253 F. 422 | 9th Cir. | 1918
The defendant in error, who brought in the court below this action against the plaintiff in error to recover damages for personal injuries, was employed on the steamship Shinyo Maim, owned and operated by the plaintiff in error between San Francisco and certain Oriental ports, including Nagasaki, Japan. He was on the ship’s articles at a salary of $1 a month, heing the barber of the ship, and receiving the proceeds of the shop. On the occasion in question the ship was at her accustomed anchorage at Nagasaki, at which place ocean-going vessels are not able to go to the dock. The firm of Holmes, Ringer & Co., of Nagasaki, was employed by the plaintiff in- error for the transportation of passengers and others, and their baggage, between their ships and the shore, using launches for
On this occasion the defendant in error, having gone ashore on his own business, when ready to return to the ship, went to the dock, where he found one of the small launches, in which he took passage with the ship’s physician, Dr. Wemple, and one Japanese. He had with him two bundles, one of which was 2 feet long and 2 inches wide, and the other about 12 by 8 inches. A heavy wind was prevailing, necessarily resulting in rough weather — some of the witnesses saying very rough. When the launch reached the ship, the doctor and the Japanese went aboard; but when the defendant in error undertook, with the two bundles under his left arm, to step from tlie launch to the gangplank, he lost his balance and fell, his left leg being caught in the hawse hole of the launch, resulting in his injury, for which he sued and recovered the judgment here complained of — the court below having awarded him $700 for medical and other expenses incurred by him, and a like sum for his suffering and loss of time, $1,400 in all, besides costs.
Among the defenses interposed by the defendant were denials that the crew of the launch was employed by the defendant, or was guilty of any of the negligence alleged, but, on the contrary, alleging that it was employed by an independent contractor, and as an affirmative defense set up contributory negligence by the plaintiff, and as a further and separate defense that the rights,, duties, and liabilities of the parties were prescribed and to be measured by the laws of the empire of Japan in force at the time of the accident, which laws the answer set forth at large.
“That no court having power to review a judgment or decree rendered or passed, by another shall dismiss a. writ of error solely because an appeal should have been taken, or dismiss an appeal solely because a writ of error should have been sued out, but when such mistake or error occurs it shall disregard the same and take the action, which would be appropriate if the proper appellate procedure had been followed.”
The plaintiff in error contends that the firm of Holmes, Ringer & Co. was an independent contractor, for whose negligence, if any, it is not responsible; that, if not such independent contractor, then its employes were pro hac vice the employes of the plaintiff in error, and therefore fellow servants of the defendant in error, for whose negligence, if any, the former is not liable; that there was no negligence on the part of the plaintiff in error, and, if so, that the injury was proximately caused by the negligence of the defendant in error; that the court below erred in holding that the laws of the empire of Japan did not measure the rights and liabilities of the parties, and erred in refusing to apply the general rule of the maritime law in fixing the amount of recovery allowed.
We. are of the opinion, however, that the rule referred to has no application to the facts of the present case; for, as shown by the evidence without dispute, neither in going from or returning to the ship was the defendant in error traveling for any purpose connected with the business of his employer, but solely for his own pleasure and purposes. Ellsworth v. Metheney, 104 Fed. 119, 44 C. C. A. 484, 51 L. R. A. 389, presented a case to the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit where a coal miner, during the noon hour and while not engaged in work, went to visit another miner in another part of the .mine, and in going along one of the passageways was killed by coming in contact with a wire claimed to have heen improperly insulated. The trial court instructed the jury, in effect, that the deceased, in going and returning from the visit during the hour set apart for dinner and rest, was “in the line of duty within the meaning of the law.”
In, hoi ding that view erroneous, Judge Day (now a Justice of the Supreme Court), with whom concurred Judge Eurton (later also a Justice of the Supreme Court) and Judge Severens, said:
“It is to be borne in mind in this connection that Metheney was not going from, or coming to, his work. He was not engaged in the business of his employer at the time of the injury, but came to his death during the noon hour, while returning from a visit undertaken, upon his own volition, outside the part of the mine in which he was employed.”
See, also, Ocean Accident, etc., Co. v. Industrial Accident Com., 173 Cal. 313, 159 Pac. 1041, L. R. A. 1917B, 336; Kennedy v. Chase, 119 Cal. 637, 52 Pac. 33, 63 Am. St. Rep. 153; Wright v. Rawson, 52 Iowa, 329, 3 N. W. 106, 35 Am. Rep. 275; 1 Shear. & R. Neg. § 190.