176 A. 212 | Pa. | 1934
This was an action of trespass based on the alleged negligence of defendant corporation in furnishing for the inoculation of Dr. S.C. Tremaine rabies vaccine which instead of being sterile, harmless, and suitable for the purpose for which it was advertised, was (so it is alleged) not sterile, safe, or suitable for the use for which it was intended, in that it contained organisms and other ingredients which upon injection were destructive to human life, and that it caused his illness and death. After trial, at the close of which plaintiff filed a point for binding instructions which was refused, the jury returned a verdict for $15,000 against the defendant. Defendant's request for judgment n. o. v. was granted. Plaintiff appealed.
On April 30, 1929, a dog bit the deceased, a veterinarian, on the leg above the knee. The victim cauterized the wound immediately with nitric acid and ordered from the defendant corporation some rabies vaccine. A few years before this time and after he (with a fresh cut on his hand) had examined a cow that had rabies, he took as a matter of precaution a "twenty-one dose serum" furnished *99 by the same company, without any ill effects. After being bitten by the dog on April 30th, he telephoned the offices of defendant company and inquired whether he was still immune from the previous treatment. The question was unanswered, and he was advised that it would be prudent to take the fourteen dose treatment, which is "killed bacteria," (the twenty-one dose serum having been "live bacteria"). He received this serum and began taking the prescribed doses on May 4, 1929, by injecting the serum hypodermically under the skin of the abdomen. After the tenth dose he began to feel ill; he did not use the last or fourteenth dose. His widow testified to his previous good health and that she helped administer the serum, that the serum came in sealed packages, that an antiseptic is furnished with them, that the needle was sealed, that her husband followed the directions, that he was experienced in the use of serums, and that from "the first few injections there was no ill effects . . . but after the tenth, he began to feel badly, . . . with pain in his chest, principally. . . . After he had taken the thirteenth dose . . . he felt so very badly that he couldn't take the fourteenth dose. . . . Lumps formed on his abdomen where the injections were, they swelled quite high and got hard. . . . The 17th of May he felt bad enough to get a doctor. . . . On the 20th he went to Dr. Sewell and on the night of the 22d he was suffering terribly and his leg began to twitch. . . . During that night he lost the use of his left leg." He was ordered to the hospital and remained there from May 23d until July 12th. She said further that "he began to improve in about two weeks. . . . He got so that he could sit up in bed without any help. . . . He got so that he could be carried to an automobile and we took him out for rides. . . ." Late in September his condition "kept steadily getting worse." He was taken to a hospital in Philadelphia and remained there from December 26th to January 12th. He died on February 16th. The *100 established cause of death was "ascending myelitis," i. e., inflammation of the spinal cord.
Plaintiff called two physicians. One testified that "there are a great many causes of myelitis. It may come from trauma, from infection or it may be idiopathic." He amplified this further by saying that it might come from "some actual physical injury to the spinal cord" or "infection from any cause from within or without the body." He was asked this question: "There are a number of well recognized causes for the condition which you found in Dr. Tremaine, and for which you treated him?" He answered: "Yes, sir." The other physician testified that the ailment he found Dr. Tremaine to be suffering from was due to the injection of the rabies vaccine, but even he did not testify as to any facts which would show that this vaccine had been improperly or negligently prepared.
In its opinion entering judgment n. o. v. for the defendant the court below said: "The medical testimony of the plaintiff is to the effect that, since a man who, prior to May, 1929, had been in good health and had had serum injections, developed inflammation of the spinal cord which could come from an infection, he must have been infected by the vaccine treatments sold by the defendant. That evidence does not meet the measure of proof required. The plaintiff has failed to prove that the vaccine as sold to Dr. Tremaine by the defendant contained a foreign organism which rendered it unsafe for the purposes for which the vaccine was intended and that this foreign organism was the cause of the myelitis. There was no proof that any of the ingredients of the vaccine, or that the vaccine itself, contained any organism that would cause an infection. . . . The fact of the injection of the vaccine per se was not proved to be the cause of the myelitis. It was too remote and speculative."
The action of the court below must be sustained. There is here total failure of proof of the negligence pleaded. *101 In section 430 of "Restatement of the Law of Torts," volume 2, page 1156, is expressed this principle: "In order that a negligent actor shall be liable for another's bodily harm, it is necessary not only that the actor's conduct be negligent toward the other in the particulars stated in section 281, clause (b), and comment thereon, but also that the negligence of the actor be a legal cause of the other's harm." Section 281, clause (b) reads as follows: "The actor is liable for an invasion of an interest of another, if . . . (b) the conduct of the actor is negligent with respect to such interest or any other similar interest of the other which is protected against unintentional invasion." Section 434 lays down this principle: "It is the duty of the court to determine whether, upon the facts which are admitted, found by special verdict or reasonably inferable from the evidence, the actor's conduct is a substantial factor in bringing about harm to another, unless the question is open to a reasonable difference of opinion, in which case it is to be left to the jury."
In the instant case it is not reasonably inferable from the evidence that the actor's, i. e. defendant's, conduct was "a substantial factor in bringing about harm to another." The mere fact that the deceased took the serum furnished by the defendant and that he thereafter became ill and died, does not constitute legal proof: (1) that his death was caused by the serum, or (2) that the serum was (as pleaded) "negligently, carelessly and improperly prepared, and unfit, unsuitable and unsafe for the purpose intended." In the administration of justice the standards of legal proof must be maintained above mere conjecture. Defendant's negligence cannot be presumed or inferred simply from the patient's illness and death even though these did follow closely upon the use of the serum.
In the case of Stemons v. Turner,
To sustain her case plaintiff had to prove far more than the fact that the serum caused her husband's death, yet even proof as to the cause of death lacked much in positiveness. Dr. Sewell testified: "It was a vague case. But we made a diagnosis of serum sickness thinking it had come from some undue effect of the vaccine which he had used. We could find no other cause to explain it and this coming on after the use of vaccine naturally our conclusion *103 was that it was a sickness that was a consequence of the injection." Dr. Winslow testified that "in his opinion, by eliminating all other causes," he "felt that it [death] followed an infection from the rabies serum." This testimony does not exclude the hypothesis that the illness might have been due to some carelessness in administering the vaccine or to the patient's systemic repugnance to it. However, even if we assume as established (which we do not assume) the allegation that death was caused by the serum, the further allegation that the serum had been negligently prepared is still without evidentiary support.
Appellant's counsel cite, as sustaining the proposition that in cases of this kind the law does not demand absolute certainty, the case of Flaherty v. Scranton Gas Co.,
Appellant also stresses the case of Kohlmeyer v. Ohio Valley Water Co.,
The case of Fritz v. The Elk Tanning Co.,
The conclusion we have reached in this case is not only supported by reason but is in harmony with the weight of authority in other jurisdictions. In Brown v. H. K. Mulford Co. (Missouri), 199 S.W. 582, there was a suit by a stock raiser against a manufacturing chemist, for causing the death of 49 of his hogs. The plaintiff claimed that his hogs were killed by having defendant's serum-virus, a remedy for hog cholera, administered to them. He claimed that the serum was poisonous. The court said: "The only proof of the remedy being a deadly poison is that Dr. Winters administered the same to these hogs, and in eight days thereafter they became sick and began dying. . . . At the time of the treatment the hogs were apparently well and showed no symptoms of *105
cholera." The court said further: "The sole fact on which negligence on the part of the defendant is predicated is that the hogs all took sick with the symptoms of hog cholera and so many of them died. That all of them would be more or less affected by being vaccinated with this remedy and that some would die therefrom was to be expected. . . . Why some hogs apparently healthy and in the same herd and conditions are expected to die when the same treatment is given to all is a matter not explained and doubtless not known. Much doubtless depends on the vitality and physical condition of the individual hog, and this is difficult or impossible to ascertain. . . . The mere fact that injury resulted from the use of this virus in the way it was intended to be used is not sufficient to prove negligence in its manufacture. There must be evidence from which the negligence counted on is fairly and reasonably inferable. . . . It is not a case where a person calls for and supposes he is buying and using a harmless drug or remedy and is given a poisonous one." In Karr v. Inecto, Inc.,
Appellant's counsel attempt to reply to the lower court's animadversion that the fourteenth dose of serum had not been produced at the trial by plaintiff and that there was no evidence that it contained any foreign organisms which would have caused the inflammation of the spinal cord of Dr. Tremaine, by stating that there was no evidence that this fourteenth dose was examined or analyzed and that the trial judge overlooked the fact that the defendant had in its possession two samples of the lot of vaccine from which Dr. Tremaine was supplied and that the defendant did not produce any testimony as to these two samples. This argument of appellant's counsel ignores the rule that the burden of proof rests upon the plaintiff. The presumption was that the serum furnished by defendant had not been negligently prepared and that it was safe for the intended use; plaintiff in order to obtain and hold a verdict had to both plead and prove the contrary. Plaintiff's failure to produce an analysis of this fourteenth dose of vaccine which was retained in her possession, supported an adverse inference. In 22 C. J., page 115, section 55, is laid down this principle: "Where it is apparent that a party has the power to produce evidence of a more explicit, direct, and satisfactory character than that which he does introduce and relies on, it *107 may be presumed that if the more satisfactory evidence had been given it would have been detrimental to him and would have laid open deficiencies in, and objections to, his case which the more obscure and uncertain evidence did not disclose." This rule is based on the same logic as the rule that failure of a party to call an available witness possessing peculiar knowledge concerning facts essential to a party's case, gives rise to an inference that the testimony of such uninterrogated witness would not sustain the contention of the party: 22 C. J., pages 115-16, section 56.
The drawing of an adverse inference from plaintiff's failure to produce an analysis of the fourteenth dose of serum was a jury function, and the entry of judgment n. o. v. was based, of course, not on such an inference but upon the failure of plaintiff to furnish data adequate to support the inferences she wished to have drawn, to wit, that Dr. Tremaine's illness and death were due to a deleterious serum negligently prepared and supplied to him by the defendant. It is the function of a trial court to determine whether the finding asked for by a plaintiff is legally permissible from the evidence offered. In this case it was not. It was no more permissible than it would be to permit a jury to "guess" that because after partaking of food, a man suffered indigestion and a fatal heart attack, the food was poisonous and had become so through the negligence of the person furnishing it. To legally support thatpossibly correct conclusion additional relevant facts would have to be produced. That is the situation here. Such additional facts not being tendered, defendant was in the first instance entitled to binding instructions and later to judgment n. o. v.
The judgment is affirmed. *108