218 Conn. 256 | Conn. | 1991
This is an appeal from a decision of the trial court, reversing a decision of the named defendant freedom of information commission (FOIC), wherein the FOIC had ordered the plaintiffs, the town of West Hartford and its director of finance, Andrew F. Urban, to provide the defendants Uniformed Firefighters’ Association of Connecticut (UFAC) and its president, Raymond D. Shea, (defendants) with a list of the addresses of retired town employees. We reverse.
The relevant facts are as follows. The defendants requested that the plaintiffs provide them with a list of the names and addresses of all retired town employees. Relying on General Statutes § 1-19 (b) (2),
The FOIC adopted the hearing officer’s report as its final decision and ordered the plaintiffs to disclose the addresses to the defendants. Pursuant to § l-21i (d),
The FOIC claims that the trial court mistakenly concluded that: (1) the defendants’ appeal to the FOIC had been time-barred and that, therefore, the FOIC lacked subject matter jurisdiction over the appeal; and (2) the addresses of the retired town employees are exempt from disclosure under § 1-19 (b) (2).
I
The FOIC first claims that, contrary to the view of the trial court, the FOIC had subject matter jurisdiction to address the defendants’ appeal because their appeal complied with the time constraints contained in § l-21i (b). We agree.
On February 23,1987, after two earlier requests had been denied, the defendants renewed their request that the plaintiffs provide them with a list of the addresses of retired town employees. The plaintiffs denied the third request in writing on April 8,1987. On April 15, 1987, the defendants appealed this denial to the FOIC. The trial court concluded, however, that because the request on February 23,1987, had been deemed denied on March 2, 1987, pursuant to General Statutes § l-21i (a),
General Statutes § 1-2 li provides in part: “(a) Any denial of the right to inspect or copy [public] records provided for under section 1-19 shall be made to the person requesting such right . . . within four business days of such request. Failure to comply with a request to so inspect or copy such public record within such four business day period shall be deemed to be a denial.
“(b) Any person denied the right to inspect or copy records under section 1-19 . . . may appeal therefrom to the freedom of information commission, by filing a notice of appeal with said commission. A notice of appeal shall be filed within thirty days after such denial . . . .” The plaintiffs assert that because the phrase “shall be filed” is mandatory, “such denial” from which “[a] notice of appeal shall be filed within thirty days” is the first denial of a request for public records, whether statutory or written. We are unpersuaded.
Because the Freedom of Information Act does not bar successive requests or successive denials, there is no requirement that an appeal to the FOIC, pursuant to § 1-21i (b), be taken from the denial of the first request or any particular request. Board of Education v. Freedom of Information Commission, 208 Conn. 442, 451, 545 A.2d 1064 (1988). Such a rigid requirement “would frustrate the ‘strong legislative policy in favor of the open conduct of government and free public access to government records.’ Wilson v. Freedom of Information Commission, [181 Conn. 324, 328, 435 A.2d 353 (1980)].” Id. The plaintiffs’ proposed interpretation of § 1-21i would require that an appeal to the FOIC be taken from a particular denial, specifically a statutory denial. It would be illogical to conclude, how
“ ‘ “ Tn construing a statute, common sense must be used, and the courts will assume that the legislature intended to accomplish a reasonable and rational result.’ ” ’ Ford Motor Credit Co. v. B.W. Beardsley, Inc., 208 Conn. 13, 20, 542 A.2d 1159 (1988). ‘A statute . . . should not be interpreted to thwart its purpose.’ Builders Service Corporation v. Planning & Zoning Commission, 208 Conn. 267, 276, 545 A.2d 530 (1988).” Board of Education v. State Board of Labor Relations, 217 Conn. 110, 126-27, 584 A.2d 1172 (1991). The plaintiffs contend that their interpretation of § 1-21i (b) would encourage prompt disposition of matters involving disclosure of public records. To the contrary, it would merely increase the number of requests made. Furthermore, such a construction might discourage good faith negotiations about requests for disclosure lest relief from the FOIC be foreclosed by the lapse of the appeal period. Moreover, because the Freedom of Information Act is designed to facilitate the disclosure of public information upon the requests of laypersons as well as lawyers, construing § 1-21i (b) as the plaintiffs suggest would undoubtedly result in unnecessary surprise to laypersons, who would ordinarily be unaware of such a short period of time in which to file an appeal, especially when they had received no response to their requests. Finally, contrary to the expressed need therefor in § l-21i (a), the plaintiffs proffered construction would render written denials of requests for public records useless.
We conclude that the statutory denial set forth in § l-21i (a) does not limit the right to appeal a written denial of a request for disclosure of public records, but merely ensures an expedient right of appeal for those who do not desire to await a written denial. Although
The defendants in this case filed a notice of appeal with the FOIC on April 15,1987, seven days after the plaintiffs denied their third request for a list of the addresses. We conclude, therefore, that the trial court should not have concluded that the appeal had been untimely so as to bar the FOIC’s subject matter jurisdiction.
II
The FOIC’s second claim is that the trial court mistakenly concluded that the addresses of retired town employees are automatically exempt from disclosure pursuant to § 1-19 (b) (2). We agree.
“Connecticut courts have considered a person’s reasonable expectation of privacy and the potential for embarrassment as significant factors in determining if disclosure [of public records] would constitute an invasion of privacy. Galvin v. Freedom of Information Commission, 201 Conn. 448, 461, 518 A.2d 64 (1986); Judiciary Committee v. Freedom of Information Commission, [39 Conn. Sup. 176, 188, 473 A.2d 1248 (1983)].” Chairman v. Freedom of Information Commission, 217 Conn. 193, 198, 585 A.2d 96 (1991). The trial court, in concluding that the retirees had a reasonable expectation of privacy in their addresses, rejected, as unsupported by the evidence, the FOIC’s finding that these addresses were accessible through public directories.
Courts, may take judicial notice of "matters which come to the knowledge of men generally in the course of the ordinary experience of life, and are therefore in the mind of the trier, or they may be matters which are generally accepted by mankind as true and are capable of ready and unquestionable demonstration. Hygeia Distilled Water Co. v. Hygeia Ice Co., 70 Conn. 516, 534, 40 Atl. 534 [1898]; De Luca v. Park Commissioners, 94 Conn. 7, 9, 107 Atl. 611 [1919]; Masline v. New York, N.H. & H. R. Co., 95 Conn. 702, 708, 112 Atl. 639 [1921]; Thayer, Preliminary Treatise on Evidence, p. 301; 5 Wigmore, Evidence (2d Ed.) § 2571.” Roden v. Connecticut Co., 113 Conn. 408, 415, 155 A. 721 (1931). The doctrine of judicial notice also applies to administrative agencies. See General Statutes § 4-178;
We recognize, however, that there are persons who, through significant efforts, have made a conscious attempt to insulate their addresses from the public domain. Although the FOIC determined that there was
The judgment is reversed and the case is remanded to the trial court with the direction to remand the case to the FOIC for a new hearing consistent with this opinion.
In this opinion the other justices concurred.
General Statutes § 1-19 provides in pertinent part: “(a) Except as otherwise provided by any federal law or state statute, all records maintained or kept on file by any public agency, whether or not such records are required by any law or by any rule or regulation, shall be public records and every person shall have the right to inspect such records promptly during regular office or business hours or to receive a copy of such records in accordance with the provisions of section 1-15. . . .
“(b) Nothing in sections 1-15, l-18a, 1-19 to l-19b, inclusive, and 1-21 to l-21k, inclusive, shall be construed to require disclosure of . . . (2) personnel or medical files and similar files the disclosure of which would constitute an invasion of personal privacy . . . .”
General Statutes (Rev. to 1987) § 1-21Í (b) provides in pertinent part: “Any person denied the right to inspect or copy records under section 1-19 ... or denied any other right conferred by sections 1-15, l-18a, 1-19 to l-19b, inclusive, and 1-21 to l-21k, inclusive, may appeal therefrom to the freedom of information commission, by filing a notice of appeal with said commission. A notice of appeal shall be filed within thirty days after such denial . . . .”
General Statutes § l-21i (d) provides in pertinent part: “Any party aggrieved by the decision of [the freedom of information] commission may appeal therefrom, in accordance with the provisions of section 4-183.”
General Statutes § 1-211 (a) provides: “Any denial of the right to inspect or copy records provided for under section 1-19 shall be made to the person requesting such right by the public agency official who has custody or control of the public record, in writing, within four business days of such request. Failure to comply with a request to so inspect or copy such public record within such four business day period shall be deemed to be a denial.”
The result we reach is not inconsistent with our earlier conclusion that the time periods within which the FOIC must hear and decide an appeal, set forth in General Statutes § 1-21i (b), are mandatory. See Zoning Board of Appeals v. Freedom of Information Commission, 198 Conn. 498, 505, 503 A.2d 1161 (1986). Because the thirty day period for filing a notice of appeal with the FOIC, set forth in § 1-21i (b), relates to the subject matter jurisdiction of the FOIC rather than to prompt decision-making by government officials, the time period is distinct from the time provisions at issue in Zoning Board of Appeals v. Freedom of Information Commission, supra. See LeConche v. Elligers, 215 Conn. 701, 714, 579 A.2d 1 (1990) (court should indulge every presumption in favor of subject matter jurisdiction); Demar v. Open Space & Conservation Commission, 211 Conn. 416, 425, 559 A.2d 1103 (1989). Furthermore, because the defendants filed a notice of appeal with the FOIC within thirty days of the plaintiffs’ denial, the issue of whether the thirty day filing period is mandatory is not presented by this appeal.
Although Shea and the UFAC presented evidence that the addresses requested are contained in a computer payroll list, the FOIC determined that disclosure of the addresses would require disclosure of personnel files within the meaning of General Statutes § 1-19 (b) (2). Because this aspect of the FOIC’s finding was never challenged, we accept it for purposes of this appeal. See Hartford v. Freedom of Information Commission, 201 Conn. 421, 433, 518 A.2d 49 (1986).
The trial court went on to conclude that, on balance, the retirees’ privacy interest in their addresses outweighed the virtually nonexistent public need for the information. We note that if it is determined that disclosure of a personnel file would constitute an invasion of privacy, the exemption of General Statutes § 1-19 (b) (2) applies. Chairman v. Freedom of Information Commission, 217 Conn. 193, 201, 585 A.2d 96 (1991). A balancing of interests is not required, nor is it consistent, with § 1-19 (b) (2), Id., 201-202.
General Statutes § 4-178, which applies to administrative agency hearings, provides in pertinent part: “In contested cases ... (6) notice may be taken of judicially cognizable facts . . . .”