Tur v. Federal Aviation Administration

Jan 8, 1997
No. 95-56101
Versions:104 F.3d 290
97 Cal. Daily Op. Serv. 217
97 Daily Journal DAR 331
1997 U.S. App. LEXIS 222
BEEZER, Circuit Judge:

Robert Tur appeals the district court’s dismissal of his claims for monetary damages against several Federal Aviation Administration (“FAA”) employees and for rescission оf a settlement agreement which he entered into with the FAA. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.

I

Tur operated his own helicopter as a news reporter. The FAA issued аn emergency-order revoking Tur’s airman’s certificate in September 1991. The order charged Tur with five violations of FAA regulations. Tur sought expedited administrative review of the revocation. Appellees Samuel Frazier and Peter Evans represented the FAA in the hearing. After an October 1991 hearing, an Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”) of the Natiоnal Transportation Safety Board (“NTSB”) found Tur guilty of two of five charges and sustained the FAA’s Order of Revocation.

The ALJ found Tur violated FAA regulations by operating his helicоpter close to a pier fire in Redondo Beach. See 14 C.F:R. §§ 91.13, 91.111 (1992). By hovering nearby, Tur whipped smoke and heat from the blaze on firefighters, thereby hindering their efforts. The ALJ alsо found Tur violated FAA regulations by flying in formation with a Los Angeles Fire Department Rescue Helicopter without authorization. See 14 C.F.R. §§ 91.13, 91.111 (1992). By flying close to the rescue flight, Tur allegedly fоrced the other helicopter to alter its flight and bypass its intended landing site. Captain Patrick Quinn of the Los Angeles Fire Department, who piloted the Rescue Helicopter, testified at the hearing that he was transporting a wounded policeman between hospitals when Tur interfered with his flight.

The NTSB affirmed the ALJ’s decision. We affirmed the NTSB. Tur v. FAA, 4 F.3d 766, 770-71 (9th Cir.1993).

Tur applied for a new airman’s certificate on several occasions between 1992 and 1994. Every application was denied. Tur petitioned the FAA in 1994 to review his denial. Tur met with Evans, who allegedly tоld Tur that the FAA had no information indicating that the evidence used against him before the ALJ was false. Tur subsequently entered a settlement agreement with the FAA in March 1994. By the terms of that agreement, Tur agreed not to challenge the FAA’s refusal to issue him a new airman’s eertifi-cate or to apply for a new certificate for two yеars. The FAA agreed to allow him to apply for a new certificate without prejudice after two years had passed.

The city of Los Angeles also sought to prosecute Tur for his conduct in an incident ‍​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​​​‌​‌‌​​​‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌‍where he allegedly interfered with a hoist rescue in San Pedro, California.1 The city eventually dropped its prosеcution. In response, Tur brought á' ■ suit for malicious prosecution against the city of Los Angeles. Through discovery, Tur learned of a memorandum from Captain Tony Varelа of the-Los Angeles Fire Department to Frazier. This memorandum, informed Frazier prior to Tur’s hearing before the ALJ that Varela had found no evidence indicating that thе rescue helicopter had been transporting a wounded policeman. Varela testified in state court that, in addition to the memorandum, he had orally infоrmed Frazier and Evans of this fact. Varela testified that he had also informed Quinn orally.

As a result of these discoveries, Tur commenced this action against FAA attorneys Frazier and Evans and DeWitt Lawson, their supervisor. Tur seeks monetary damages from these individuals for depriving him of his property interest in his airman’s certificate without due рrocess of law through their knowing use of false testimony against him before the ALJ. Tur also seeks rescission of the settlement agreement he entered with the FAA

II

The district court dismissed Tur’s complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. The district court concluded that the “merits of [Tur’s] Bivens claims are inescapably intertwined with a review of thе ... merits surrounding the FAA order,” and as such, present an impermissible collateral challenge to the previous adjudication. We review the district court’s dismissal de novо. Washington Trout v. McCain Foods, Inc., 45 F.3d 1351, 1353 (9th Cir.1995).

The judicial review provision of the Federal Aviation ‘ Act states that the courts of appeals have “exclusive jurisdiction to affirm, amend, modify, or set aside” an order issued by the NTSB or the Administrator. 49 U.S.C. § 46110(c). The FAA argues that Tur’s action constitutes an attempt to re-litigate the merits of the previous administrative ‍​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​​​‌​‌‌​​​‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌‍proceedings. Tur’s only recourse, the FAA contends, is to petition this Court to set aside the previous order.2 Id.

We agree with the FAA that Tur’s claims are inescapably intertwined with the merits of the previous revocation order. Tur’s suit, if allowed to proceed, would result in new adjudication over the evidence and testimony adduced in the October 1991 heаring, the credibility determinations made by the ALJ, and, ultimately, the findings made by the ALJ. The judicial review provision of the FAA does not permit the district court to entertain such a suit. Id.; see Foster v. Skinner, 70 F.3d 1084, 1088 (9th Cir.1995); Clark v. Busey, 959 F.2d 808, 811 (9th Cir.1992).

Tur’s reliance on Mace v. Skinner, 34 F.3d 854 (9th Cir.1994), is misplaced. In Mace, we permitted a Bivens action challenging, inter alia, the FAA’s and NTSB’s authority to revoke certificates as a sanction for violations of aviation safety regulations, the FAA’s failure to promulgate rules relating to certifiсate revocation procedures, and the adequacy of the notice provided by the FAA in emergency revocation proceedings. Mace, 34 F.3d at 856. Section 46110 did not prоscribe that suit because it was not directed at the merits of a previous adjudication. Instead, the plaintiffs in Mace presented us with a facial challenge to the constitutionality of certain agency actions. Id.

The Eleventh Circuit is consistent with our approach in Mace. Green v. Brantley, 981 F.2d 514, 517 (11th Cir.1993). In Green, the FAA revoked plaintiffs Designated Pilot Examiner certificate. Id. Eschewing administrative adjudication, plaintiff filed a Bivens action in district court against a number of FAA officials, alleging they had deprived him of liberty and property interests without due process of law. Id. at 518. The Eleventh Circuit held that the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over ‍​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​​​‌​‌‌​​​‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌‍the suit because it constituted “an impermissible collateral challenge to the agency order.” Id. at 521.

In Mace, we contrasted the facial challenge tо agency action presented in that case with the Bivens action in Green. “Mace’s claims differ from those asserted in Green, where it was the conduct of FAA officials in adjudicating a specific individual claim that was under attack.” Mace, 34 F.3d at 858. Tur’s suit рresents a collateral challenge to the merits of his previous adjudication. Section 46110 does not permit such suits.

Ill

The settlement agreement entered into by Tur and the FAA expired in March 1996.3 As such, Tur аsks for relief which, even if jurisdiction were proper, cannot be granted by the district court. The question before us, however, is whether the district court has subject mattеr jurisdiction to entertain Tur’s claim for rescission.

Tur’s claim for rescission, much like his claim for damages, is subject to the judicial review provision of the Federal Aviation Act if the settlement agreement he entered with the FAA was an “order” within the meaning of 49 U.S.C. § 46110(a). By the terms of the agreement, Tur agreed ‍​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​​​‌​‌‌​​​‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌‍not to apply for a license fоr two years. See 49 U.S.C. § 44702(a). The NTSB docketed the agreement. Judicial review is available when the NTSB denies an application for an airman’s certificate. See 49 U.S.C. §§ 44702(a), 46110(a). As such, we conclude that the settlement agreement was an “order” subject to the terms of 49 U.S.C. § 46110.

Section 46110(c) vests authority to “affirm, amend, modify, or set aside” an order exclusively with the courts of appеals. The district court properly concluded it lacked subject matter jurisdiction over Tur’s claim for rescission.

IV

Because Tur’s claim for damages against FAA offiсials is a collateral attack on a previous adjudication not permitted by 49 U.S.C. § 46110(c), we conclude the district court lacked jurisdiction to entertain it. Because the NTSB’s adoption of the settlement agreement Tur entered into with the FAA constitutes an order, the district court likewise lacked jurisdiction to hear Tur’s claim for its rеscission. The district court’s dismissal was proper.

AFFIRMED.

Notes

. The FAA had charged Tur with violating FAA regulations at San Pedro in the revocation proceedings, but the ALJ, citing insufficient evidenсe, acquitted Tur of this charge.

. 49 U.S.C. § 46110(a) provides:

[A] person disclosing a substantial interest in an order .issued by the Secretary of Transportation (or the Administrator of the Federal Aviatiоn Administration with respect to aviation safely duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Administrator) under this part may apply for review of the order by filing а petition for review ‍​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​​​‌​‌‌​​​‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌‍... in the court of appeals of the United States for the circuit in which the person resides or has its principal place of business. Thе petition must be filed not later than 60 days after the order is issued. The court may allow the petition to be filed after the 60th day only if there are reasonable grounds for not filing by the 60th day.

. After the settlement agreement expired, Tur applied for and was granted a new airman’s certificate.