This is an action for a libel. Verdict for plaintiff for $50, and from an order denying his motion for a new trial the defendant appeals.
The complaint, as amended, alleges that the defendant was during the times therein mentioned a merchant and a member of an association known as the Retail Merchants’ Protective Association of Minneapolis, which issued a written circular, known as its “Black List” or “Dead-Beat List,” the heading of which was substantially as follows: “The Retail Merchants’ Protective Association of Minneapolis, Minnesota. Incorporated under the laws of the state of Minnesota. Special reference list of unsettled claims in and for Scott, Carver, and McLeod counties;” that the defendant maliciously and with the intent to injure the credit and good name of the plaintiff, and knowing the same to be false, caused to be inserted and published of the plaintiff in such list and circular, under such caption or heading, these words, “Traguor, John, scmn., Belle Plaine, mdse. $4.00”; that the spelling' of the name of the plaintiff was a mistake in the printing of the list, but it was the defendant’s intention to^ insert therein the plaintiff’s name, and the name “Traguor, John,” in such list, was intended for the plaintiff, and was so understood by all the members of the association who received and read the list, and by other readers thereof. The complaint further charges that the purpose of the defendant in so publishing the name of the plaintiff was to brand him as a person who did not pay his debts, and to pre
The answer admits that the defendant is a merchant doing business at Belle Plaine, and a member of the association referred to in the complaint, but denies that it ever published any list or circular known as a “black” or “dead-beat” list, and puts in issue the other material allegations of the complaint. The answer admits that the defendant- furnished to the association the information that John Traynor, residence Belle Plaine, was indebted to defendant in the sum of four dollars, and alleges that it was his duty as such member to do so, and that his act was privileged.
There are 19 assignments of error, but they may be grouped and disposed of under four general heads: (1) Those relating to the complaint, and the amendment thereof; (2) the exceptions to the ruling» of the court as to the admissibility of evidence; (3) the exceptions to. the charge and refusal to charge; (4) the sufficiency of the evidence-to support the verdict.
1. The complaint, as amended, states a cause of action. While the words published of the plaintiff, standing alone, and unexplained, are not libelous on their face, yet they are reasonably susceptible of a defamatory meaning as well as an innocent one, according to the occasion, connection, and circumstances of using them. The complaint alleges such extrinsic matters showing their application to the plaintiff, the connection in which the words were used, their meaning, and how they were understood by the persons to whom the publication was sent. It was a question, then, for the jury whether the words were published of and concerning the plaintiff, and whether they were 'libelous. This question was properly submitted to the jury. Woodling v. Knickerbocker, 31 Minn. 268, 17 N. W. 387; Zier v. Hofflin, 33 Minn. 66, 21 N. W. 862. But the defendant claims that it was error to permit the plaintiff to amend his complaint, because-the original did not state a cause of action. There is, however, no-claim that the cause of action which the plaintiff evidently intended to allege was changed by the amendment, or that the defendant was.
2. The plaintiff called the defendant for cross-examination under the statute, and his attention was called to plaintiff’s Exhibit A,— the circular or list referred to in the complaint, — and he was asked four questions, which were each objected to by the defendant, and an exception taken to the overruling of the objections. The questions were all proper, and the rulings correct, as they all related to the understanding of the defendant as to the character of the list, and whether it referred to the plaintiff, and as to the duty of members of the association in reference to giving credit to persons whose names were published in the list. These matters had a direct bearing on the questions of the defendant’s knowledge and motive when he sent the plaintiff’s name to the association. The plaintiff’s Exhibit A was rightly received in evidence, for it tended, in connection with the oral evidence, to establish the allegations of the complaint. It was not a variance.
3. The question whether or not the court erred in refusing the special requests of the defendant for instructions to the jury, which were not substantially covered by the general charge, turns upon the further question whether the court was correct in charging the jury that the publication, if libelous, was not privileged. To entitle a party to claim that an alleged libelous publication is privileged, it must appear that it was made in the discharge of a public or private duty, or for the protection of his private interests, and that it was relevant and proper in that connection, and based upon a reasonable and probable necessity in the premises. Quinn v. Scott, 22 Minn. 456; Lowry v. Vedder, 40 Minn. 475, 42 N. W. 542. Tested by this rule, the claim of the defendant that the publication was privileged is clearly without merit, for the uncontradicted evidence 'shows that the publication was made by the defendant to serve his own private purpose of coercing the plaintiff to pay a disputed bill of four dollars by causing his name to be published in what is euphemistically designated as a “Special Reference List of Unsettled Claims”; but the real purpose of the list becomes apparent by a reference to the defendant’s certificate of membership in the association, in which it
There being no question as to the publication being privileged, the several requests, which were refused, were not applicable to the ■case, and, though some of them were abstractly correct, yet all were properly refused. The trial court instructed the jury that if, from the evidence, they found that the defendant acted in the premises willfully, maliciously, and with a reckless disregard of the rights of the plaintiff, they might give exemplary damages. This was ex■cepted to, and is urged as error. There was evidence in the case tending to show that the defendant so acted, and the instruction was therefore correct. The other exceptions of the defendant to' the instructions of the court have been considered, and we are of the opinion that, when read in connection with all that the court said to the jury on the subject to which they referred, the instructions were cor.rect.
á. The evidence is sufficient to sustain the verdict. In addition to the evidence we have referred to, there was further evidence tending to show that there were some 12 members of the association in Belle Plaine, the plaintiff’s home; that they were business men, and must have understood that the circular referred to the plaintiff; that the plaintiff did not owe the bill, and that the defendant never made any attempt to collect it by suit. The plaintiff testified: “1 went to ■see Mr. Sielaff some time in February, and I asked Mr. Sielaff if he put my name on the black list, and he said, ‘Yes,’ and asked me if I -wanted to pay it, and I told him; No, sir;’ I didn't owe it; and, says he, ‘What are you going to do about it?’ and then I asked him if he -would publish a retraction in the Belle Plaine Herald, and he said, •No, sir;’ that he put my name on that list, and he was going to
Order affirmed.