Toney v. State

141 Ala. 120 | Ala. | 1904

SHARPE, J.

Authority for the warrant under which petitioner is imprisoned, does not exist unless in an Act approved March 1, 1901 (Acts 1900-01, p. 1208), which purports to apply in Russell and other counties of this State and -which declares “That- any person who has contracted in writing to labor for, or serve, another for any given time, or any person who has bv written contract leased or rented land from another for any specified time, or any person who'has contracted in writing with a party furnishing the lands, or the lands and teams to cultivate it, either to furnish the labor, or the labor and teams to cultivate the land, with stipulations, express or. implied, to divide the crops between them in certain proportion, and who before the expiration of such contract and without the consent of the other party, and without sufficient excuse, to be adjudged by the court, shall leave such other party, or abandon said contract, or leave or abandon the leased premises, or the land furnished as aforesaid, and who shall also make a second contract, either parol or written, of a similar nature or character to any of said aforementioned contracts, though differing in some particulars in the terms, stipulations or period of time, with a different person, without first giving notice to such person of the existence of the said first contract, shall he guilty of a misdemean- or, and on conviction be fined not exceeding fifty dollars, or sentenced to hard labor for not exceeding six months, one or both,” etc. This enactment cannot operate consistently with the guarantees of equality, liberty, and property, made by the Federal and also by the State Constitution. ' In the State Constitution as it existed when this act was passed and as it now exists, “life, liberty and property” are enumerated as being among the inalienable rights of all men, and to protect the citizen in the enjoyment of “life, liberty and property” are declared to be the sole object and only legitimate end of government. In the Fourteenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution it is declared: “No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of the citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.” In interpretation of this, it was said in Allgeyer v. Louisiana 165 U. S. 578, 579 : “The liberty mentioned in the amendment means not only the right of the citizen to be free from the mere physical restraint of his person as by incarceration, but the term is deemed to embrace the right of the citizen to be free in the enjoyment of all his faculties; to be free to use them in all lawful ways; to live and work where he will; to earn his livelihood by any lawful calling, to pursue any livelihood or avocation and for the purpose to enter into all contracts which may be proper, necessary and essential to his carrying out to a successful conclusion the purposes above mentioned.” In support of that interpretation the court rendering it quoted approvingly from the opinion of Justice Bradley in Butcher’s Union (Jo. v. Orescent City Go., Ill U. S. 746, the following: “The right to follow any of the common occupations is an inalienable right. It was formulated as such under the phrase ‘pursuit of happiness’ in the declaration of independence which commenc" ed with the fundamental proposition that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are ‘life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness,’ this right is a large ingredient in the civil libertv of the citizen.” T

bold that the liberty of pursuit — the right to follow' any of the ordinary callings of life — is one of the privileges of a citizen of the United States.”

The court further said in Allgeyer’s Case, supra: “In the privilege of pursuing an ordinary calling or trade and of acquiring, holding and selling property must be embraced the right to make all proper contracts in relation thereto,” etc. On the same subject the court said in State v. Goodwill, 33 Va. 179; 25 Am. St. Rep. 863 : “A person living under the protection of this government has the right to adopt and follow any lawful industrial pursuit not injurious to the community which he may see fit. And as incident to this is the right to-labor or employ labor, make contracts in respect thereto- upon such terms as may be agreed upon by the parties,” etc. In the same case it was said: “The right to buy and sell property, and contract in respect thereto including contracts for labor — which, as we have seen, is property— is protected by the Constitution. If the legislature, without any public necessity has the power to prohibit or restrict the right of contract between private persons in respect of one lawful trade or business, then it may prevent the‘prosecution of all trades, and regulate all contracts.” The principles so announced are by the above cited and other authorities recognized as correct. See Commonwealth v. Perry, 155 Mass. 117; 14 L. R. A. 325; People v. Berrien Circuit Judge, 124 Mich. 664; 50 L. R. A. 493; Chicago v. Netcher, 183 Ill. 104; 75 Am. St. Rep. 98; 48 L. R. A. 261.

Occupations there are in which the public have such interest as will make them subject to statutory regulation or even prohibition. The constitutional provisions referred to were not designed to interfere with the States’ police powers; and within the limits set by the Constitution, State and Federal, the legislature is free to determine what subjects are proper to be legislated upon in .conservation of order, morals, health and safety; but a constitutional right “cannot be imposed or destroyed under the guise or device of being regulated.” South & North Ala. R. Co. v. Morris, 65 Ala. 193; Joseph v. Randolph, 71 Ala. 499.

The act in question purports to prohibit the employee and renter to make contracts of the kind he may have abandoned except under one of three alternative conditions. The first of these, the employer in the case of the employe», or the landlord in the case of the renter, could, by withholding his consent, render unavailable; the second — the existence of an excuse for the abandonment to be judged of by the court — could never be known to be available except at the risk of, and at the end of, a criminal prosecution; the third, that of giving notice of the existing contract would tend to prevent the making of a similar contract with a new employer or landlord, and this for reasons which are obvious, if regard be had to the risk of prosecution to which such new employer or landlord would be subject under another act in pari mar leria. with this and approved on the day before the approval of this act. Acts, 1900-01, p. 1225,

If the conditions prescribed by this act can be validly imposed, the door is open for the imposition of others more onerous. “Questions of power do not depend on the degree to which it may be exercised. If it may be exercised at all, it must be exercised at the will of those in whose hands it is placed. — Brown v. Maryland, 12 Wheat. 419.

Because of the restrictions it purports to place on the right to make contracts for employment and concerning the use and cultivation of land, this act is wholly invalid. Whether a like conclusion might be reached upon other considerations urged in the brief for petitioner, it is unnecessary to consider.

A forceful opinion opposed to the constitutionality of this act was recently rendered by Judge Jones, and is reported in 123 Federal Reporter (I). C.; Peonage Cases) 671.

The act for which petitioner is held was not a criminal offense and, therefore, the judgment appealed from will be reversed and it will here be ordered that the petitioner he discharged from custody.

Reversed and rendered.