119 P. 1014 | Okla. | 1911
November 13, 1908, there was delivered by this court an opinion, entitled Town of Eufaula v. Gibson et al.,
Article 17 of the Constitution names the different counties of the state and fixes the county seats thereof. Section 6 provides *88 that the towns named shall be and remain the county seats of their respective counties until changed by a vote of the qualified electors of the county. This proviso is thereafter followed by details setting forth the manner in which such election should be called and held. The first Legislature of the state of Oklahoma, 1907-08, passed an act amplifying and providing full procedure for carrying into effect these provisions of the Constitution. Sess. Laws 1907-08, act entitled "county seat locations," article 4, c. 31, p. 380. Section 8 of this act provides that, when an election is called for the purpose of selecting a county seat, it shall be the duty of the Governor to appoint one special election commissioner for each voting precinct or voting place in the county. Section 9 provides that no person shall be qualified and eligible to perform the duties of such special election commissioner, who was or had been a resident of such county, or who shall be interested in any manner in the success of any city, town, or place which was a candidate. Section 12 then provides as follows:
"Every person desiring to vote at such special election, after having passed the challengers whose duties shall be the same as prescribed by law governing any general election, and being admitted to the room, shall, before being given a ballot, permit the clerks to fill out an affidavit, and said intended voter shall subscribe and swear to said affidavit before the said special election commissioner, after which he shall be given a ticket and permitted to prepare same and deliver said ballot to said special election commissioner who shall, in the presence of said voter, deposit said ballot in the proper ballot box, and shall deposit the said affidavit in the box provided for that purpose. The form of the affidavit required of all persons presenting themselves to vote at such special election shall be substantially as follows:
"State of Oklahoma, county of __________ ss.
"________________, of lawful age, first being duly sworn, upon his oath deposes and says: That he is a male citizen of the United States or is of Indian descent, native of the United States, is over the age of 21 years __________, white __________ colored __________ that he has been for one year last past a bona fide resident of said state, of said county six months and in __________ precinct thirty (30) days next preceding this date; that he came to his present residence from __________, and *89 is a legally qualified elector in said precinct on this day and has not voted in said election.
"Subscribed and sworn to before me this _____ day of __________ A.D. 19__.
"_________________________ "Special Election Commissioner."
It is on the alleged violation of this section that counsel for plaintiff predicate their claim for a reversal of the finding of the referee, and this upon one ground that the affidavit provided for was not sworn to by the electors before the special election commissioner or any other officer prior to being given a ballot and voting in the election, and in view of the holding of this court in the case of Incorporated Town ofWestville v. Incorporated Town of Stillwell et al.,
"It is not contended that the parties did anything more than subscribe their names to the affidavits; the officers not even attaching their jurats thereto, either in the presence or absence of the affiants. It may be that, had the deponent signed the affidavit in the presence of the officer and stood by, and, with knowledge that the officer placed his jurat thereon, acquiesced in such act, that would have been sufficient; but we reserve our decision on that question." *91
The decision that was there reserved is now essential to be made, for the situation there suggested is now squarely presented. The electors at this precinct attended upon the polling place for the purpose of casting their ballots. The law informed them, and they knew when they entered the election room, that it was necessary, before being given a ballot, that they permit the clerks to fill out this specific affidavit to which it was their duty to subscribe and swear before the special election commissioner prior to being given a ballot and being permitted to prepare the same. It appears from the findings of the referee that the electors at this precinct, in addition to the conclusive presumption of their knowledge of the requirements of the law, received direct information of its demands from the election officials when they were delivered the blank form of affidavit prescribed by law; that they signed their name thereto in the presence of the officials, either reading or having the same explained to them at the time; that for the purpose of procuring a ballot which they were to cast, understanding that they had been sworn to the affidavit, and the election officers joining in that understanding, they delivered the affidavit to the special election commissioner with the intent to have him act thereon and deliver to them their blank ballots, which he did, and which they, by reason of these things, were permitted to prepare and cast. With all of these conceded facts before us, we are now asked to say that every ballot which was cast by the electors under this procedure was void, and that the election held thereby must fall, notwithstanding the fact that there is a total and complete absence of any challenge of the qualification of electors who cast the same. It is claimed that because the electors did not hold up their hands and swear to the affidavits, nor ask to be sworn to them, or were not sworn to them in due form, but merely did the things which are above set out, that the affidavit was not complete, that perjury could not be predicated upon it, and that it was in fact a mere nullity. We deem it unnecessary to consider at length the numerous definitions of "oath," and the different cases holding that the due and formal administrations of the same are necessary in order to complete the requirements *92
of law, for, as we view it, our statute covers completely every element essential for our consideration. The special election statute requires, as we have seen, that the electors shall permit the clerk to fill out an affidavit, and that the intended voter shall subscribe and swear to the same before the special election commissioner. An "affidavit," under our statute (section 5861, Comp. Laws 1909), is defined to be "a written declaration under oath without notice to the adverse party." So that as the term is used in this act, as there is no adverse party, an affidavit may be defined simply as "a written declaration under oath," or, as the same is sometimes defined by the courts, it means an oath reduced to writing. State v.Headrick, 149 Mo. 396, 51 S.W. 99; Grove Jenkins v. Campbellet al., 9 Yerg. (Tenn.) 7, 10; Burns v. Doyle,
Section 2176, Comp. Laws 1909, under article 12, c. 25, being the article on Perjury and Subornation of Perjury, provides that:
"Every person who, having taken an oath that he will testify, declare, depose or certify truly before any competent tribunal, officer, or person, in any of the cases in which such an oath may by law be administered, willfully and contrary to such oath, states any material matter which he knows to be false, is guilty of perjury."
The term "oath" is defined (section 2177, Id.) as including every mode of attesting the truth of that which is stated which is authorized by law, and section 2179, Id., provides that it is no defense to a prosecution for perjury that the oath was administered or taken in an irregular manner. Section 2182,Id., is the section which, taken in conjunction with its context, in our judgment renders these affidavits complete, in view of the things which were done by the officials and the electors, and reads as follows:
"The making of a deposition or certificate is deemed to be complete, within the provisions of this article, from the time when it is delivered by the accused to any other person with the intent that it be uttered or published as true." *93
Section 2965, Id., provides that "every mode of oral statement under oath or affirmation is embraced by the term 'testify,' and every written one in the term 'depose.' " So that, when a party makes a written declaration under oath, he deposes, and very many authorities have held that the word "deposition" includes an affidavit. State v. Dayton, 23 N.J. Law, 49, 53 Am. Dec. 270; People v. Robles,
With this construction, then, placed upon the dominant elements of the section, there is no room for doubt that it was the intent of the Legislature by this act to provide that where one delivered, as shown, an affidavit or a paper containing the elements which we have referred to above, to another person with the intent that it should be uttered or published as true, that its making should be deemed or adjudged to be free from deficiency, entire, and complete, with no part, item, or element lacking. This being true, then perjury was assignable upon these affidavits from the time when they were delivered by the electors with the intent that they should be acted on as true in securing their ballots, and this, too, without reference to whether the signers were formally sworn or not. The reason for this is that the law has fixed the act of delivery of such a document by the accused to some other person with the intent referred to in the statute, as the act fixing its character. Such an act is just as fully within the control of the accused or the maker of the affidavit as the raising of the hand, and the formal taking of an oath, and the danger of misconstruction is far less likely. And in our judgment the statute was passed to meet just the contingency which has arisen in this and similar cases. The question of whether the signer was actually sworn to an affidavit which he has delivered with the intent that the same be uttered, published, and acted on as true, and under which others have acted, often arises to be established months or even years afterward. The man who will corruptly swear to a false affidavit will usually have few scruples, if overtaken in his crime, in swearing to that which is necessary to acquit himself, and the fleeting, passing formality of either raising his hand or taking the oath is of such a nature that generally officials will be unable to make positive evidence thereof after a lapse of time, while the accused will be ever ready to *95 avouch the fact that this solemn act was never committed or done. The question, then, in cases of this character, under this statute, is reduced to the proposition of: Was the affidavit, executed as it appears upon its face, delivered by the accused to another with the intent that it be uttered or published as true? If so, and perjury has been committed, the crime is complete when these acts are done. Of course, the defendant may establish any available defense. It may not be sufficient to effect a conviction. He may show, for instance, that he was insane, or that he signed under duress, or that he could not read, and it was misread to him, and doubtless other grounds which do not occur to us; but these facts do not affect the completeness of the affidavits where the terms of the statute are met. Nor is such a rule harsh, nor a departure from the great ordinary highway of the law. It is simply the rule of reason that men should be held to the result of their deliberate acts. Since human conduct first began its course, the maxim has been true that actions speak louder than words. It is simply in recognition of this salutary, reasonable doctrine that this statute was enacted, for we all know that by our actions, even in the absence of words, are oftentimes effected the most solemn and consequential relations in life. Nor need such a construction surprise any, nor be deemed inconsistent with the other statutes of our state. Section 6861, Comp. Laws 1909, under the criminal procedure act, provides, in reference to prosecutions for perjury, where the perjury is charged to have been committed in court, that "it shall be sufficient to show that the oath was administered by any officer of the court authorized so to do, or that thedefendant testified and gave his testimony as under oath." Here again it will be noted the accused is held to the result of his actions. He may never have heard or acceded to the mumble which is often indulged in on the occasion of the administration of the oath, or it may have been omitted entirely, yet when he, in the presence of the court, gave his testimony as under oath, this is sufficient upon which to predicate perjury, and, if he were never sworn, the substitute for it was supplied by his acts, just as in the case before us, where, if the form of administering the oath was not acted out, the substitute *96 for it was supplied by the elector when, after having completed the affidavit before us, he delivered it to the election commissioner with the intent of having the same uttered or published as true, and acted on as true, and whereby he received from such official the ballot which he cast.
We have considered the cases of Case v. People,
It is next contended that the affidavits, as they were prepared, signed, and delivered in East Eufaula precinct, were fatally defective because they failed to state the color of the electors or their former place of residence. An inspection of the requirements of the form of the affidavit quoted above discloses that, in addition to all the elements showing that the elector was qualified to vote, he was required to state his color and his former place of residence. The statute provides that the affidavit "shall be substantially as follows," etc. This language imports that it is not essential that the affidavit be an exact copy of that set forth in the statute, and means that less than an exact compliance will be sufficient, provided, that the affidavit substantially, or, generally speaking, in its essential and material parts, meets the requirements. It is conceded that the affidavits in this precinct contain all of the elements set forth in the statute showing that the elector was duly qualified, and as there is no showing that this defect in the affidavits had any effect on the result of the election or the trial, and as the word "substantially" defeats the claim by counsel that they are void affidavits, the ballots cast thereunder must be deemed valid. The word "substantially" is defined in volume 7, Century Dictionary Cyclopedia, p. 6031, as follows: "In substance; in the main; essentially; *97
by including the material or essential part." To the same effect is the holding of the courts in the following cases:Edgerton v. State, 70 S.W. (Tex. Cr. App.) 90; WesternAssurance Co. v. Altheimer,
The correctness and justice of this conclusion finds complete support in the specific findings of the referee in which it is disclosed that at the time of the opening of the polls it was agreed between the inspector and judges that it would take too much time to fill out the blanks with the color and former place of residence of the electors, in view of the number in that precinct, and hence and for this reason the same were not filled out; that this decision was not in the furtherance of any design on the part of any of the representatives on the part of Eufaula to conceal the identity of any voter, and that no elector refused to state these facts.
Furthermore, it is to be noted that what was done was by the election officials, not the electors, and the statute specifically provides that the elector shall "permit the clerks to fill out an affidavit and said intended voter shall subscribe and swear to said affidavit." This the electors did, and it occurs to us that it would be an act of marked injustice to disfranchise an elector and reject his ballot when he had done all that the statute required and refused to do nothing that the officers requested. He signed and swore to the affidavit which he permitted the clerks to fill out. This met his full duty, especially where the affidavit was in substantial compliance with the statute. Seldom, if ever, are electors penalized by the loss of their votes because officers are derelict, and we can see no reason for it in this case.
It therefore follows that the conclusion reached by the referee on both questions must be affirmed.
This court is duly impressed with the importance of the conclusions to which it has come in this case. Aside from it, *98 there are now pending contests in a number of other counties of the state between competitive communities for the county seats of their respective counties, and the determination of the issues in this case will necessarily influence to a great extent, if not completely, the decision in a number of the others. The contest in this court has been waged by able and talented counsel on the part of both parties, and nothing has been left undone that zeal and industry on their part could achieve. The case has been fully presented, and ably argued, and the conclusion that Eufaula is the permanent county seat of McIntosh county follows after full consideration of all the issues presented by counsel, and a most careful, painstaking, independent investigation on the part of the court.
The duties of the referee have been performed in an able and impartial manner, and his report is confirmed, and judgment entered accordingly.
HAYES and KANE, JJ., concur; TURNER, C. J., and WILLIAMS, J., concur in conclusion.