upon the same premises. He was successful, and carried on the largest business in his line that was then conducted in the City of Baltimore. He managed and supervised this extensive business in all its details himself, and suffered no one to interfere with him. He was remarkable for energy and industry, and stood in his stalls in the markets on every market day, during market hours, was close and cautious in his bargains, fond of money, and making and keeping it, though not miserly in disposition; enjoyed good health, had a strong will, sound judgment and was not disposed to talk much, was temperate in his habits, and mild and gentlemanly in manner and deportment. Such he had been from manhood, and was up to the memorable 19th day of April, 1861. On that, and the immediately following days, he was thrown into a condition of intense excitement, and on the 22nd went, or was taken, to the house of his sister, Mrs. Turner, where he remained until the latter part of 1863, or the beginning of 1864. When he first went there, his condition was such that he was for some time confined to his room, and did not go out of the house until the latter part of May. During the period between the 22nd of April and the last of May, he was undoubtedly insane. This is proved by those who sat up with him at night, as well as by the physicians who then visited and attended him, and we find no contradictory proof on this point. He was evidently laboring under the delusion that he had cut the telegraph wires and burnt the bridges, and was in 'fear and terror lest he should he pursued and arrested. Dr. Buckler, who saw him once during this period, in consultation with Dr. Maris, says he “found him insane, caused, it was believed, by the military preparations, by the affair on Pratt street, and by the general excitement of those times, and advised that he he removed to some quiet place, as far as possible from the distracting scenes, *73surroundings and associations which, had acted as the exciting cause of his derangement.” Dr. Maris who was called in and attended him from the first, and who was also Mrs. Turner’s family physician, says he “found him very sick, he was suffering from intense excitement of the hrain. The condition in which I found him was one of intense general excitement, the primary disease being disease of the hrain ; it was cerebral and involved the whole hrain ; it might he called partial congestion of the hrain, and, if unchecked, would culminate in apoplexy ; it was a general case of hrain trouble.” He further says he resorted to extreme bleeding, which, probably, saved his life, and that the cause of the disease “ was the general excited condition of the times, and particularly financial excitement connected with it.”
The condition of insanity at this period, prior to the deed, being thus clearly established, it is a question more interesting than important, whether the insanity was of such a character as to bring into operation the maxim of the law, “ once insane, presumed to he always insane,” so as to throw upon those claiming under the deed the onus of proving it was executed during a lucid interval. This maxim is not an unqualified one. Neither observation nor experience shows us that persons who are insane from the effects of some violent disease do not usually recover the right use of their mental faculties. Such cases are not unusual, and the return of a sound mind may he anticipated from the subsiding or removal of the disease which has prostrated their minds. If, therefore, the proof only shows a case of insanity directly connected with some violent disease, the party alleging the insanity must bring his proof of continued insanity to that point of time which hears directly upon the contract impeach e d, and not content himself with proof of insanity at an earlier period. Hix vs. Whittemore, 4 Metcalf, 545. But this was not a case of delirium caused hv a violent fever, nor mania-a-potu, nor *74the result of any violent disease which ordinarily involves a temporaiy loss of sanity, hut a direct attack upon the hrain itselfj of such intensity as usually results in protracted, if not permanent, injury to the mental faculties. The most that can he said is that it was a case in which eventual recovery of mental capacity was possible, and, perhaps, probable, but necessarily gradual and slow. Assuming, then, that this was not, at first, a case of what the authorities term “ habitual insanity,” but one in which the onus is upon the parties assailing the deed to'prove continuance of mental incapacity down to the time it was executed. We think that onus has been met by the proof. To this point the great volume of testimony on either side has been directed. It is, of course, impracticable to set it forth at length, and indulge in extended comments thereon. All that can he expected is a general statement of what we regard as established by the preponderance of testimony.
Dr. Maris testifies on this subject, that from the time of his first attack, and after he had recovered his physical health, and for several years after the date of this deed, he continued to see him frequently and occasionally as a patient, and did not lose sight- of him for more than two or three months at a time, and that during all this period he was suffering from imbecility of mind ; the disease had left its impression, had impaired his mind, had impaired the integrity of his hrain ; that his expression indicated unquestionably that he was not a man of sound mind; he could say yes and no, and that was about all, was very timid, afraid of his own shadow; and then this witness expresses the opinion, that during all this time Mr. Rusk was not capable of understanding, attending to or transacting business, or of executing a valid deed or contract. A large number of other witnesses who also saw him frequently, and upon different occasions during the same period, while he remained at the house of Mrs. Turner, *75and after lie left there in 1863 or 1864, and went hack to his own house, where his mother lived, give strong testimony to the same effect. They describe the general expression of his countenance as simple and childish, that he appeared to he timid and frightened, with a wild and scared look from his eyes, and had grown fat and pussy, that he could hold no rational or coherent conversation with them, that when spoken to he would turn away and leave them, or put his hand on his head and say, or indicate, that there was something wrong there, in short, that his whole demeanor, conduct and appearance, were entirely changed and radically different from what they had been, and, in fact, were irrational and unnatural, and they give numerous instances and illustrations of such conduct. The witnesses who thus testify were his neighbors, intimate and social friends, who had known him from boyhood, those with whom formerly, and up to the 19th of April, he had had extensive and important dealings and business transactions, his former employes, and his two brothers, who, at the time they were examined, which was before his death, had no direct pecuniary interest in the result of the suit. During this period he gave no attention to, and had no supervision over his business, which was all the while conducted by others, in his name and at his risk, and there is nothing to show he manifested the least interest therein. He never returned to or visited his stalls in the markets, and never attended to the purchase of cattle, as he had invariably done before. His brothers carried on the business at the slaughter and packing houses and in the markets, while his mother and his nephew, the son of his sister, managed the financial part, and the proof shows it was not successful, or, at least, that it was not as extensive and as successful under their management as it had been under his own.
Let us now see what acts of a business character he did, or were done in his name after the 19th of April, and *76before the deed, and subsequently to its date. He kept acpounts in the Mechanics’ and Marine banks, which are in evidence. The account in the first shows no deposits made after the 19th of April, and that he then had a balance, after deducting checks evidently drawn before that date, of $1636.85. The account then shows a check for this sum as of the 4th of December, 1861, but there is no proof whatever by whom or under what circumstances this check was drawn, or to what purpose the money was applied. The record is entirely silent upon the subject. In the Marine bank, the .account shows two deposits of cash, one of $390 on the 25th of April, and the other of $300 on the 2nd May, 1861, but at that time he was undoubtedly confined to his room, and insane. The deposits must therefore have heen made by some one else for bis benefit. Two other deposits, one of $984 on the 26th of April, and the other of $120 on the 10th of May, 1861, the account shows were made by Mr. Olabaugh, (who is one of the witnesses above referred to,) and Mr. Musgrave, respectively. This left a balance due him of $1844.47, upon which no check was drawn until the 4th of April, 1863, and from that time until the 7th of November, following, the whole balance was drawn out by five checks, some of which were for small amounts. As to these checks also there is the same absolute silence and absence of proof. The complainant was examined as a witness on the 16th of May, 1877, and- on cross-examination was shown a promissory note purporting to be signed by him, for $1000 at sixty days, payable to blank order, dated the 1st of November, 1862, and endorsed by Sami. Wilhelm & Oo. and by Sami. Wilhelm, and he was asked whether the signature to it was his, and he replied “ certainly that’s my signature, I know that note.” This is all that the record shows in regard to this transaction. The complainant does not say and was no't asked when he derived knowledge of this note, or for what it was given, nor do the *77other side explain this, or show how the note came to the hands of the cross-examining counsel or any of his clients. It thus appears that the signing of this note, as to the purpose of which the.proof is silent, and the check of the 4th of December, 1861, as to which there is no explanation whatever, are the. only business acts that can possibly he imputed to hjm, after the 19th of April, and prior to the date of this deed. In our opinion they are wholly insufficient either by themselves or in connection with the few unexplained checks commencing in April, 1863, to establish sanity, or overcome the proof of continuing mental incapacity offered on the part of the complainant. Indeed, the very fact that so few acts of this description could he discovered through a period of more than three years, while he had such large business interests at stake, tends to strengthen rather than weaken the inference of continued incapacity, which the positive proof indicates.
On the 14th of September, 1864, he appears to have executed two deeds, (conveying several lots on Fayette street,) one for the consideration of $1925, and the other for $1675. The next transaction was the sale of his market stalls which took place in 1865. This was a more important affair, and we have more light from the testimony in regard to it. The stalls were purchased by Mr. Hand, who was called as a witness for the defendants. His testimony is to the effect, that hearing the stalls were for sale, he went over to Mr. Rusk’s house to see him, and was there told by Mr. John Turner his nephew, (who had been living with his uncle since the latter’s return to his own house,) that he could not see Mr. Rusk then, and he would have to call again in two or three days; on his second visit, he found his mother and Mr. John Turner in the room with Mr. Rusk, and he says he offered them $7000 for the stalls, which they would not take hut wanted $8000, and he left; on his third visit he found the same *78three persons present, and he offered them $7500, and they would not take less than '$7750, and Mr. Rusk wanted $8000, but toe finally closed the bargain at $7750 and appointed a day to settle; at the settlement, when the cash instalment was paid, and the notes and receipts were given, Wm. H. H. Turner was also present in addition to the others. Being pressed as to the use of the word “them,” and to state to whom he made the offer of $7000, he says, the offer was made in the presence of the three parties, and “ I suppose it was to Mr. Rusk,” and on cross-examination he says, “Mr. John Turner held out for more than I could have bought the stalls from Mr. Rusk for.” This testimony throws a flood of light upon his mental condition as late as the year 1865. It shows that the bargain was really made with the other parties, and that these relatives were even then watching over him, and guarding and protecting him in his attempts to dispose of his property. In saying this, we must not be understood as imputing any improper conduct on their part. On the contrary, if his mind was in the condition in which we infer from the testimony it was, it was not only right but commendable in them to see that he was not cheated or overreached in his bargains. But it clearly shows he was not the man he had formerly been, and that they so thought at that time. It is hardly possible to believe, that if he was then, what all the witnesses have described him to have been before the 19th of April, he would have taken his aged mother, his young nephew, and his brother-in-law into consultation as to the sale of his market stalls, or would have tolerated advice from either of them, on that subject, or have suffered their interference when the bargain was made. He also had bank stock, but when it was disposed of and to whom does not appear. The rest of his real estate he seems to have sold in 1867, 1869, 1870, 1873 and 1876, during these years it is safe to infer from the testimony he had so far recovered as to be capa*79hie of contracting, though we think it clear he was never restored to his former mental vigor. The physician who examined him shortly before he testified, says his mind was not then very active or vigorous, and was certainly a little sluggish, and he died shortly thereafter.
We must now return to the deed itself, and the, circumstances attending its preparation and execution. It was executed on the 27th of December, 1862, during the Christmas holidays, and in the house of his sister. It was not a will but an absolute deed taking effect immediately. Assuming he was then, as the defendants insist he was, just as capable of executing such an instrument as he ever had been, that he understood and knew perfectly well what he was doing, and also knew, as he must have known if that was his mental condition, how much he owed, and how much other property he had, what did he do? He parted at once, and for nothing with all his property, save what belonged to his creditors, and left himself absolutely penniless in the world, without a house to shelter him, or a home to go to, and dependent upon the charity of his aged mother whom he had previously supported, and of his sister to whom he had been generous and kind. For a man (such as he was) in the prime of manhood, in good physical health, and in full possession of vigorous mental faculties, to do such an act with knowledge of such possible consequences, is, to say the least, most extraordinary. It is hardly possible to characterize it as a “ rational act rationally done.” It is certainly not deserving the commendation given it by Mr. Robert Turner, the trustee, who says he told him on learning his intention to make this conveyance, “that it was a shrewd, wise and natural conclusion.” It can be- rescued from the imputation of being a most unusual, if not an insane act, only upon the theory (of which there is no proof whatever) that it was a deliberate and shallow attempt to cheat and defraud his creditors.
*80But what were the circumstances of its origin, preparation and execution P Mr. Robert Turner testifies that on one of his occasional visits to his brother’s house, he found Mr. Rusk in the parlor in company with his sister, and he remarked to him, “ you are looking very well, Hester must take good care of you; he smiled and said yes, that he intended to make her a present, referring to the old homestead ; she remarked yes that was so, and that she intended to see her mother; having learned the intention of his promises to her, I suggested that I had a friend who would attend to anything of the kind for her, naming the Hon. John L. Thomas, and that I could bring him over at any time he or she suggested, and he said, do so.” Mrs. Turner gives substantially the same account of this interview except that she states her brother saidhe felt like he wanted to provide for his mother and then for his sister.” Some time after this Mr. Robert Turner brought Mr. Thomas to the house,- and he testifies that he was there introduced to Mr. Rusk; had a conversation with him in relation to his property and he stated what kind of a deed he wanted prepared, and it was drawn up accordingly; that he never saw him before nor since until after the commencement of this suit. On cross-examination he says there were present in the room at this interview which lasted for about half an hour, Mrs. Turner and her husband and Mr. Robert Turner, or some of them, and that he cannot recollect whether the conversation that then took place was entirely between himself and Mr. Rusk or not, hut that he talked with him for some time. After the deed was prepared it was brought to the house where it remained for some time and Mrs. Turner says her brother read it. Shortly afterwards her husband called upon Mr. Hyde, a magistrate, and requested him to call at his house, which he did, and the paper was executed in the presence of Mr. Turner, and of the justice and another witness who . is now dead. The justice asked the usual question whether *81he acknowledged the insferament to he his act and deed, and he said yes. What seems to ns singular and unusual in all this, is the fact that while he was physically well, and nothing prevented him from going to a lawyer’s office to have the deed prepared, and then to a magistrate’s office to execute and acknowledge it, both the attorney and the magistrate were brought to the house where he was. But more'than this, the suggestion to have an attorney brought there to carry out his promise of a present was made by another and not by himself. Again, in the interviews with Mr. Eobert Turner, with Mr. Thomas, and when the paper was executed there was always some one present who was to be benefited by the deed, Mr. Thomas who was a stranger to him never saw him or attempted to converse with him when he was alone, and a close examination of this testimony shows that at these important interviews very little indeed was said by him. He seems to have merely assented to suggestions made by others, and not to have been an active and intelligent participant. In his own testimony he declares most positively he has no recollection at all of the transaction.
Two days after its execution, William H. H. Turner took the deed to the record office, and after the usual time for recording, called for and received it, and then gave it to Mrs. Barbara Eusk, the mother, who retained possession of it until her death on the 22nd of March, 1875. After this it was in the possession of Mrs. Turner or her husband at their house. The complainant lived with his mother on the property from the latter part of 1863, or the beginning of 1864, up to November, 1874, when he again went to his sister’s house, where he remained until a few days before the filing of this hill. During all this period the property stood assessed to him, the bills for taxes and water rents were made out in his name, and the original policy of insurance upon it in his name, was yearly renewed 'without transfer, and' no new or other *82policy was ever taken out. Neither his mother nor his sister nor' her hushand ever mentioned the existence of this deed to him, or claimed the property under it in his presence, and there is no proof he ever saw it or that it was kept where he could have seen or have had access to it. If, as he says, he had no recollection of ever having signed such an instrument, these facts satisfactorily explain why he remained for so long a time even after he had in a great measure recovered his reason, in ignorance of its existence, and the delay in filing the hill. Having shortly before heard in some way of a paper purporting to he executed by him, he applied immediately to Mr. William H. H. Turnér, who told him if he wished to see the deed he could either go to Mr. Robert Turner or to the record office. He then immediately sought the advice of counsel, and the hill to vacate the deed was at once filed.
(Decided 6th February, 1880.)
We hare carefully examined and considered the testimony of all the witnesses on the part of the defendants, and feel compelled to say of it, that it is not sufficient to overcome the evidence and the facts adduced in support of the complainant’sacase. In our judgment the decided weight and preponderance of evidence sustains the position, that this party was not, at the time this deed was executed, capable of executing a valid deed or contract. The decree therefore which vacates and annuls the instrument must he affirmed.
Decree affirmed.