Troy TOULSON v. Howard L. BEYER; Robert J. Del Tufo, the Attorney General of the State of New Jersey. Howard L. Beyer, Superintendent, New Jersey State Prison, and Robert J. Del Tufo, Attorney General of New Jersey, Appellants.
No. 92-5310
United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit
Argued Jan. 7, 1993. Decided March 12, 1993.
987 F.2d 984
Robert J. Candido (Argued), Cedar Grove, NJ, for appellee.
Before: HUTCHINSON and SCIRICA, Circuit Judges and STANDISH, District Judge*.
OPINION OF THE COURT
SCIRICA, Circuit Judge.
In this habeas corpus case involving a mixed petition,1 we must decide whether the district court properly reached and determined the merits of petitioner‘s claim that the state sentencing judge impermissibly based sentencing on facts not in the record. The district court ruled that although the petition‘s “mixed” status generally required dismissal without prejudice pending exhaustion of unexhausted claims, it nevertheless could properly reach the merits of the exhausted claims since the unexhausted claims were procedurally defaulted under state law. We believe the district court should not have found the unexhausted claims procedurally defaulted and should have dismissed the entire petition without prejudice. We will reverse and remand.
I.
On October 12, 1980, Gloria Scavullo and her three daughters were waiting at an intersection when three armed men approached their car. When the women locked the car doors, one man fired into the passenger window while another, petitioner Troy Toulson, fired repeatedly from behind the car, hitting driver Christine Vay in the face. Vay managed to speed away. Subsequently, Scavullo identified one of Toulson‘s cohorts in a line-up. Hours later police arrested Toulson.
Toulson was charged with five criminal counts in Atlantic County, New Jersey. Following a jury trial, Toulson was convicted of all charges and sentenced to forty-five years, with a twenty-year period of parole ineligibility.2
On appeal, the New Jersey Superior Court, Appellate Division, affirmed Toulson‘s convictions and sentence. The New Jersey Supreme Court denied Toulson‘s petition for certification. Subsequently, the sentencing judge denied Toulson‘s motion to reconsider the sentence. Toulson‘s motion for post-conviction relief in state trial court was denied.
Toulson then sought habeas corpus relief in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey contending: (1) the admission at trial of statements made without assistance of counsel violated the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments; (2) the admission at trial of certain statements violated his Miranda rights; (3) the trial court‘s failure to give limiting instructions regarding Toulson‘s statements constituted plain error and prejudiced the trial‘s outcome; (4) the forty-five-year sentence with twenty-year parole disqualifier was “manifestly excessive“; and (5) the judge‘s sentence was based on facts neither in the record nor in the pre-sentence report. Toulson had advanced each of these grounds before the Appellate Division but only grounds four and five on his petition to the New Jersey Supreme Court.
The district court denied habeas relief on Toulson‘s conviction, but remanded to the state trial court for resentencing after finding the sentence relied on facts not in the record. 792 F.Supp. 352. The State now appeals.
II.
III.
A.
The district court found Toulson failed to satisfy exhaustion requirements on grounds one, two, and three of the habeas petition because although presented to the Appellate Division, they were not presented to the New Jersey Supreme Court on the petition for certification. See Picard v. Connor, 404 U.S. 270, 275, 92 S.Ct. 509, 512, 30 L.Ed.2d 438 (1971). Grounds four and five were exhausted since Toulson had raised them on appeal to the Appellate Division and again on his petition to the New Jersey Supreme Court. As a mixed petition, Toulson‘s petition required dismissal under Rose v. Lundy, 455 U.S. 509, 522, 102 S.Ct. 1198, 1205, 71 L.Ed.2d 379 (1982).
However, the district court noted an exception to Rose‘s total exhaustion rule “where the petitioner has no opportunity to obtain redress in the state court ... so ... as to render any effort to obtain relief futile.” Gibson v. Scheidemantel, 805 F.2d 135, 138 (3d Cir.1986) (citing Duckworth v. Serrano, 454 U.S. 1, 3, 102 S.Ct. 18, 19, 70 L.Ed.2d 1 (1981) (per curiam)). See
The district court found Toulson‘s failure to raise the first three grounds before the New Jersey Supreme Court--despite the fair opportunity to do so--barred them from further consideration in New Jersey courts. See
B.
The doctrine of “exhaustion of state remedies,”4 requires that federal habeas corpus petitioners present their claims to state courts before seeking relief from federal courts.
A petition containing unexhausted but procedurally barred claims in addition to exhausted claims, is not a mixed petition requiring dismissal under Rose. Although the unexhausted claims may not have been presented to the highest state court, exhaustion is not possible because the state court would find the claims procedurally defaulted. See Coleman v. Thompson, --- U.S. ----, ---- & n. 1, 111 S.Ct. 2546, 2555, 2557 & n. 1, 115 L.Ed.2d 640 (1991); Castille v. Peoples, 489 U.S. 346, 351, 109 S.Ct. 1056, 1060, 103 L.Ed.2d 380 (1989) (“requisite exhaustion may nonetheless exist ... if it is clear that [petitioner‘s] claims are now procedurally barred under [state] law“); Peoples v. Fulcomer, 882 F.2d 828, 830 (3d Cir.1989). The district court may not go to the merits of the barred claims, but must decide the merits of the claims that are exhausted and not barred. See, e.g., Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 109 S.Ct. 1060, 103 L.Ed.2d 334 (1989).
C.
Rule 3:22-4(a) lifts the procedural bar where “the ground for relief not previously asserted could not reasonably have been raised in any prior proceeding.” That all three grounds were raised at the Appellate Division strongly suggests they “could reasonably have been raised” subsequently before the state supreme court. This exception appears inapplicable. See State v. Mitchell, 126 N.J. 565, 584-85, 601 A.2d 198, 208 (1992) (exception inapplicable where all information necessary to raise claim was available to defendant on direct appeal and no new law changing nature of legal principles applicable to defendant‘s case was articulated between time of defendant‘s direct appeal and his petition for postconviction relief).
Rule 3:22-4(b) removes the procedural bar where “enforcement of the bar would result in fundamental injustice.” The New Jersey Supreme Court has “construed the ‘fundamental injustice’ exception to apply only when a petitioner‘s guilt or innocence is involved.” State v. Preciose, 129 N.J. 451, 476, 609 A.2d 1280, 1293 (1992) (citing State v. Cerbo, 78 N.J. 595, 397 A.2d 671 (1979)). Rule 3:22-4(c) dissolves the procedural bar where “denial of relief would be contrary to the Constitutions of the United States or New Jersey.”
We have previously expressed reluctance to predict foreclosure under these sections. In Santana, we declined to hold that the New Jersey courts would not grant relief under Rule 3:22-4(c). 685 F.2d at 75-76. There, a habeas petitioner had not raised his constitutional “right-to-testify” claim in the New Jersey courts. Nevertheless, petitioner argued that his failure to exhaust was excused by Rule 3:22-4‘s procedural bar. We agreed Rule 3:22-4 applied but disagreed that “Santana has persuasively demonstrated that the New Jersey rule would bar consideration of his newly raised constitutional argument.” Id. at 75. Under Rule 3:22-4(c), “a New Jersey court might well consider a constitutional claim that had not been raised on direct appeal.”
In Gibson, we found a habeas petition unexhausted despite petitioner‘s claim that Rule 3:22-4 barred state courts from considering the merits of his claim. 805 F.2d at 139. Petitioner conceded that an aspect of his ineffective assistance of counsel claim had not been presented to the state courts as part of his previous ineffective assistance claim. But petitioner contended Rule 3:22-4 precluded examination of the merits of this claim in New Jersey courts because he failed to raise the issue on direct appeal.
In this case, it is possible that a state court may apply Rule 3:22-4(b) or (c) to provide relief from Rule 3:22-4‘s bar.7 Recently, the New Jersey Supreme Court stated “we generally have declined to read the exceptions to Rule 3:22-4 narrowly.” Preciose, 129 N.J. at 476, 609 A.2d at 1293. More importantly, Toulson has not pointed to any New Jersey case clearly showing he is precluded from relief. “[I]n the absence of a state court decision clearly foreclosing such a result, we cannot conclude that petitioner has demonstrated compliance with the exhaustion requirement.” Gibson, 805 F.2d at 139 (quoting Santana, 685 F.2d at 71). Implicit in Toulson‘s argument of state procedural default is the notion that it is unlikely New Jersey courts would reach the merits of his claims. This may be so. But as we said in Gibson, this is insufficient:
In effect, Gibson is really arguing that it is so unlikely that the New Jersey courts would reach the merits of his state appeal that he has shown the requisite futility. However, if we permitted such a prediction to constitute the type of futility which would allow a federal court to excuse exhaustion, we would undermine the exhaustion doctrine. Although exhaustion is often cumbersome, and may appear to require duplicative expenditure of judicial resources on claims that frequently have no merit, the doctrine is premised on firmly entrenched principles of comity.
In conclusion, we are uncertain how the New Jersey state courts would resolve the procedural default issue. In light of this, we will not presume how the state courts would rule on Toulson‘s claims. See James S. Liebman & Randy Hertz, Federal Habeas Corpus Practice and Procedure, § 23.5, at 263-64 n. 4 (Supp.1992). Because no state court has concluded that petitioner is procedurally barred from raising his unexhausted claims and state law does not clearly require a finding of default, we hold that the district court should have dismissed the petition without prejudice for failure to exhaust state remedies.8 Our holding advances the interests of comity and federalism undergirding the exhaustion doctrine, see Coleman, --- U.S. at ----, ---- - ----, 111 S.Ct. at 2552, 2554-55; Lundy, 455 U.S. at 522, 102 S.Ct. at 1205, and will allow the New Jersey courts the opportunity to correct their own errors, if any, see Keeney, --- U.S. at ----, 112 S.Ct. at 1719.
IV.
For the foregoing reasons, we believe the district court should not have found the unexhausted claims procedurally defaulted under state law. We will reverse and remand, directing the district court to vacate the order granting the writ of habeas corpus and dismiss the petition without prejudice.