Troy DACE, Appellant, v. George MICKELSON, Harold Shunk, and Jon Erickson, Appellees.
No. 85-5126
United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit
Submitted Feb. 12, 1986. Decided July 22, 1986.
Rehearing Granted Oct. 28, 1986.
797 F.2d 574
The fact that three of the guarantors—Norman Pitt, Ben Margolis, and Robert Kahan—went to Arkansas on one or more occasions does not change our holding that there are insufficient contacts between the guarantors and Arkansas either as to the guarantors in general or as to those three particular guarantors. The law is clear that a corporate officer or agent who has contact with the forum state only with regard to the performance of corporate duties does not thereby become subject to jurisdiction in his or her individual capacity. See, e.g., Escude Cruz v. Ortho Pharmaceutical Corp., 619 F.2d 902, 906 (1st Cir. 1980); Forsythe v. Overmyer, 576 F.2d 779, 783-84 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 864 (1978). In this case, Pitt, Margolis, and Kahan went to Arkansas on behalf of Structural and later Alchemy, not in their individual capacities. Moreover, there is no evidence to suggest that these three guarantors “personally interjected” themselves into the negotiations between Riceland and Structural or Alchemy, a situation in which some courts have asserted personal jurisdiction over a nonresident guarantor who was also an officer or agent of the debtor corporation. See Forsythe, 576 F.2d at 784. We therefore hold that the guarantors had insufficient contact with the forum state to subject them to personal jurisdiction in Arkansas. Having so concluded, we need not consider whether in fact the guarantee extended to Riceland or whether the district court properly awarded Riceland prejudgment interest.
Conclusion
For the reasons set forth above, we affirm the judgment for breach of contract against Alchemy Industries, Inc. and Norman Pitt, Inc. We vacate the judgment against the individual defendants for lack of personal jurisdiction.
Before ARNOLD and FAGG, Circuit Judges, and OLIVER,* Senior District Judge.
ARNOLD, Circuit Judge.
Troy Dace, an inmate at the South Dakota State Penitentiary, brought this action under
I.
Dace is presently serving two concurrent ten-year sentences for convictions for aggravated assault and attempted rape. He began serving these sentences in the South Dakota State Penitentiary on June 7, 1982. Dace alleges, and the Board concedes, that he appeared before the Board on January 27, 1984, when he first became eligible for parole, and that the Board denied parole without stating the reason for its denial. Dace requested that the Board provide an explanation for the decision, but was told that the Board did not give reasons for denying parole.1 Dace filed suit on September 28, 1984; his pro se complaint seeks declaratory and injunctive relief.2
* The Hon. John W. Oliver, Senior United States District Judge for the Western District of Missouri, sitting by designation.
II.
In general, “[l]iberty interests protected by the Fourteenth Amendment may arise from two sources—the Due Process Clause itself and the laws of the States.” Hewitt v. Helms, 459 U.S. 460, 466 (1983), citing Meachum v. Fano, 427 U.S. 215, 223-27 (1976). Dace attempts to argue that the Due Process Clause itself creates a liberty interest in parole. As we recently indicated in Clark v. Brewer, 776 F.2d 226, 230 (8th Cir. 1985), this argument appears to be foreclosed by Hewitt. See 459 U.S. at 466-468. On the other hand, it is clear that state laws governing parole can create a liberty interest. See Greenholtz v. Inmates of Nebraska Penal and Correctional Complex, 442 U.S. 1, 11-16 (1979). We therefore turn to consider possible state law bases for a liberty interest.
“[A] State creates a protected liberty interest by placing substantive limitations on official discretion.” Olim v. Wakinekona, 461 U.S. 238, 249 (1983). This the State may do through its statutes, through administrative regulations, or through official policy pronouncements that are intended to guide the exercise of discretion. Green v. Black, 755 F.2d 687, 688 (8th Cir. 1985); Parker v. Corrothers, 750 F.2d 653, 660-61 (8th Cir. 1984). The key question is whether the statutes, regulations, or policy statements articulate substantive standards or criteria that guide the officials’ exercise of discretion. Olim, 461 U.S. at 249, citing Connecticut Board of Pardons v. Dumschat, 452 U.S. 458, 467 (1981) (Brennan, J., concurring). An
Examining South Dakota‘s parole statute in light of these principles, we agree with the District Court that the statute does not create a liberty interest. The statute,
When an inmate becomes eligible for parole, he shall be called before the board of pardons and paroles to personally present his application for parole. The board may issue an order to the warden of the penitentiary that the inmate shall be paroled if it is satisfied that:
(1) The inmate has been confined in the penitentiary for a sufficient length of time to accomplish his rehabilitation;
(2) The inmate will be paroled under the supervision and restrictions provided by law for parolees, without danger to society; and
(3) The inmate has secured suitable employment or beneficial occupation of his time likely to continue until the end of the period of his parole in some suitable place within or without the state where he will be free from criminal influences.
The board shall fix the time of parole for an inmate.
(Emphasis supplied). Thus, the statute establishes that if the Board determines that the criteria in sections (1)–(3) are met, it “may,” rather than “shall” or “must,” order the warden to parole an inmate; it provides no substantive criteria to guide the discretion the Board is authorized to exercise after it determines that the requirements of sections (1)–(3) are met.3
However, we conclude that the administrative regulations governing parole in South Dakota do provide substantive guidance for Board decisionmaking in the realm which the statute leaves to Board discretion. We refer specifically to
A parole hearing before the board shall provide to each inmate whose application is considered an opportunity to present in person to the board a statement of his or her needs, desires, problems, evaluation of present progress and plans for the future. The Board shall consider the presentation by the inmate; shall review all available history, medical, social and psychological information, past and present difficulties, institutional adjustment and progress of the inmate; and shall consider treatment possibilities or other plans for the inmate.
(Emphasis supplied).4 Thus, the regulation establishes that the Board must take a
It is true that there is no mandatory language in the statute requiring the Board to grant parole if it finds some particular number or combination of these criteria fulfilled. However, such language is not a prerequisite to the creation of a liberty interest; its import is that it serves as an indicator of whether substantive criteria limit official discretion, the ultimate test of whether a liberty interest has been created. See discussion supra, p. 576. This test is met here because the regulation, by requiring the Board to take the enumerated factors into account in making the decision whether to grant or deny parole, places substantive limitations on the Board‘s discretion. See Olim, 461 U.S. at 249. The Board does not, under this regulation, exercise the unfettered discretion that typifies instances in which parole or clemency laws have been found not to create a liberty interest, see, e.g., Dumschat, 452 U.S. at 466; Peck v. Battey, 721 F.2d 1157, 1159 (8th Cir. 1983). Hence we conclude that Dace has a liberty interest in parole.5
We turn, then, to the question of whether the Board provided Dace with the process which was “due.” The Supreme Court‘s decision in Greenholtz makes clear that while an inmate who has a liberty interest in parole is not entitled to the full panoply of procedural protections that accompany a criminal trial, the inmate does deserve an opportunity to be heard and, if parole is denied, a statement of the respects in which he or she falls short of qualifying for parole. 442 U.S. at 14-16. The latter requirement ensures that the decisionmaker will devote some thought to the decision and, perhaps most importantly, that the inmate will be apprised of what changes, if any, he or she may make to improve the likelihood of parole. Id. at 15, citing Franklin v. Shields, 569 F.2d 784, 800 (4th Cir. 1977) (en banc), cert. denied, 435 U.S. 1003 (1978). Accordingly, we hold that in failing to state its reasons for denying Dace‘s parole application, the Board violated Dace‘s right to due process.6
III.
We conclude that the District Court erred in dismissing Dace‘s complaint for failure to state a claim. Since there appears to be little in the way of factual controversy here, the principal task of the District Court on remand is likely to be fashioning an appropriate remedy. Although this is a matter for the District Court in the first instance, we observe that the proper remedy may not be the new parole hearing that Dace requests; it may instead be sufficient to order the Board to review the record of its earlier hearings and deliberations and issue a statement of reasons for denying parole. We further note that the propriety of injunctive relief directed towards future parole decisions may be affected by amendments to the South Dakota parole statute that became
We are grateful to appointed counsel for his diligent service to his client and to the Court.
For the reasons stated above, the judgment of the District Court is reversed, and the cause remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. On remand, the District Court should consider appointing counsel for Dace. Counsel appointed for Dace on this appeal could be requested to undertake this assignment. After counsel is appointed, he should be given an appropriate opportunity to amend the complaint, if desired, and conduct discovery.
FAGG, Circuit Judge, dissenting.
The pivotal issue presented in this case is whether South Dakota has established a protectable liberty interest in either a statute or an administrative regulation governing the parole of prisoners. I completely agree with the court that no protectable liberty interest in parole can be found in the statute. See supra at 576-577. I cannot, however, join in its determination that an administrative regulation, A.R.S.D. 17:60:02:01, provides Dace with such a liberty interest. Supra at 578.
The regulation before us requires that the Board provide a hearing for each inmate who applies for parole. Upon granting a parole hearing, the Board shall consider the inmate‘s presentation and shall review available relevant information concerning the inmate‘s application as well as consider treatment possibilities or other plans for the inmate. The court suggests that in providing a number of mandatory procedures governing parole hearings, South Dakota has created a protectable liberty interest in parole. I disagree.
A state creates a protectable liberty interest by placing substantive limitations on official discretion. In order to establish a liberty interest in parole, Dace must demonstrate that particularized standards or criteria guide the exercise of discretion by prison officials in making parole determinations. Olim v. Wakinekona, 461 U.S. 238, 249 (1983); Clark v. Brewer, 776 F.2d 226, 230 (8th Cir. 1985). “If the decisionmaker is not ‘required to base its decisions on objective and defined criteria,’ but instead ‘can deny the requested relief for any constitutionally permissible reason or for no reason at all,’ the State has not created a constitutionally protected liberty interest.” Olim, 461 U.S. at 249 (quoting Connecticut Board of Pardons v. Dumschat, 452 U.S. 458, 467 (1981) (Brennan, J., concurring)).
As the court observes, there is no mandatory language in the South Dakota regulation that requires the Board to grant parole if any of the criteria set out in the regulation are fulfilled. Supra at 577. Contrary to the court‘s analysis, however, I believe that absent any pronouncement that a prisoner will be released upon the fulfillment of certain conditions, a prisoner has no protectable liberty interest in parole. See, e.g., Patten v. North Dakota Parole Board, 783 F.2d 140, 142-43 (8th Cir. 1986) (per curiam) (No liberty interest exists in Inmate Handbook where it “does not contain any conditions precedent to parole, but only lists the factors con-
Hence, “[i]f the procedures required impose no significant limitation on the discretion of the decisionmaker, the expectation of a specified decision is not enhanced enough to establish a constitutionally protected interest in the procedures.” Hogue v. Clinton, 791 F.2d 1318, 1324 (8th Cir. 1986) (quoting Goodisman v. Lytle, 724 F.2d 818, 820 (9th Cir. 1984)). The procedures governing parole hearings in the South Dakota regulation before us, although mandatory, do not in any way limit prison officials’ discretion in their ultimate parole determinations.
The court appears to base its finding of a liberty interest on the premise that the Board must provide a hearing to parole applicants and must consider certain factors before making its parole decisions. In my view, these requirements governing parole hearings are nothing more than simple procedural guidelines.
The creation of procedural guidelines to channel the decisionmaking of prison officials is, in the view of many experts in the field, a salutary development. It would be ironic to hold that when a State embarks on such desirable experimentation it thereby opens the door to scrutiny by the federal courts, while States that choose not to adopt such procedural provisions entirely avoid the strictures of the Due Process Clause.
Hewitt v. Helms, 459 U.S. 460, 471 (1983). South Dakota‘s adoption of procedural guidelines alone does not create a liberty interest. Id. See also Parker v. Corrothers, 750 F.2d 653, 657 (8th Cir. 1984).
Accordingly, I would affirm the district court‘s dismissal of Dace‘s complaint.