734 S.E.2d 333 | Ga. | 2012
Lead Opinion
Appellant Kasaem Toomer challenges his 2009 convictions for malice murder and other crimes in connection with the death of Justin Cox. We affirm.
The victim’s phone records showed 33 calls between the victim and Appellant’s cell phone in the two days before his death, leading the police to interview Appellant. The police spoke with him on October 11, 12, 15, and 17, 2007; he waived his Miranda rights in writing on each occasion. Video recordings of the first three interviews were admitted into evidence, along with statements Appellant handwrote on October 11 and 17.
In the October 11 interview and written statement, Appellant, after being shown a picture of the victim, denied ever having seen or heard of him until he saw a story about the victim’s death on the news. When confronted with the cell phone records, Appellant tried to cast suspicion on a man named “Kentrell,” whose last name he said he did not know. Appellant claimed that he let Kentrell borrow his cell phone for several hours on the night the victim was killed.
In the October 12 interview, Appellant claimed that he lent his cell phone to a different person that night — Kentea Jones, who had long been wanted for questioning by the Albany Police Department in
At that point, the officer questioning Appellant told him that she knew he was lying, said that he was under arrest for murder and making false statements, and left Appellant alone in the interview room. Appellant took a small bottle of cologne from his jacket pocket and drank it, lit his jacket on fire, and blocked the door. The police were able to enter the room a few minutes later and extinguished the small fire, which had damaged the floor. Appellant was placed in restraints, read his Miranda rights again, checked by medical personnel, and then transferred to jail. Before being transferred, Appellant admitted that he originally said something that was not true because he was shaken up but maintained that everything else he had told the police was the truth. Within days, the police confirmed with people who knew Jones that he had not been back to the Albany area for several months.
In the October 15 interview, Appellant continued for the first two hours to deny any involvement in the victim’s death, but then he changed his story. Appellant said that he had known the victim for two months before he died and that he was riding around with the victim and Robert Lee Williams in the victim’s car on the night he was killed. Appellant said that the men drove to the boat dock, where Appellant got into an argument with the victim and punched him in the head, knocking him out. Appellant claimed that he checked to see if the victim was breathing, decided that he was not, and then threw the victim’s body in the river with Williams’s assistance. Appellant said that he and Williams then fled the scene in the victim’s car and that Williams told him the next day that he left the car at the Civic Center.
On October 17, Appellant was brought from the jail to the police station at his family’s request. Appellant signed a waiver of his Miranda rights but declined to answer any questions. Instead, he wrote out a four-page statement claiming that the last time he saw the victim was when he accompanied Jones to a church parking lot to meet the victim on the night the victim was killed, and that Jones was the last person with the victim.
When viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, the evidence presented at trial and summarized above was sufficient to authorize a rational jury to find Appellant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the crimes for which he was convicted. See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U. S. 307, 319 (99 SC 2781,61 LE2d 560) (1979). See also Vega v. State, 285 Ga. 32, 33 (673 SE2d 223) (2009) (“ ‘It was for the jury to determine the credibility of the witnesses and to resolve any conflicts or inconsistencies in the evidence.’ ” (citation omitted)).
2. Appellant contends that the trial court erred in rejecting his Batson claim that the prosecutor used three peremptory strikes to exclude prospective jurors solely because of their race, thereby violating his right to equal protection of the law. See generally Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U. S. 79 (106 SC 1712, 90 LE2d 69) (1986). We disagree.
(a) The analysis of a Batson challenge involves a three-step process:
(1) the opponent of a peremptory challenge must make a prima facie showing of racial discrimination; (2) the proponent of the strike must then provide a race-neutral explanation for the strike; and (3) the court must decide whether the opponent of the strike has proven [the proponent’s] discriminatory intent.
Thomas v. State, 274 Ga. 156, 161 (549 SE2d 359) (2001). Appellant’s Batson claim focuses on step two.
The prosecutor told the court that he struck Juror 12 because “while he was in the courtroom at all times pretty much [he] kept his hand — his head in his hand and was not giving his full attention, either he was tired or disinterested.” The prosecutor said that he struck Juror 20 because of “her demeanor that she was also disinterested in — in the case. I mean, she just — just seemed disinterested.” The prosecutor said that he struck Juror 28 because, “[I]f I recall correctly ... I felt some pattern of sympathy ... in responding to [defense counsel’s] questions and just to my question I felt that it’s hard to articulate it was just a feeling that this particular juror . . . was perhaps more sympathetic to the defense.” The court then asked, “Well, what do you base that on? I mean, was it — some body motion . . . ?” The prosecutor replied, “[b]ody language.” The court said, “body language, facial expressions,” and the prosecutor said, ‘Tes, sir.” The court said, “Got to tell me what you’re basing it on,” and the prosecutor responded, “what the court just said. It was body language, facial expressions. And among the jurors that I could see it’s something that as a lawyer you just have to feel and that’s what I felt.”
(b) Appellant does not dispute that these explanations are facially race-neutral. See Rakestrau v. State, 278 Ga. 872, 875 (608 SE2d 216) (2005) (recognizing that disinterest during voir dire is a race-neutral explanation for a peremptory strike); Arrington v. State, 286 Ga. 335, 340 (687 SE2d 438) (2009) (recognizing that body language and facial expressions may be race-neutral explanations for a peremptory strike). Instead, Appellant claims that these race-neutral explanations were inadequate at Batson step two because they were “ ‘based almost entirely on ... demeanor,’ ” and demeanor is not the “ ‘kind of concrete, tangible, race-neutral, case-related and neutrally applied reason[ ] [that is] sufficient to overcome’ ” a Batson challenge. Veasey v. State, 311 Ga. App. 762, 766, n. 11 (717 SE2d 284) (2011) (quoting Parker v. State, 219 Ga. App. 361, 364 (464 SE2d 910) (1995) (physical
However, the language from Parker quoted in Veasey, and the suggestion in some of our cases that Batson step two requires an explanation that is not only race-neutral but also “case-related” and “specific,” are not correct statements of the law. To the contrary, both the United States Supreme Court and this Court have squarely held that a peremptory strike based upon a juror’s demeanor during voir dire maybe race-neutral at Batson step two. See Snyder v. Louisiana, 552 U. S. 472, 476 (128 SC 1203, 170 LE2d 175) (2008) Arrington, 286 Ga. at 340. At step two, the proponent of the strike need only articulate a facially race-neutral reason for the strike. Step two
does not demand an explanation that is persuasive, or even plausible. “At this [second] step of the inquiry, the issue is the facial validity of the prosecutor’s explanation. Unless a discriminatory intent is inherent in the prosecutor’s explanation, the reason offered will be deemed race neutral.”
Purkett v. Elem, 514 U. S. 765, 768 (115 SC 1769, 131 LE2d 834) (1995) (citation omitted). See also Rose v. State, 287 Ga. 238, 241 (695 SE2d 261) (2010) (“Although a striking party’s explanation for the exercise of a peremptory strike maybe superstitious, silly, or implausible, the striking party’s burden is satisfied as long as the articulated reason is race or gender-neutral.”).
Thus, to carry the burden of production at step two, the proponent of the strike need not offer an explanation that is “concrete,” “tangible,” or “specific.” The explanation need not even be “case-related.” The explanation for the strike only needs to be facially race-neutral. See Purkett, 514 U. S. at 766 (accepting as race-neutral the explanation that a struck juror “had long hair” and “a mustache and a goatee type beard” and “the mustaches and the beards look suspicious to me”). Any statements to the contrary in Veasey, Parker, Blair, Turner, and any other Georgia case are hereby disapproved.
Like our concurring colleague, we look to our State’s trial judges to ferret out and eliminate invidious discrimination in the jury selection process. But they should do so using the well-defined framework set forth in Batson, Purkett, and the similar decisions of this Court. If trial judges instead were given undefined “flexibility’ to “shape and mold the law to fit the particular situation,” Concurring Op. at 63, the result would be unequal and essentially unreviewable legal standards applied in various courtrooms across Georgia. That would not advance our shared goal of ensuring that “race and gender [have] no place in the administration of justice.” Id.
(c) With respect to Juror 28, Appellant offers an additional argument in support of his claim that the State failed to carry its
In Walton, the prosecutor initially offered two reasons for a peremptory strike. See 267 Ga. at 718-719 (plurality opinion of Benham, C. J.). The trial court then observed that the prospective juror’s cousin was a former president of the Georgia Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, and the prosecutor said that he “had borne that fact in mind” in deciding to strike the juror. Id. at 719. The three-Justice plurality found that the first two reasons offered for the strike were unsupported by the record. See id. The plurality then said that the third reason would not be considered because it was “supplied by the trial judge instead of the attorney for the side exercising the strike,” reasoning that “the trial judge, who is the arbiter of whether an attorney has proffered a race-neutral rationale for peremptory strikes, cannot be perceived as providing the very rationale which the judge must then adjudicate as racially neutral or racially based.” Id. at 719-720.
Two Justices agreed that Batson required reversal because at least one of the reasons the prosecutor gave was racially motivated, but they declined to join “all that is said in Division 5 of the majority opinion.” 267 Ga. at 720 (Carley, J., joined by Sears, J., concurring specially). The remaining two Justices explicitly rejected the plurality’s reasoning in Division 5, noting that the prosecutor “affirmatively stated that he recollected the relationship” between the prospective juror and the criminal defense lawyers association and “actively endorsed to the trial court that the [juror’s] cousin’s affiliation to the defense group was a factor in his decision to exercise” the challenged strike. Id. at 722 (Hunstein, J., joined by Hines, J., dissenting). The dissent concluded, “Under these circumstances, we cannot presume
The purpose of Batson step two is to uncover the actual thinking behind the proponent’s decision to strike a prospective juror, including any unconscious bias or stereotypes, so that the trial court can determine at step three whether the opponent of the strike has proven the proponent’s subjective discriminatory intent. Observing the proponent of the strike as he struggles to put his thoughts into words provides the court with information that may prove important in evaluating his credibility at step three of the analysis. Interrupting the proponent with the court’s suggestions of possible race-neutral explanations short-circuits this process, making it more likely that the proponent will provide pretextual reasons and thus less likely that invidious discrimination will be revealed and eliminated from the jury selection process. It is also unseemly for the trial court to “be perceived as providing the very rationale which the judge must then adjudicate as racially neutral or racially based.” Walton, 267 Ga. at 719 (plurality opinion). Accordingly, we agree with the Walton plurality that trial courts should resist the urge to intervene and suggest potential explanations when the proponent of a peremptory strike is struggling to articulate his thinking so that he can carry his burden of production at Batson step two.
However, we agree with the Walton dissenters that the plurality erred in elevating this best practice to the level of a constitutional command. Nothing in Batson or its progeny suggests that an appellate court is prohibited from considering a proponent’s race-neutral explanation for a peremptory strike offered at Batson step two solely because the words used to articulate the explanation were first uttered by the trial court rather than the proponent. Under the plurality’s approach, if the proponent has a perfectly valid and credible race-neutral explanation for a peremptory strike but does not express it before the trial court does, that explanation cannot be considered, and a strike that was not in fact motivated by racial discrimination nonetheless is invalidated as a violation of equal protection. A Batson violation does not turn on perceptions of the trial court; it requires that the party exercising a peremptory strike actually did so with invidious discriminatory intent. We therefore decline Appellant’s invitation to impose such an addition to the three-step analysis set forth in Batson and repeatedly reaffirmed by both this Court and the United States Supreme Court, and Division 5 of Walton is hereby disapproved.
(d) The trial court observed first-hand both the challenged jurors’ demeanor during voir dire and the prosecutor’s demeanor as he
3. Appellant contends that the trial court abused its discretion in denying his repeated mistrial motions after the State played portions of his videotaped police interviews in which he admitted that he was on probation, had been arrested for fighting, and had been convicted of burglary. However, Appellant forfeited this claim by failing to object when the DVDs of the interviews were offered into evidence at trial, before they were played for the jury; indeed, his counsel stated affirmatively on the record that Appellant had no objection to their admission. Accordingly, Appellant is precluded from raising this claim on appeal. See Wilson v. State, 277 Ga. 114, 117 (587 SE2d 9) (2003); Rich v. State, 254 Ga. 11, 13-14 (325 SE2d 761) (1985).
4. Appellant asserts that he received ineffective assistance of trial counsel. To prevail on this claim, he must show that his counsel’s performance was professionally deficient and that, but for the deficiency, there is a reasonable probability that the outcome of the trial would have been more favorable to him. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668, 687, 694 (104 SC 2052,80 LE2d 674) (1984). He has not met this burden.
Appellant points to five instances of allegedly deficient performance by his trial counsel. However, in examining an ineffectiveness claim, we need not address both components of the Strickland test if the defendant made an insufficient showing on one. See Watkins v. State, 289 Ga. 359, 362 (711 SE2d 655) (2011). In particular, we “ ‘need not determine whether counsel’s performance was deficient before examining the prejudice suffered by the defendant as a result of the alleged deficiencies.’ "Long v. State, 287 Ga. 886, 891 (700 SE2d 399) (2010) (quoting Strickland, 466 U. S. at 697). Pretermitting the question of deficient performance, we hold that Appellant failed to show resulting prejudice.
The first three alleged errors relate to the admission of the bad character evidence discussed in Division 3 above. The passing references in the police interviews to Appellant’s probation status, his prior arrest for fighting, and his burglary conviction were buried in four long interview videotapes that were played during the testimony
The remaining two instances of allegedly deficient performance by trial counsel relate to the medical examiner’s testimony about the theory of “dry drowning,” which Appellant dismisses as junk science. Even if we were to accept Appellant’s characterization of the theory, we could not conclude that counsel’s alleged errors with respect to this testimony had an effect on the jury’s verdict. In closing argument, the State emphasized to the jury that it need not find that the victim drowned to convict him of malice murder and felony murder in light of the defense’s concession that Appellant struck the victim in the head and knocked him unconscious before putting him in the water, because it was undisputed that these acts led directly to the victim’s death. The defense at trial was not focused on the cause of death, but on Appellant’s claim that he was overwhelmed by emotion and did not intend to kill the victim when he punched him. Thus, Appellant failed to show a reasonable probability that, but for the alleged errors related to the expert testimony, the verdict would have been more favorable to him.
Finally, even if trial counsel erred in all five of the ways Appellant alleges, Appellant has not demonstrated a reasonable probability that the cumulative effect of the alleged errors affected the outcome of the proceeding. See Schofield v. Holsey, 281 Ga. 809, 811, n. 1 (642 SE2d 56) (2007). Accordingly, the trial court properly rejected Appellant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim.
Judgment affirmed.
The crimes occurred in the late night hours of October 3, 2007, and during later interviews with police. On December 19, 2007, Appellant and Robert Lee Williams were indicted in Dougherty County for malice murder, theft by taking, and giving false statements. Appellant was also charged with felony murder based on aggravated assault, aggravated
There were 30 prospective jurors —13 African-American persons and 17 white persons - and each party was allowed nine peremptory strikes. The defense used all nine of its strikes, including three against African-Americans, and the State used eight of its strikes, including five against African-Americans. As a result, the trial jury had four African-American jurors and eight white jurors. Appellant objected to four of the State’s peremptory strikes but later waived
The concurring opinion argues that we should depart from Purkett by applying the Georgia Constitution’s equal protection guarantee differently than the equal protection clause in the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, citing a case in which Justice Carley’s concurring opinion acknowledged this Court’s authority to do that. See Stephens v.
Concurrence Opinion
concurring specially.
While I agree with Divisions 1, 3 and 4 of the majority opinion, I can agree only in judgment as to Division 2.1 must write separately because I disagree with the majority’s disapproval of the following cases: Walton v. State, 267 Ga. 713 (482 SE2d 330) (1997); Blair v. State, 267 Ga. 166 (476 SE2d 263) (1996); Turner v. State, 267 Ga. 149
A little background information may be helpful in considering the approach taken by this special concurrence. The legal journey to a destination in the law where race and gender are impermissible factors in determining whether a person is allowed to serve on a jury, and a litigant’s right to have a jury untainted by race and gender consideration, has been long and arduous. It has by no means been a short and uneventful journey. It has moved at a snail’s pace through treacherous paths with pitfalls, barriers and obstacles along every step of the way. The journey from Swain v. Alabama to Batson v. Kentucky has taken over twenty years. Swain v. Alabama, 380 U. S. 202 (85 SC 824, 13 LE2d 759) (1965), overruled by Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U. S. 79 (106 SC 1712, 90 LE2d 69) (1986). During that period, countless citizens were denied opportunities to serve on juries throughout this country merely because of their race or gender. This history is indelibly impressed in the minds of hundreds of thousands of hard-working, law-abiding, and self-respecting citizens who were denied opportunities to serve on juries merely because of race or gender. I can remember when the first African-American in my community was allowed to serve on a jury, and the effect that this had on the community as a whole.
As a young lawyer I watched as prospective jurors were stricken from the jury pool time and time again merely because of their race or gender. As president of my local bar association I would watch the prospective jurors, with a summons in hand, beaming with pride and anticipation that they too would be allowed to become a part of
I do not take issue with Batson, Purkett, and the line of cases cited by the majority; I acknowledge that as a state we must accept the United States Supreme Court’s determinations as to the United States Constitution as well as federal statutes and regulations. However, as the Supreme Court of Georgia, we are free to interpret the Georgia Constitution in a manner that acknowledges the federal floor, but nevertheless raises that floor to provide our citizens with greater rights. Stephens v. State, 265 Ga. 356, 360 (456 SE2d 560) (1996) (“it is certainly clear that this court may interpret the equal protection clause of our state constitution as affording greater rights to our citizens than does the federal equal protection clause as interpreted by the Supreme Court of the United States”). Regarding the point of contention in this case, multiple states have held that their state constitution demands more of the proponent of a strike than is required under the United States Constitution after the
The position taken by these states is not foreign to Georgia. In Parker v. State, 219 Ga. App. 361, 364 (464 SE2d 910) (1995) (physical precedent only), a case heard six months after Purkett was decided, our Court of Appeals reversed a trial court’s rejection of a criminal defendant’s Batson challenge, stating:
[W]e cannot condone the exclusion of the three prospective African-American jurors based almost entirely on their demean- or. The prosecution’s reasons for striking these African-American prospective jurors were not the kind of concrete, tangible, race-neutral, case-related and neutrally applied reasons sufficient to overcome Parker’s prima facie case.
This holding directly contradicts the Purkett decision, which permits a proponent to offer justifications for strikes that are not “persuasive, or even plausible” and still meet their burden under step two of the Batson test. Purkett, supra, 514 U. S. at 768. In Parker, Judge Pope authored a special concurrence in which he argued that the majority’s ruling could only be valid as an interpretation of the Georgia Constitution, given the recent Purkett decision which demanded a different outcome under federal law. Parker, supra, at 364. Even though the majority in Parker did not openly renounce the Purkett decision, our courts continued for many years to require that justifications for peremptory strikes be “specific,” “case-related,” and “concrete.” Ridley v. State, 235 Ga. App. 591, 592 (510 SE2d 113) (1998) (“[i]n carefully scrutinizing the State’s reasons, we stress that they cannot be ‘too vague, too subjective,... non-specific, (or) non-case related’ ”); Hood v. State, 245 Ga.App. 391, 393 (537 SE2d 788) (2000) (affirming the lower court’s denial of a Batson challenge as “the inattentiveness of an apparently sleeping prospective juror is certainly a case-related, race-neutral reason for exercising a peremptory challenge”); George v. State, 263 Ga. App. 541, 545 (588 SE2d 312) (2003) (“the prosecutor offered no explanation about how juror 12’s earring was related to the case at hand or how it would render him unable to be a fair and impartial juror”) (emphasis supplied).
For over 25 years the decisions of this Court and our Court of Appeals have stood as a tool to help trial judges deal with all kinds of difficult and troubling issues, including those of race and gender. Trial judges need flexibility in using legal tools so that they may shape and mold the law to fit the particular situation. The majority opinion has given them an inflexible formalistic approach that elevates form over substance. There are times during the jury selection process that the trial court needs to be able to compress the process to get to the heart of the matter so that justice can be done not only to the parties, but also to the prospective jurors. Our trial judges are remarkably resourceful and are peculiarly equipped to get to the heart of matters. Often-times it is necessary to put substance over form to reach the right conclusion. Such an approach was evident years ago in my small north Georgia circuit, when I brought to the attention of the District Attorney and the judge that prospective jurors felt unappreciated when they were stricken during the peremptory challenge process for reasons of race and gender. It was at that moment that the trial judge turned to the District Attorney and said, “I know the law allows you to strike a juror for any reason, but I will not tolerate jurors being stricken because of race and gender.” The District Attorney responded by saying, “Judge, I agree with you and I will instruct my staff accordingly.” This conversation took place before Batson, Georgia v. McCollum, 505 U. S. 42 (112 SC 2348, 120 LE2d 33) (1992), and the host of related cases that were eventually decided by the United States Supreme Court. This colloquy reflected the sentiment of a small north Georgia circuit that race and gender had no place in the administration of justice.
To the credit of prospective jurors we sincerely believe that they enter upon the service in an environment that is free of discrimination based on race or gender. We offer them these words of support and
You are your country’s keeper Your government is but you You are the woof of her fabric Whether she be strong or weak or true Yes you are your country’s keeper And yours forever the blame Whether she rises in her glory Or withers in her shame.
One size does not fit all. It is this flexibility that I seek to preserve for trial judges and lawyers throughout this state, and it is with respect for our use of the jury system that I pen this special concurrence.
It was the early 1950s when our neighbor, Rev. Moses Slocum, became the first black person to serve on a jury in our circuit. His service was a moment of celebration for our entire community. Rather than becoming angry as to the lack of service, we looked to a brighter day when more would be allowed to serve. We were mindful of the words of Omar Khayyám (1048-1131), a Persian polymath, renowned as a mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, and poet.
The moving finger writes and having writ moves on,
All your piety and all of your wit Can’t call it back to cancel a line of it.
Nor all of your tears wash a word of it.
It was on one of these many occasions that an African-American woman approached me as the president of the local har association. She said the following:
I dropped everything that I was doing just to come to court and serve on the jury. I was well-dressed, well-mannered, well-educated and respectful. It was my chance to finally become a part of the government of a country and state that I love and honor. I answered all of the questions posed to me, the same as the other white jurors. Yet the whites were accepted and I was rejected. I feel I have been subpoenaed to court to be made a fool of.
She then paused and said:
If I am not good enough to serve as a juror, then I am not good enough to cooperate with the administration of justice. In the future, if I see a crime committed I will not volunteer to be a witness. If I am asked to he a part of neighborhood watch I will refuse to do so. If I am asked to he a part of some community activity designed to support the court system I will decline the opportunity And if I am subpoenaed to come to court again to serve on a jury, I will refuse to do so.
I realized then that the damage done when legitimately qualified citizens are denied service goes beyond the denial of a fair trial to those who appear before the bar of justice. The damage is done to the very foundation of justice itself. It erodes respect for our legal process. It causes citizens not to cooperate with law enforcement and those who administer our system of justice. This damage can be long-term and deep-seated.
