True v. Plumley

36 Me. 466 | Me. | 1853

Appleton, J. —

The numerous questions arising in this cause have been argued with great elaborateness and ability, and it will become necessary to examine them with care, as well on account of their intrinsic importance, as on that of the interests involved in their determination.

The depositions of Timothy Fuller and others- were taken at 8 o’clock, on tile Monday preceding the session of the Court to which they were returnable. The defendant offered to prove, that the notice to take them, was served on him at half past seven of the same morning, and that, when they were to be taken according to the notice given, he was engaged in attending to the taking of another deposition, which had been commenced on the Saturday previous, but had not been finished. It was held in Cooper v. Bakeman, 33 Maine, 377, that the magistrate’s certificate as to the notice, manner and cause of taking a deposition is conculsive proof of the facts certified and that parol evidence, to show that the time between the notice and the caption was less than that allowed by the statute, was inadmissible.

In Wyman v. Wood, 25 Maine, 436, the Court decided, that a deposition taken on the day preceding that on which the Court at which it was to be used was to commence its session, should not for that eause be excluded. If there was an impossibility to attend, or if there was any surprise in the testimony offered, it might, in certain eases, furnish a ground for a continuance. No request for delay or for a continuance seems to have been made, and according to the authorities cited, the depositions were properly received.

The cause was committed to the jury on Saturday, and they were permitted to seal up their verdict and separate after they had agreed. The evidence tends to show, that they were engaged in the consideration of the cause, and that they had not agreed upon their verdict, till after twelve o’clock at might. The verdict was rendered and affirmed on Monday. The counsel for the defendant move, that for this cause it should be set aside, and rely on Shaw v. McCoombs, 2 Bay. 232. This ease, which is directly in point, was briefly argued by counsel, and the opinion of the Court was given without any examination of authorities or discussion of principles. It has been subsequently examined and may be considered as overruled. In Harrington v. Osborn, 15 Johns. 115, the Court say: — “It was proper to receive the verdict on Sunday, presuming the jury were impanneled before Sunday commenced, but it was illegal to render the judgment on Sunday.” In Hurdekoper v. Collin, 3 Watts, 56, it was held not to be void that a verdict in a civil eause was rendered on Sunday, the eause having been commenced on the previous day. In Baxter v. The People, 3 Gil. 368, which was an indictment for murder, the jury did not agree, and the verdict was not rendered until Sunday morning, and upon full consideration the Court recognized the distinction, that a verdict may be received that day, but that no judgment could be entered or sentence pronounced. “ We think,” says Caton, J., "the authorities clearly establish, that when a cause is submitted to the jury before twelve o’clock on Saturday night, the verdict of the jury may be received on Sunday; but that it is not a judicial day for the purpose of rendering any judgment, and if it attempt to .render a judgment, still in law it would be no judgment, but absolutely void, and will be so declared, and may be reversed by the Court.”

On Monday afternoon, when the jury were directed to bring in their verdict, upon the inquiry being addressed by the clerk to the jury, whether they had agreed, and before their answer, the counsel for the defendant requested the Judge to say to the jury, that if any of them wished to retire again to consider the case further, that it was their right to do so, but this the Judge declined to do. The counsel for defendant then requested the Court to ask, or let them ask the jury, if any of them wished again to retire to consider the case, and these requests were renewed again after reading the verdict by the clerk and before the same was recorded, and in both instances they were refused by the Court, and, as we think, properly refused. The answer to the inquiry of the Court, and the verdict, as affirmed and recorded, was under oath. Any juryman might have dissented, had he deemed such to be his duty, before the affirmance of the verdict. Ropps v. Barker & al. 4 Pick. 242. After the jury had sealed up their verdict and had separated, the Court could not have sent them back to reconsider the verdict, without the assent of both parties, and had they so done, without such assent, it would have been good cause for setting it aside.

The second count contains a general allegation that the defendant had accused the plaintiff’s wife of adultery. To this there was a demurrer and joinder in demurrer. An issue. of law was thus raised, and if the demurrer was sustained, the plaintiffs could not recover on the count to which it related. If the count was adjudged good, all that would remain to be done, would be the assessment of damages. The demurrer admitted all facts well pleaded, and if they constituted a ground of action the plaintiffs’ right to recover was conceded. The Court adjudged the declaration good, which left only the damages to be assessed. Instead, however, of relying on the question of law thus raised, and presenting it before the full Court for their decision, the defendant pleaded the general issue to the count demurred to, and the action proceeded to trial as if no demurrer had been filed. As this was done by mutual consent, and as the defendant has had the benefit of an issue of law, and subsequently of an issue of fact, he cannot be allowed to take advantage of this irregularity.

But as the propriety of this mode of declaring may frequently arise, and as it has been fully argued, it may be advisable to examine and determine now the question thus raised. This general mode of declaring in slander by setting forth the substance of the words spoken, though opposed to the decisions in England and in many of the States, is in conformity with the usual course of practice in Massachusetts as well as in this State. Before the separation, in Nye v. Otis, 8 Mass. 122, it was held that a general count in an action for defamation was good. In Whiting v. Smith, 13 Pick. 364, this mode of declaring received the consideration of the Court, and the previous decision of the Court, in Nye v. Otis, was reaffirmed. In Allen v. Perkins, 17 Pick. 369, the Court held that a general count setting forth that the defendant had charged the plaintiff with a crime, was good. In Clark v. Munsell, 6 Met. 373, it was decided that the Court might, at the instance of the defendant, require a specification of the plaintiff, of the words upon which he intended to rely to support his action. The judicious exercise of this power would seem to remove all fears of any difficulty, which, might be anticipated as likely to arise from this general mode of declaring. The defendant might have required the filing by the plaintiff of the particular words by him spoken which imported the charge of adultery, and unless they had been furnished, the defendant would not have been compelled to proceed to trial.

In an action for damages for words not actionable in themselves, the plaintiff, besides proof of the words, must show the special injury resulting therefrom. When the words are actionable, the law infers malice and that some damages have ensued.

The words in the first and third counts in this case being actionable and the law implying malice, the counsel for the defendant object to the -proof of other and different words, spoken by the defendant, for the purpose of showing malice.

It seems to be well settled that the intention, the quo animo, with which the words complained of were uttered, is an element most material in relation to the question of damages. To mitigate damages, the defendant may show that the words spoken and for which a suit is brought, were uttered in a passion, or in sport; in a state of intoxication, or under such circumstances as would tend most essentially to diminish their injurious effect, or to rebut the malice inferrable from their utterance. Sedgwick on Damages, 540.

The depositions of Samuel Whielden and Peter Whielden, to the admission of which the counsel for the defendant objected, contain actionable words of the same character, and asserting the same charge as those in the first and third counts, and were received for the purpose of proving express malice. The admission of evidence of this description, for this purpose, has been the subject of much discussion. In England, after much mutation of opinion, and after different rulings of eminent Judges, it was finally determined that it might be received to show malice on the part of the defendant, but not to obtain damages for the subsequent injury. “ This appears to us to be the correct rule,” says Tindal, C. J., in Pearson v. Lemaittre, 5 Man. & Gran. 719, “ that either party may, with a view to the damages, give evidence to prove or disprove the existence of a malicious motive in the mind of the publisher of the defamatory matter; but that, if the evidence given for that purpose establishes another cause of action, the jury should be cautioned against giving any damages in respect of it. And if such evidence be offered merely for the purpose of obtaining damages for such subsequent injury, it should be rejected.” In Bodwell v. Swan, 3 Pick. 376, evidence of words spoken by the defendant after the commencement of the suit, of a similar import with those charged in the declaration, was held admissible for the purpose of proving malice.

In Watson v. Moore, 2 Cush. 134, the Court recognize with approbation the law as settled in Bodwell v. Swan, 3 Pick. 385, but limit its application to the repetition of the same slanders, or to those of a similar import. The same rule was adopted in this State, in Smith v. Wyman, 16 Maine, 13.

It has been decided, in Campbell v. Brett, 3 Coms. 173, that it was no defence to an action of slander, that the words sued for had been used in a former suit to prove malice. Hence, the importance of the qualification to the jury, that they should not increase the damages on account of words received merely to prove malice. For as damages are increased by proof of express malice, and as the tendency of a repetition of the same slander on the minds of a jury would be to show the intensity of the defendant’s malice, and consequently to aggravate the damages, the jury should be forewarned against giving any such effect to this kind of evidence. This reason, among others, may have led the Court of New York to adopt the course of excluding all evidence of slanderous words other than those declared on, even for the purpose of proving malice. Randall v. Buller, 7 Barb. 260.

The objection, that it does not appear that the words in these depositions were uttered before the commencement of the plaintiffs’ suit, cannot avail. They were not offered to sustain the declaration, but to show malice, and if to be admitted for that purpose, it would seem to be immaterial when they were spoken.

The words charged in the first count are, that “she,” meaning the female plaintiff, “ is a damned whore,” and in the third count, that “ she was a whore.” The Court instructed the jury, that if they believed the testimony of Richard Libbey and Jonas C. Spooner, it was sufficient to'maintain these counts. This instruction the counsel for the defendant claims to be erroneous.

The testimony of Libbey was, that the defendant said “Mrs. True was a bad woman, decidedly bad,” that witness told him he thought B. had more regard to his own family than to take a bad woman there,” to which defendant replied, “ she is a damned whore or she would never ride with J. B.”These words, it is insisted, do not prove the first count. We think otherwise. The charge thus made, may, in the mind of the defendant, have been a just inference from the facts stated, but whether the inference is one, which any other person would have made or not, whether it be just or not, it equally exists. The assertion is none the less made, though the inference may have been entirely without foundation. How far these words, “ she is a damned whore,” may be considered as modified in their meaning by the subsequent words, was for the jury to consider. Whiting v. Smith, 13 Pick. 372.

The evidence of Spooner was, that “ defendant expressed himself strongly that she was a bad woman, that she had dealings with other men besides her husband, and was not very particular who.” In slander the words must be proved as alleged. It is not enough to prove equivalent words, nor are words to the same effect the same words. Fox v. Vanderbeck, 5 Cow. 515. The testimony of Spooner does not sustain either of the counts. The habit of prostitution for the sake of gain, the utter debasement implied in the words charged, is not proved to have been asserted of the female plaintiff by the speaking of these words. “ Unless,” says Lord Ellenborough, in Cook v. Cox, 3 M. & S. 116, “the very words are set out, by which the charge is conveyed, it is almost, if not entirely impossible to plead a recovery in one action in bar of a subsequent action for the same cause.” According to the recognized rules of law, the testimony of Spooner would not sustain either the first or third count. The words being proved and malice being an inference of law, the question occurs, by what rules shall the jury be governed in assessing damages.

The Court instructed the jury that if the plaintiff did commit adultery, they would consider it as evidence, though not conclusive, and if adultery is proved it will go in mitigation of damages in the first and third counts, and the plaintiff cannot recover in the second count. Of the correctness of this instruction there can be no question. If the defendant had established ineontrovertibly the fact of .adultery, still it might have been only in a single instance. But proof of one offence would not sustain the charge of that long continuance in vice which is asserted by the words in the first and third counts. The solitary instance does not prove the general habit. If one lapse from virtue was proved, it would be a defence to the second count and would properly reduce damages on the others, and so the Court instructed the jury.

The Court further instructed the jury as to damages, in these words ; "As to damages you will consider the pain and anguish occasioned by defendant’s slander, the cost and trouble, the suffering occasioned by that slander, her prospects in life as affected thereby, the wealth and position of the defendant, and his power therefrom'to injure, and give such damages as she is entitled to.”

Different rules for determining the measure of damages to which a plaintiff may be entitled in actions of tort, have been laid down for the guidance of a jury, by different Judges, and advocated by different juridical writers. Damages are given as a compensation, recompense or satisfaction to the plaintiff for an injury actually received by him from the defendant. They should- he precisely commensurate with the injury; neither more nor less; and this, whether it be to his person or his estate.” 2 Greenl. on Ev. § 253. "The damages,” says Metcalf, J., in Halson v. Moore, 2 Cush. 140, “ in an action of slander, are to be measured by the injury caused by the words spoken and not by the moral culpability of the speaker.” In this class of cases the law “ permits the jury to give what it terms punitory, vindictive or exemplary damages ; in other words, it blends together the interests of society and of the aggrieved individual, and gives 'damages not only to recompense the sufferer, but to punish the offender.” Sedgwick on Damages, 38. “ In cases of personal injury,” says Gibson, J., in Pastenus v. Fisher, 1 Rawle, 27, “damages are given not to compensate, but to punish.” “ The jury may not only give,” says Walworth, Ch., in King v. Root, 4 Wend. 113, “such damages as they think necessary to compensate the plaintiff for his actual injury, but they may also give damages by way of punishment to the defendants.” The difference between the different rules above referred to is obvious. The jury should have been governed by that alone which is right. Whatever rule may be the true one, the plaintiffs are entitled to such damages as upon the evidence can be awarded in conformity therewith, and not to damages assessed upon other erroneous principles. Now no rule was given to the jury. Are they then to be a law dnto themselves and freed from all legal restraints to assess damages at their own will and pleasure ? The jury were directed to give the plaintiffs the damages to which they were entitled. To what are the plaintiffs entitled ? The question unanswered recurs. To damages which are simply compensatory and to the full extent of any injury sustained? to those which would by way of example be sufficient to deter others? or to such as beside compensating, and deterring' by example may impose a punishment on the defendant as for a crime ? thus infusing into the civil proceedings the effect of a criminal procedure and erecting the jury into a tribunal which shall in each case impose the penalty. Either of these principles might have been adopted by the jury. Which in fact they did adopt, Ave know not and cannot know. As was remarked by Rogers, J., in Rose v. Story, 1 Bacon, 190, where somewhat similar instructions were given, “this is giving them discretionary powers without stint or limit, highly dangerous to the rights of the defendant. It is leaving them without any rule whatever.”

Most of the various matters referred to in this instruction might be regarded as elements proper for the consideration of the jury, but still some rule should have been given to the jury, unless the law is that they are to determine the damages without any restraints, and in each case, according to their arbitrary discretion.

In actions brought to recover damages for an injury to the person or to the reputation, the injuries which may have arisen, as well as those likely to occur, must receive a compensation in one and the same suit if at all. The.jury may regard the probable future as well as the actual past. In no other way can compensation be obtained. In Gregory v. Williams, 1 Car. & Ker. 568, the instructions given were, that in estimating damages, the jury might consider the prospective damages whieh might accrue from the defendant’s act. “ It is said,” remarked Bosanquet, J., in Ingrane v. Lawson, 8 Scott, 471, “ that the damages sustained at the time of commencing the action, is all that the plaintiff could recover, and that the jury were erroneously directed that they might take into account the prospective injury. But it appears to me, that the jury were warranted in proportioning the damages to the amount of injury that would naturally result from the act of the defendant, though it might affect him at a subsequent period.”

The counsel for the defendant requested the Court to instruct the jury that if they believed the defendant, in any thing he said, had no malice or intention to injure the plaintiffs, their verdict would be for the defendant. The Court declined to give this, but said to the jury it was not necessary defendant should have any malice against the plaintiffs, or intention to injure them, to maintain the suit; that, if defendant’s malice was entirely towards another person, in slandering whom he uttered the slanderous words against the plaintiffs, the action was maintainable and the damages would be just as great as if the malice of the defendant had been towards the plaintiffs. As if A threw a stone with malice, intending to kill B and killed C, against whom he had no malice, his guilt would be the same as if be had killed B.

Were this an indictment for murder, the instructions would have been less liable to exception. Malice, in its legal sense, means a wrongful act done intentionally, without just cause or excuse. Commonwealth v. York, 9 Met. 115. Doing a wrongful act, knowing it to be such, constitutes malice. So far as regards the maintenance of the suit, it is equally maintainable whether there be malice in fact or not. But in a civil cause, where the jury are to assess damages, nothing is more clearly established by an entire uniformity of decisions, than that damages in slander may be increased upon proof of malice in fact. The instruction of the Court amounts to this, that the same damages are to be given when malice'in fact exists, as when it is only a legal inference from the speaking of the words. Now, such we do not consider to be the law. “ Upon principie,” says Tindal, C. J., in Pearson v. Lemaittre, already cited, “ we think that the spirit and intention of the party publishing a libel, are fit to be considered by a jury, in estimating the damages done to the plaintiff." In King v. Root, 4 Wend. 139, Walworth, C. J., says, "that the plaintiff is at liberty to give evidence .of actual malice and vindictive motives on the part of the defendant to increase the damages." Hence, for the purpose of showing the intention with which the words constituting the cause of action were spoken, and increasing damages, the repetition of the- same slanders is received. The intention being of importance in fixing damages, as they may be greater or less accordingly or not, as malice in fact concurs with malice in-law. It is manifest that the damages must be less when this special ground of enhancing them does not exist than when it was the moving and inducing motive of action. “ The malice,” says Buchanan, O. I., “ which the law implies, is of itself sufficient to support the action, but the damages to be commensurate with the of-fence, should be regulated by the quo animo with which the words were spoken, for which the suit is brought.” Rigden v. Wolcott, 6 Gill & Johnson, 418 ; Wagner v. Holbunner, 7 Gill, 300. If damages were made to depend merely upon the malice which the law implies, then one, who with honest intentions and with reasonable grounds of suspicion, should impeach the integrity of another, and one who should with malignant purpose utter slanders intentionally false, might be both properly mulcted in the same sum. The instruction that they should be just as great in one case as in the other, we cannot but deem erroneous, and we think that the presiding Judge in the pressure of a nisi prius trial did not sufficiently regard the distinction between malice in law and malice in fact, as affecting the damages to which the party injured would be entitled. A new trial must therefore be granted. Verdict set aside, and new trial granted.

Shepley, C. J., and Tenney, J., concurred. Rice, J., concurred in the result.