Plaintiff, The Torrington Company (“Tor-rington”), brings this action to challenge the final determination of ITA in the anti-dumping investigation of antifriction bearings from Romania. Final Determinations of Sales at Less Than Fair Value; Antifriction Bearings (Other Than Tapered Roller Bearings) and Parts Thereof From Romania, 54 Fed.Reg. 19,109 (May 3, 1989). Pursuant to Rule 56.1(a) of the Rules of this Court, plaintiff seeks partial judgment upon the agency record regarding that part of ITA’s determination which described five separate classes or kinds of antifriction bearings. In its petition requesting the imposition of antidumping duties, Torrington alleged there was only one class or kind of merchandise, that is, all antifriction bearings (except for tapered roller bearings). Plaintiff claims Commerce does not have the authority to modify the petition’s description of “class or kind,” but even if it did, its modification is not supported by substantial evidence in the record.
Background
Plaintiff, a domestic producer of antifriction bearings, filed a petition on March 31, 1988 requesting that the Department of Commerce impose antidumping duties on all imports of antifriction bearings, except for tapered roller bearings, from a number of countries, including Romania. Plaintiffs Petition, General Administrative Record (“AR”) (Public) Doc. 1. The petition described the “class or kind” of merchandise for which antidumping duties were sought as: “all ground antifriction bearings and all parts thereof both finished and unfinished with the exception of tapered roller bearings.” Id. at 13. The petition went on to describe a number of different types of bearings, all of which were included in the petition’s defined scope. These included
ball bearings, cylindrical roller bearings, spherical roller bearings, spherical plain bearings, needle roller bearings, thrust bearings, tappet bearings, and all mounted bearings such as set screw housed units, bushings, pillow block units, flange, cartridge and take-up units and parts including balls, rollers, cages or retainers, cups, shields and seals. Id.
Commerce subsequently initiated anti-dumping investigations of the imported bearings. Shortly thereafter, several other manufacturers of antifriction bearings protested the inclusion of many different types of bearings in the same investigation. They urged Commerce to divide the investigations into several classes or kinds of merchandise. The SKF Group suggested that the bearings be divided into ten classes or kinds. AR (Pub.) Doc. 65. Koyo Seiko, a Japanese producer of antifriction
Commerce then released a memorandum in which it explained that the merchandise under investigation actually comprised five different classes or kinds. ITA Class or Kind Memorandum (July 13, 1988), AR (Pub.) Doc. 102. These five classes or kinds were: (1) ball bearings; (2) spherical roller bearings; (3) cylindrical roller bearings; (4) needle roller bearings; and, (5) plain bearings. Id. On July 22, 1988, Commerce notified Torrington that further evidence of sales of the several classes or kinds of bearings in the United States at less than fair value (“LTFV”) was needed for the investigations to continue. AR (Pub.) Doc. 114.
Additional evidence of LTFV sales submitted by Torrington was deemed inadequate and Commerce informed Torrington of this on August 22, 1988. AR (Pub.) Doc. 164. ITA then rescinded the investigations of cylindrical roller bearings, needle roller bearings, and plain bearings from Romania. Partial Rescission of Initiation of Antidumping Investigations and Dismissal of Petitions; Antifriction Bearings (Other Than Tapered Roller Bearings) and Parts Thereof From Romania, Singapore, and Thailand, 53 Fed.Reg. 39,327 (October 6, 1988). However, the investigations of ball bearings and spherical roller bearings from Romania continued. The final determination in the antifriction bearings investigation was published on May 3, 1989. 54 Fed.Reg. 19,109.
Torrington now argues that ITA had no authority to divide antifriction bearings into five different classes or kinds of merchandise. Memorandum in Support of Plaintiffs Motion for Partial Judgment upon an Agency Record (“Plaintiffs Memorandum”) at 11. Further, if ITA does have that power, then its finding of five classes or kinds is based on an “impermissi-bly narrow construction” of the concept of class or kind. Id. at 19. Also, plaintiff alleges that ITA’s determination is not supported by substantial evidence in the administrative record. Finally, Torrington contests the determination on the grounds that it is not consistent with prior determinations.
Discussion
I. Commerce’s Authority to Modify the Class or Kind of Merchandise as Described in the Petition
Plaintiff’s first argument is that once a petition which satisfies the requirements of 19 U.S.C. § 1673a(b) is filed, ITA lacks the “authority to modify ‘class or kind’ descriptions given by petitioners in their petitions.” Plaintiffs Memorandum at 12. 1 Plaintiff seeks support for this contention in the antidumping laws of the United States, which require ITA to investigate “to determine whether the class or kind of merchandise described in the petition is being, or is likely to be, sold in the United States at less than its fair value.” 19 U.S.C. § 1673a(c)(2) (1988).
Torrington stresses that the statute calls for Commerce to give deference to the definition of class or kind found in the petition. Commerce agrees that its investigation must encompass the class or kind of merchandise found in the petition, “provided that the petition satisfies the initiation requirements for each class or kind of merchandise ‘described in the petition.’ ” Defendant’s Memorandum in Opposition to Plaintiffs Motion for Partial Judgment upon the Agency Record (“Defendant’s Memorandum”) at 17-18. 2 Indeed, the statute contains no provision prohibiting Commerce from distinguishing between two classes or kinds of merchandise when the petition improperly fails to do so.
This court recently affirmed the description of the class or kind of merchandise as interpreted by Commerce, even though it differed from that provided by the petition.
Mitsubishi Elec. Corp. v. United States,
12 CIT —, —,
In
Royal Business Machines, Inc. v. United States,
Furthermore, in affirming
Mitsubishi
earlier this year, our appellate court held that “the responsibility to determine the proper scope of the investigation and of the antidumping order ... is that of the [ITA], not of the complainant before the agency.”
Torrington submits two additional arguments in support of its contention that Commerce has no authority to subdivide the class or kind described in the petition: (1) that the antidumping laws of the United States are “remedial in nature,” and therefore should be construed broadly, and (2)
As to the first, Torrington states that remedial statutes should be applied liberally so they may better achieve the desired results, that is, “relief from unfair import price competition.” Plaintiff’s Memorandum at 14. A broad application does not mean, however, that antidumping duty orders shoiild be issued with abandon. Petitioner still must meet the initiation requirements of the statute in order for Commerce to commence an investigation.
Finally, Torrington argues that, since 1980, ITA has “almost invariably followed the ‘class or kind’ descriptions provided by petitioners in their petitions.” Id. at 17. Plaintiff admits, however, that there are at least two cases where ITA narrowed the class or kind described in the petition, but dismisses them as “anomalies.” Id. at 18. 6 Though Commerce does not exercise this authority often, its right to do so is not limited by the frequency of its use. The argument that Commerce may not modify the petition’s class or kind because it rarely has done so does not persuade the Court. Accordingly, the Court finds that Commerce possesses the authority to subdivide the class or kind description submitted by petitioners in the petition, if ITA discovers that more than one class or kind of merchandise has been merged into a single class or kind.
II. Commerce’s Construction of “Class or Kind”
Torrington’s next argument is that even if Commerce does have the authority to modify the petition’s class or kind, ITA implemented an “impermissibly narrow construction of the statutory concept ‘class or kind.' ” Plaintiffs Memorandum at 19. Plaintiff claims that the statute and caselaw require a more liberal interpretation of the term. Commerce contends that compelling ITA to use a “broad” interpretation of class or kind would severely restrict its discretion in determining the scope of an antidumping investigation. Defendant’s Memorandum at 30.
Plaintiff cites several Customs cases which allude to the general character of the term “class or kind,” as used in the classification and appraisement statutes.
See B. & K. Instruments, Inc. v. United States,
It is well settled that a tariff classification by the Customs Service does not govern an antidumping determination regarding class or kind.
Mitsubishi,
12 CIT at —,
Torrington concludes that since the Diversified court referred to “general” characteristics and “ultimate” use, it intended a broad interpretation of class or kind. Plaintiffs Memorandum at 19. The Court can see no reason to adopt such a conclusion. The terms in themselves serve only to guide Commerce’s analysis. An antidumping determination must depend on the particular facts of each case, and a sweeping directive that ITA must “broadly” apply the term class or kind would improperly divert Commerce’s discretion to the petitioner. Furthermore, the statutes and caselaw require neither a “broad” nor a “narrow” interpretation of class or kind, only one that is supported by substantial evidence and is otherwise in accordance with law. 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(l)(B). The Court thus holds that ITA’s interpretation of class or kind was reasonable and in accordance with law.
III. Substantial Evidence
We now reach the issue of whether ITA’s determination was supported by substantial evidence in the administrative record. The Court must reverse Commerce’s determination if it finds that the determination is not supported by substantial evidence. 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(l)(B). Substantial evidence is relevant evidence that “a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.”
Consolidated Edison Co. v. NLRB,
In determining whether to affirm an anti-dumping determination by Commerce, the Court “may not substitute its judgment for that of [ITA] when the choice is ‘between two fairly conflicting views, even though the court would justifiably have made a different choice’ ” had it decided the issue itself.
Mitsubishi,
12 CIT at —,
Moreover, a determination by Commerce will not be overturned merely because the plaintiff “is able to produce evidence ... in support of its own contentions and in opposition to the evidence supporting the agency’s determination.”
Hercules, Inc. v. United States,
Commerce’s decision to subdivide the petition’s class or kind description into five classes or kinds was based on its evaluation of the antifriction bearings in question within the structure of the
Diversified Products
criteria. Those criteria are: (1) general physical characteristics; (2) the expectations of the ultimate purchasers; (3) the channels of trade in which the merchandise moves; (4) the ultimate use of the product; and, (5) cost.
Diversified Products,
A. General Physical Characteristics
There seems to be no dispute that all antifriction bearings possess a number of similar characteristics. These include an outer race, an inner race, balls or roller elements, and a separator or cage which keeps the balls or rollers equally distributed around the races. Plaintiffs Memorandum at 31-32; 54 Fed.Reg. at 18,999.
However, ITA determined that these general similarities are not sufficient to determine the character of a bearing, which ITA maintains is established by “the shape of the rolling element ... [or] the sliding contact surfaces." 54 Fed.Reg. at 18,999. ITA found that the rolling element or sliding surface “determined or limited the [bearings’] key functional capabilities (e.g., load and speed),” which in turn established the limits of the bearings’ ultimate use and the expectations of the purchasers. Id. Commerce stated in the final determination that “there is no other physical characteristic among these bearings more fundamental than the shape of the most essential component, the rolling element.” Id. at 19,002. 9 As a result, Commerce decided to divide the bearings on the basis of their rolling elements, even though there are other differences among the various types of bearings. 10
Subsequently, Commerce found that five different classes or kinds of antifriction bearings existed. They are: (1) ball bearings, (2) spherical roller bearings, (3) cylindrical roller bearings, (4) needle roller bearings, and (5) spherical plain bearings. Defendant’s Memorandum at 36-38.
Commerce appears to have based its rolling elements distinctions primarily on the Navair Manual, a technical manual used by the Department of Defense for the maintenance of antifriction bearings. The manual contains descriptions of bearings under the headings: “rolling bearings” and “sliding/plain bearings.” Both of these categories are divided further. Rolling bearings are separated into ball bearings, roller bearings and aircraft control and pulley bearings. Navair Manual at 3-4. Sliding/plain bearings encompass straight plain bearings, flanged plain bearings and spherical bearings. Id. at 4. Each of these categories is further subdivided, and some of the subdivisions are separated yet again. Thus, the Navair Manual distinguishes among over forty types of bearings. Each type is then described according to its physical characteristics and proper use. 11
Torrington states that the Navair Manual actually supports a distinction between only two types of bearings: rolling and sliding/plain, because those are the two principal headings in the document. Plaintiffs Memorandum at 33. Furthermore, plaintiff asserts that the “component parts” discussion in the manual lends itself to the conclusion that there is only one class or kind of bearing. The Court disagrees on both points.
First, though the document contains two “general” types of bearings, that does not necessarily indicate that the general characteristics of antifriction bearings for
class
Second, the component parts discussion of the Navair Manual describes various parts of bearings, particularly the separator or cage (referred to in the manual as the “retainer”). Navair Manual at 20-23. It refers to various types of retainers as well as other components used in other bearings. The Court finds that this discussion does not significantly contribute to the debate, and if anything, stresses the differences among bearings.
Other evidence in the record includes the factual data regarding bearings compiled by the staff of the Office of Industrial Resource Administration (OIRA) and the final OIRA report entitled “The Effect of Imports of Anti-Friction Bearings on the National Security.” Plaintiffs Memorandum at Attachment 5. Both the draft report of factual data and the final report classify bearings “according to the type of rolling element they contain as well as by their size and precision.” OIRA Final Report at 11-16. The final report refers to four general types of bearings: ball bearings, roller bearings, unground bearings and plain bearings. Id. 12
Torrington also submitted a “Factory Tours Video” containing footage of its factories and interviews with various Torring-ton engineers and managers. While the video shows how machines in various factories can produce various types of bearings, it does not clearly indicate that the physical characteristics of all bearings are essentially the same. Indeed, the physical differences among the different types of bearings were glaringly apparent from the video as each of the tour guides pointed out assorted bearings at the factories.
In addition, Commerce received submissions from other manufacturers of antifriction bearings, both foreign and domestic. These submissions explained that there are important differences among bearings. Furthermore, they stressed that there is a low degree of interchangeability among the numerous types of bearings.
In a letter to ITA, counsel for NMB Singapore proposed that Commerce find at least two classes or kinds of bearings: ball bearings and roller bearings. Letter from NMB Singapore to ITA (June 14, 1988), AR (Pub.) Doc. 74. SKF Group, another producer of bearings, suggested ten different classes or kinds. Letter from SKF Group to ITA (June 8, 1988), AR (Pub.) Doc. 65. And Koyo Seiko, a Japanese maker of bearings, stated to ITA that there are at least eight separate classes or kinds of antifriction bearings. Letter from Koyo Seiko to ITA (May 11, 1988), AR (Pub.) Doc. 24. Thus, ITA received evidence supporting both extremes, from one class or kind to ten different classes or kinds. In finding five classes or kinds, ITA appears to have reached some middle ground.
The evidence in the record supports the conclusion that the general physical characteristics of the various antifriction bearings are significantly different. The essential nature of a bearing is indicated not merely by the presence of an outer race, inner race, rolling element and separator, but also by the distinctive type of rolling element that it contains. Though most of the accounts in the record differentiated among ball bearings, roller bearings and plain bearings, ITA chose to subdivide roller bearings further, into spherical roller bearings, cylindrical roller bearings and needle roller bearings. While the Court is not entirely convinced that roller bearings
necessarily
ought to be subdivided, ITA’s decision to do so is not clearly wrong and is in fact a reasonable conclusion which is
B. Ultimate Use
The second criteria for determining class or kind is the ultimate use of the product.
Diversified Products,
Commerce’s evidence in support of its contention that all bearings are not fit for the same ultimate use includes the ITC Preliminary Determination, ITC Competitive Assessment Study, the OIRA Draft Summary Report, and the Navair Manual. The evidence reveals that different types of bearings have different load and speed capabilities. Since these capabilities admittedly are among “the most important variables in bearing selection,” variations in these capabilities dictate different uses for different bearings. Plaintiffs Petition at 14.
The different uses for various bearings can be summarized as follows: ball bearings are used where high speed, low load capacity is needed. This is because they generate less friction than other bearings. USITC Pub. 2083 (May 1988) (“ITC Preliminary Determination”) at 17, A-4. Typical uses for ball bearings include automotive products and various home appliances. USITC Pub. 1797 (January 1986) (“ITC Competitive Assessment Study”) at 10. Spherical roller bearings have heavy load but moderate speed capability. ITC Preliminary Determination at 17. These bearings generate more friction than ball bearings and are capable of correcting misalignment, making them useful in deep-well pump motors or heavy equipment, such as grinding or crushing machines. ITC Competitive Assessment Study at 10.
Cylindrical roller bearings do not correct for misalignment and have moderate to high load and speed capability. ITC Preliminary Determination at A-7. These bearings are often used in metal rolling mills. ITC Competitive Assessment Study at 10. Needle roller bearings have high load and speed capacity. ITC Preliminary Determination at A-7. They are long and thin and thus can be used in areas where there is little space, such as in automobiles and home appliances. ITC Preliminary Determination at A-7; ITC Competitive Assessment Study at 11. Finally, spherical plain bearings have no rolling element but rather have a sliding surface so that the outer race passes over the inner race. Because of this unique shape, spherical plain bearings can carry heavy loads but only at low speeds. ITC Preliminary Determination at A-7. Plain bearings are typically used in hydraulic cylinders and heavy construction equipment. Id.
Plaintiff states that antifriction bearings are frequently interchangeable at the design stage, and that their ultimate use (to reduce friction) is the same. Plaintiffs Memorandum at 45. While the evidence indicates that in some cases it is possible to substitute one bearing for another at the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) stage, that substitution does in fact change the specifications of the product. Torring-ton’s claim that all bearings reduce friction and therefore have the same ultimate use is a simplistic and unpersuasive argument. Clearly, different bearings exist because they have various uses. The industry is a vast and diverse one, and the different types of bearings serve the disparate needs of the modern mechanized world.
C. Customer Expectations
The next prong of the
Diversified Products
test is the expectation of the ultimate purchasers.
Again, Torrington’s argument that “[a]ll customers expect the bearings they purchase will function to reduce friction between moving parts” is simplistic and, frankly, unhelpful. 13 Plaintiffs Memorandum at 45. Customer expectations do vary depending on the needs of the customer and the ability of a particular bearing to perform a given task.
D. Other Criteria
Diversified Products
referred to two other criteria: “the channels of trade in which the merchandise moves, ... and cost.”
ITA admits that the “evidence with respect to these criteria is inconclusive.” 54 Fed.Reg. at 19,003. There is evidence that all the classes or kinds of bearings discussed herein “move through the same channels of distribution.” Plaintiffs Memorandum at 47. Additionally, catalogs appear to be arranged by applications rather than by types of bearings.
Though Commerce admits there is no irrefutable evidence either that bearings with different rolling elements move through different channels of trade or that they are advertised separately, it argues that the other evidence supporting its class or kind distinctions outweighs these inconclusive findings. Defendant’s Memorandum at 49. The Court agrees.
The evidence in the record is substantial and conclusive that the classes or kinds of bearings found by ITA possess significantly different physical characteristics. Furthermore, the ultimate uses of the bearings and customer expectations for them vary depending on the type of rolling element in the bearings. Accordingly, the Court holds that the determination by Commerce that the merchandise in issue is properly segmented into five classes or kinds is supported by substantial evidence in the administrative record.
IY. Consistency With Prior Determinations
Plaintiff also submits that Commerce’s determination was not in accordance with law because it was inconsistent with prior determinations. Plaintiffs Memorandum at 51.
It is a principle of administrative law that an “agency must either conform to its prior norms and decisions or explain the reason for its departure from such precedent.”
Mississippi Valley Gas Co. v. Federal Energy Regulatory Comm’n,
The Court concludes that plaintiffs contentions are without merit for two reasons. First, the determination in the present case does not suggest a departure from previous ITA policy. Therefore, no “reason or explanation” for a departure from precedent is warranted. There is no credible evidence on the record that Commerce once had a policy of “broadly” applying the class or kind criteria, and has now “narrowly” applied them. Nor is there evidence that ITA precedent calls for Commerce to blindly accept all of the petition’s pronouncements, as Torrington would have Commerce do. Precedent demands that ITA apply the Diversified Products criteria in a manner which is consistent with the mandates of the antidumping laws and, as discussed above, ITA has done so. Hence, Commerce’s determination in this action is not inconsistent with precedent.
Second, the application of the Diversified Products criteria in a uniform and consistent manner does not guarantee the same result in every situation. All antidumping determinations are dependent on the specific facts of each case and, while a petition may propound a particular path, ITA’s role in evaluating a petition is not to be a rubber stamp of the petitioner’s assertions.
Commerce maintains “inherent power to establish the parameters of the investigation so as to carry out its mandate to administer the law effectively and in accordance with its intent.”
Mitsubishi,
Therefore, the Court holds that Commerce’s determination is not contrary to law by reason of inconsistency with prior determinations because it is not inconsistent with ITA precedent. Furthermore, all determinations cannot be expected to yield similar results as each investigation involves a discrete product. When, as here, the determination is not contrary to law and is supported by substantial evidence in the administrative record, that determination must stand.
Conclusion
Accordingly, the Court holds that, as a matter of law, Commerce possesses the authority to modify the definition of class or kind found in the petition if Commerce determines that the petition’s description actually contains more than one class or kind of merchandise.
Furthermore, the Court finds that the determination by Commerce in the present action is supported by substantial evidence in the administrative record and is otherwise in accordance with law, and is, therefore, affirmed in all respects.
JUDGMENT
Plaintiff having moved this Court pursuant to Rule 56.1 of the Rules of this Court for partial summary judgment as to Count 1 of its Complaint, the defendant having opposed same, and the Court after due deliberation, having rendered a decision
ORDERED that plaintiffs motion for partial judgment upon the agency record as to Count 1 of plaintiffs Complaint is denied, and the determination by the International Trade Administration is affirmed in all respects. It is further
ORDERED that, pursuant to Rule 54(b) of the Rules of this Court, this is a final judgment and that there is no just reason for delay in the entry of an actionable final judgment.
Notes
. 19 U.S.C. § 1673a(b) (1988) requires that
An antidumping proceeding shall be commenced whenever an interested party ... files a petition with the administering authority, on behalf of an industry which alleges the elements necessary for the imposition of the duty imposed by section 1673 of this title, and which is accompanied by information reasonably available to the petitioner supporting those allegations.
. The initiation requirements include the provisions of § 1673a, supra, as well as the regulations found in 19 CFR § 353.36 (1988).
. Though in Mitsubishi ITA expanded the scope of the investigation whereas here it has narrowed the scope, the principle is the same. Once ITA’s discretion to modify the class or kind description is established, it does not matter whether the modification expands or narrows the scope, provided the change is supported by substantial evidence in the administrative record and is otherwise in accordance with law. 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(l)(B) (1988).
. Plaintiff also cites Royal Business Machines, acknowledging that ITA "might” have the power to help define class or kind, but only in order to expand the petition’s coverage. Plaintiff’s Memorandum at 14. As stated in note 3 above, that distinction is not a valid one. ITA's authority to modify the class or kind, where necessary, is not limited to expansion of the petition; ITA also may narrow the scope.
.Clearly, ITA maintains a certain amount of discretion in ascertaining the proper scope of an antidumping duty
order. Mitsubishi,
. The two cases where plaintiff acknowledges that Commerce narrowed the petition’s scope are Cyanuric Acid and Its Chlorinated Derivatives from Japan, 49 Fed.Reg. 17,825 (Apr. 25, 1984) and Final Determinations of Sales at Less Than Fair Value; Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Plate and Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Sheet from Brazil, 49 Fed.Reg. 3,102 (January 25, 1984). However, Torrington states that the modification by Commerce was not challenged in either instance, since antidumping duty orders were upheld against all the classes or kinds of merchandise in both cases. Plaintiff’s Memorandum at 17-18.
. This court has stated that antidumping determinations "may properly result in the creation of classes which do not correspond to classifications found in the tariff schedules or may define or modify a known classification in a manner not contemplated or desired by the Customs Service.”
Royal Business Machines,
. In this case, the Department used "the manner of advertising and display” instead of cost. Final Determinations of Sales at Less than Fair Value: Antifriction Bearings (Other Than Tapered Roller Bearings) and Parts Thereof From the Federal Republic of Germany, 54 Fed.Reg. 18,992, 18,999 (May 3, 1989).
. Plain bearings, however, do not contain a rolling element. They have an outer and inner ring which slide against each other. Navair Manual, Defendant’s Memorandum, Attachment IV at 2-18.
. Other distinctions found by ITA include differences in “size, precision level, and applications.” 54 Fed.Reg. at 19,002. The agency found these differences less significant than the rolling element, or in the case of the spherical plain bearings, the sliding surface shape. Additionally, ITA stated that if it had distinguished on the basis of size, precision levels or applications, the "subdivision of scope ... would have led to numerous classes or kinds and absurd results.” Id.
.Ball bearings have ball-shaped rolling elements and grooved raceways. Cylindrical roller bearings contain cylinders as rolling elements, and cylindrically shaped raceways. Needle roller bearings also have a cylindrical roller element but have a higher Iength-to-diameter ratio than cylindrical roller bearings. Spherical roller bearings have a raceway which is part of a sphere, "the center of which is the center of the bearing." Lastly, spherical plain bearings have no rolling element, but rather contain a sliding surface which allows the outer ring to slide over the inner ring. See Navair Manual generally.
. Unground bearings are not part of this investigation. However, ball bearings, roller bearings and plain bearings are.
. Torrington suggests that Commerce has approached the issue of class or kind too narrowly by focusing too closely on the physical differences among the many types of bearings. Plaintiff suggests an analogy to automobile tires, and states that ITA’s reasoning would place 14 inch tires in a separate class or kind than 15 inch tires. Plaintiffs Memorandum at 46. The Court finds that analogy inapposite. A more appropriate analogy would be to the high performance tires one might find on a Lamborghini versus the practical whitewall tires more likely found on an Oldsmobile.
. Commerce has not addressed the issue of cost, nor has Torrington raised it. Hence, the Court will not address it either.
. The cases cited by Torrington involved investigations of, inter alia, fire-protection equipment, typewriters, microdisks, electric motors, iron construction castings, and steel wire nails. See 49 Fed.Reg. 47,066 (Nov. 30, 1984); 48 Fed. Reg. 7,768 (Feb. 24, 1983); 54 Fed.Reg. 6,433 (Feb. 10, 1989); 45 Fed.Reg. 73,723 (Nov. 6, 1980); 51 Fed.Reg. 2,412 (Jan. 16, 1986); 47 Fed.Reg. 27,392 (June 24, 1982).