935 F. Supp. 300 | S.D.N.Y. | 1996
MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER
This action under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (“CERCLA”), 42 U.S.C. § 9601, et seq., as amended by the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (“SARA”), P.L. 99-499 (October 17, 1986), and state law is before this Court on the motion of third-party defendant, the City of Newburgh, for summary judgment pursuant to Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Familiarity with the facts and this Court’s prior decision of March 14, 1996 is assumed. Third-party plaintiffs have asserted CERCLA § 113(f) claims for contribution against Newburgh, based upon New-burgh’s disposal of hazardous substances at the New Windsor landfill. Newburgh moves for summary judgment on the ground that third-party plaintiffs have produced no evidence demonstrating that it disposed or arranged for the disposal of hazardous substances at the landfill.
Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure authorizes summary judgment if “the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.R.CivJP. 56(e). The Court’s responsibility is to perform “the threshold inquiry of determining whether there is the need for a trial — whether, in other words, there are any genuine factual issues that properly can be resolved only by a finder of fact because they may reasonably be resolved in favor of either party.” McNeil v. Aguilos, 831 F.Supp. 1079, 1082 (S.D.N.Y.1993) (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 250,106 S.Ct. 2505, 2511, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1985)); Western World Ins. Co. v. Stack Oil, Inc., 922 F.2d 118, 121 (2d Cir.1990). In determining whether a genuine issue of material fact exists, a court must resolve all ambiguities and draw all reasonable inferences against the moving party. See McNeil, 881 F.Supp. at 1082 (citing United States v. Diebold, Inc., 369 U.S. 654, 655, 82 S.Ct. 993, 993-94, 8 L.Ed.2d 176 (1962) (per curiam) (other citations omitted)). See also Coach Leatherware Co., Inc. v. AnnTaylor, Inc., 933 F.2d 162, 167 (2d Cir.1991) (citations omitted).
Liability under CERCLA is imposed where a plaintiff establishes the following five elements: (1) the defendant falls within one of the four categories of “responsible parties” enumerated in § 107(a); (2) the site of the clean-up is a facility under § 101(9); (3) there is a release or threatened release of hazardous substances at the facility; (4) as a result of which plaintiff has incurred response costs; and (5) the costs incurred conform to the national contingency plan (“NCP”) under § 107(a)(4) as administered by the EPA. See U.S. v. Alcan Aluminum Corp., 990 F.2d 711, 719-720 (2d Cir.1993) (citing B.F. Goodrich Co. v. Murtha (“Murtha I”), 958 F.2d 1192, 1198 (2d Cir.1992)).
Under § 107(a), a “responsible party” includes:
(3) any person who by contract, agreement, or otherwise arranged for disposal or treatment, or arranged with a transporter for transport for disposal or treatment, of hazardous substances owned or possessed by such person, by any other party or entity, at any facility or incineration vessel owned or operated by another party or entity and containing such hazardous substances, and
(4) any person who accepts or accepted any hazardous substances for transport to disposal or treatment facilities, incineration vessels or sites selected by such person,
42 U.S.C. § 9607(a).
In order for a defendant to be within the class of covered persons under § 107(a)(3) or (4), the plaintiff must prove that defendant transported or arranged for the disposal of hazardous substances, as defined by CERC-LA § 101(14),
a. Incinerator ash
Third-party plaintiffs argue that the fact that Newburgh generated incinerator ash is shown by a letter, dated August 16, 1965, from Thomas Rose, City Manager of Newburgh, to George Manuche, Supervisor of New Windsor. See Exhibit D. The letter states “I am enclosing herewith a draft of a lease for a piece of property in the Town of New Windsor that the City desires to use for disposing of non-combustible refuse and incinerator ash.... I would appreciate some acknowledgement by you that the Town of New Windsor would have no objection to the City using this land.” The draft lease describes property owned by Rudy DiNitto located on Route 9W. The draft lease was not executed.
That incinerator ash at the landfill contained a hazardous substance is shown, third-party plaintiffs argue, by the expert report of Dr. Robert Harris. See Exhibit J. Dr. Harris states that “[t]he contaminant group, PAHs, that have impacted soil/sediment in the leachate collection area, can be attributed to many sources at NWLF (e.g., residue from the burning/ineineration of municipal refuse and highway runoff).” Dr. Harris also states “[ajnother PAH source at NWLF is the fill material. In the southern portion of NWLF, identified in the RI/FS as the area of oldest fill, ‘much of the material consisted of burned municipal waste and construction debris’ (RI/FS 1991, vol. 1, p. 3-12). The Federal Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry states that ‘PAHs are a group of chemicals that are formed during the incomplete burning of coal, oil and gas, garbage, or other organic substances’ (ATSDR 1990, p. 1).” Finally, Dr. Harris states a “1987 USEPA study characterizing municipal combustor ashes from municipal solid waste landfills concluded from a literature survey and from field studies that ‘pol-yaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalates, cholrobenzenes and chlorophenols are the most prevalent types of compounds found in MWC [municipal waste combustion] ashes’ (USEPA 1987, p. 2-19).”
That Newburgh disposed of incinerator ash at the landfill is demonstrated in part, third-party plaintiffs argue, by the RI/FS, which states that “[i]n the southern portion of the landfill (area of oldest fill), much of the material consisted of burned municipal waste and construction debris.” Exhibit I. Third-party plaintiffs assert that Exhibit D establishes that Newburgh sought to dump incinerator ash in New Windsor during the “oldest” time of the landfill (1965). Thus, third-party plaintiffs argue, Exhibits I and D together establish that the old “burned municipal waste” is Newburgh’s incinerator ash. Third-party plaintiffs argue that the connection is confirmed by the minutes from the Regular Town Board and Water Meetings of December 17,1969, August 4,1971 and October 6, 1971. See Exhibit O. The minutes reveal that various contractors requested permission to dump urban renewal debris
Third-party plaintiffs’ showing is unpersuasive. There is no evidence demonstrating that Newburgh dumped incinerator ash containing PAHs at the landfill. See B.F. Goodrich Co. v. Murtha (“Murtha III”), 840 F.Supp. 180, 188-89 (D.Conn.1993). All of the requests for permission to dump urban renewal debris or incinerator ash were denied, or they pertained to dumping on private property, not the landfill. There is some evidence that Newburgh generated incinerator ash in 1969. There is some evidence that incinerator ash containing PAHs was dumped at the landfill in the late 1960s or early 1970s. But there is no evidence that Newburgh disposed of its incinerator ash at the landfill.
b. Combustible Refuse and Debris
Newburgh’s generation of combustible refuse and debris, third-party plaintiffs argue, is shown by the 1967-69 Newburgh Comprehensive Development Plan, which documents the demolition of commercial and residential buildings in Newburgh in the 1960s. See Exhibit M, pp. 129-132. Third-party plaintiffs also point to the deposition testimony of John Conrad, Newburgh’s own expert witness. Conrad testified that roofing materials, pitch, tar paper, coal, fuel oil, and asphalt under certain conditions could sometimes be a source of PAHs. He speculated that one could expect to find some of these materials in residences buflt in the late 1800s and early 1900s. See Exhibit 1, pp. 31-37.
Newburgh’s disposal of demolition refuse and debris at the landfill is also said to be reflected in the New Windsor Town Clerk’s daily sheets documenting the issuance of dump permits to Newburgh in September 1967 and August 1969. See Exhibits E and H. Third-party plaintiffs also point to a letter dated July 10,1969 from Jack Present, Acting Executive Director of the Newburgh Urban Renewal Agency,
Again, third-party plaintiffs have failed to produce any evidence upon which a reasonable jury could find that Newburgh disposed of hazardous substances at the landfill. While there is some evidence that Newburgh dumped demolition trash and debris at the landfill, there is no evidence that this material contained hazardous substances. Conrad testified hypothetically as to the types of materials that might contain PAHs and whether these materials might have been present in Newburgh’s demolition debris. Because Conrad’s testimony was speculative,
c. Tires
Third-party plaintiffs argue that Newburgh’s generation of tires is shown by a letter, dated April 18, 1974, from M. Fisher, allegedly the New Windsor Town supervisor, to the Newburgh Urban Renewal Agency, advising it “that Mr. Nicholas Antonelli of Ginella Contracting Corporation, New Windsor, has been authorized by the Highway Superintendent of the Town of New Windsor, to dump 25 loads of tires at a location of the Town of New Windsor dump designated by the Highway Superintendent.” Exhibit L.
That tires are a hazardous substance is shown by, third-party plaintiffs argue, the RI/FS (vol. 1), which states “[t]he fill material predominantly consisted of solid waste (plastic, glass, paper, cans, waste such as tires, assorted metals, fabric remnants, rolls of what appeared to be unused filters, and rolls of black and occasionally blue carbon paper were also found in the test pits throughout the NWLF).” Exhibit 2. Third-party plaintiffs also argue that “[tjires, being a petroleum based product, are well known to contain several hazardous substances (including pah’s, especially when burned ...).”
Even assuming that Exhibit L establishes that Newburgh disposed of tires at the landfill, third-party plaintiffs have not demonstrated that tires are a hazardous substance under CERCLA. Third-party plaintiffs have not shown that tires are listed by the EPA as a hazardous substance, see 42 U.S.C. § 9602. In fact, courts have found that tires are not CERCLA hazardous substances. See Berry v. Armstrong Rubber Co., 989 F.2d 822, 826 (5th Cir.1993), cert. denied, Cooper v. Armstrong Rubber Co., 510 U.S. 1117, 114 S.Ct. 1067, 127 L.Ed.2d 386 (1994); Murtha III, 840 F.Supp. at 186, 190. The RI/FS does not show that tires contributed to the conditions at the landfill which give rise to CERCLA liability. It merely includes tires in a list of types of waste found in test pits at the landfill, and makes no assertion that tires generate hazardous waste.
In conclusion, Newburgh’s motion for summary judgment is granted.
SO ORDERED.
. CERCLA defines the term "hazardous substance” as: (a) any substance designated pur
42 U.S.C. 9601(14).
. In fact, the request appears to have been denied. The Town minutes for 2/2/66 state "[m]otion carried to deny the request from the City of Newburgh to dump incinerator ashes on property owned by Rudy DiNitto located on Route 9 W." See Exhibit F.
. The Newburgh Urban Renewal Agency was allegedly established by the New York State Legislature, independent of the City of Newburgh, and was responsible for a number of urban renewal projects in Newburgh. For the purposes of this motion, Newburgh is treating the alleged liability of Newburgh and the Newburgh Urban Renewal Agency as identical, but reserves the right to assert in further proceedings that Newburgh and the Newburgh Urban Renewal Agency are separate entities without liability for each other.