Tremont Trust Co. v. Burack

235 Mass. 398 | Mass. | 1920

Pierce, J.

This is an action of contract to recover from the defendant the amount of money which the plaintiff (hereinafter called the bank) on presentment paid to a holder of a check drawn on the bank by the defendant, in excess of the deposit standing to the credit of the defendant when the check was paid. The defendant admits that he drew the check, that it was an overdraft, and that it was paid by the bank to the holder through the clearing house. The plaintiff and the defendant are in substantial agreement that, on the day the check was issued and before presentment to or payment by the bank, the defendant notified the bank to stop payment of the check. It is also agreed that, without reading, the defendant at the time when he ordered the payment stopped, at the request of the plaintiff signed a card upon which the following agreement was printed:

“The Tremont Trust Company, Boston, Mass., will please stop payment of the above described check. The undersigned agrees to hold the Tremont Trust Company harmless for said amount and for all expenses and costs incurred by it on account of refusing payment of said check and further agrees not to hold the Tremont Trust Company liable on account of payment contrary to this request if same occur through inadvertence or accident.

“Drawer

L. H. Burack”

On the reverse side of the card appeared the following:

“The Tremont Trust Company receives this request with the understanding and upon the express condition that it will use the best methods known to it to prevent oversight and accident, but that it shall not be in any way liable for its act should said check be paid by it in the course of its business.”

In passing it is to be observed that the fact that the defendant did not read what was printed on. the front and back of the card cannot affect the rights and obligations of the parties, because in the absence of fraud the defendant is assumed to have assented to all the provisions of that contract, and agreed to be bound by its terms. Fonseca v. Cunard Steamship Co. 153 Mass. 553.

By the great weight of authority, the drawer of a check retains the right to countermand its payment at any time before it is paid or is certified and delivered to a hona fide holder for value. Florence Mining Co. v. Brown, 124 U. S. 385. See cases collected in Morse on Banks & Banking, §§ 397-399, and in 7 C. J., Banks & Banking, § 429. Pease & Dwyer v. State National Bank, 114 Term. 693. In the absence of an express contract limiting its implied obligation to the drawer, the drawee pays at his peril when payment of the check has been stopped. Usher v. A. S. Tucker Co. 217 Mass. 441, 443. The consideration for an express agreement or for the implied obligation not to pay a holder of a check after payment of it has been stopped, is found in and springs from the mercantile relation of the parties and the reciprocal rights and obligations which the law attaches to that relation. The payee is not an assignee of the fund and the bank incurs no obligation to him before its acceptance of the check; his rights are against the drawer of the check. R. L. c. 73, § 206. Carr v. National Security Bank, 107 Mass. 45. Bullard v. Randall, 1 Gray, 605.

In the case at bar the jury found upon issues submitted to it that the plaintiff was “negligent in failing to stop payment after receiving the order to stop.” Upon the record two decisive questions are presented: (1) Do the terms of the agreement include negligence? and (2) Is it illegal for a bank to contract against the negligence of its employees in failing to stop the payment of a check after receiving an order to stop its payment?

The word “inadvertence” in the printed agreement embraces the effect of inattention, the result of carelessness, oversight, mistake, or fault of negligence and the condition or character of being inadvertent, inattentive, or heedless. The word “accident” is used in the sense of a happening of an event without the concurrence of the will of the person by whose agency it was caused. It is manifest the quoted words were intended to exonerate the bank from the kind of negligence shown by the record and we are unable to see anything illegal, or anything opposed to public policy, in a stipulation or agreement which relieves a bank so circumstanced from the results of the mere inattention, carelessness, oversightedness, or mistakes of its employees. It follows that the plaintiff’s exceptions to the charge, wherein it was said “The law, as I understand it, does not recognize the right of the bank to contract against its own negligence,” was properly saved, as inconsistent with requests numbered 4 and 5, and its exceptions must be sustained.

Exceptions sustained.