123 Tenn. 476 | Tenn. | 1910
delivered the opinion of the Court.
The bill in this cause was filed March 19, 1909, in which complainant sought a divorce from the defendant on the grounds of desertion and cruel and inhuman conduct. There was a prayer for alimony, attorney’s fees, etc., and to secure the payment thereof the defendant’s interest in certain valuable property in Carter county, Tenn., was attached, as the property of a nonresident.
The defendant answered, denying the allegations of the bill, and defending on the merits of the charges brought against him, and also, for further defense, he specially interposed a judgment of divorce by the circuit court of Wise county, Va., together with authenticated copies of the proceedings had in that court, all of which was pleaded as a bar to complainant’s suit. The decree of the Virginia court was apparently founded on an alleged willful abandonment of the husband by the wife, upon the testimony of one Stout, who claimed to have knowledge of such fact so deposed. Toncray had resided in Virginia about twelve years at the time of this decree, and had unquestionably estabished a bona fide domicile there. The matrimonial domicile of the parties, however, was Tennessee. The Virginia decree was rendered November 13, 1905, and granted to Toncray an absolute divorce. It was based upon publication,
Upon issues thus made, proof was taken in this case, and it should here he said that we think, the evidence offered fully sustains the allegations of complainant’s hill as to the defendant’s cruelty toward, andehis desertion of this wife. Tie left her penniless with a family of six helpless children about 1893, went to Virginia, and contributed nothing to her .support thereafter. Upon her appeal defendant’s father helped care for the children. Complainant herself was destitute and frequently an object of county charity. So that, with the Virginia decree out of the way, this is a case in which the court would readily respond to the appeal of the wife, grant her divorce, and afford her such relief as was in its power.
The chancellor held that the Virginia case was valid in so far as it served to dissolve the bonds of matrimony existing between complainant and defendant, but that said decree, rendered without service of process on complainant, notice to her, or appearance by her, did not deprive complainant of her right to sue for alimony in this State, and he gave a decree in her favor for $3000 for alimony, making proper orders to secure its payment but of the estate of defendant previously impounded by the attachment. Defendant took a special appeal from that portion of the decree adjudging alimony against him, but neither party appealed from that portion of the decree holding the Virginia judgment valid,
It results that we cannot-here fully adjudicate the status to he given a foreign divorce obtained on publication alone. In this case that question has been determined by a court of competent jurisdiction. The chancellor’s decree respecting this divorce and its status, in so far as it is not appealed from, is final. That decree held the Virginia divorce valid in Tennessee tó a -particular extent, and to that extent it must be regarded as valid in this court in this case.
The question then presented to us is whether a pro- / ceeding for alimony can be maintained by the wife in / .this State, this being the matrimonial domicile andl all I the while her domicile, against a husband who had previously obtained from her in a foreign- State, upon publication, a divorce a vinculo, which divorce is recognized as valid and binding is so far as it severs the marriage v^tie. This is merely a suit for alimony in this court,for the chancellor has in effect settled the validity of the divorce for other purposes, and we are without power to ' review his action in this respect, if we so desired.
There is a conflict of authority in the several States upon the right of the wife to maintain an action of this sort, as there is upon many other questions arising out of divorce litigation. Uniformity of legislation and decision upon this subject is particularly desirable, but at' present seems far of accomplishment. Meanwhile respecting foreign divorces, we think each State should
■ One thing that appears now settled, since the decision of the supreme court in Haddock v. Haddock, 201 U. S., 562, 26 Sup. Ct., 525, 50 L. Ed., 867, and that is that no State is bound, under the full faith and credit clause of the federal constitution, to recognize, as against its citizens, divorces obtained in other States on publication, at a place other than the matrimonial domicile. Haddock v. Haddock is too recent and too familiar to the profession to render any discussion of it profitable here.
Upon the principles of that case, each State is at liberty to determine for itself what effect to give to divorce decrees rendered against its citizens in another State, without personal service of process. So we may, in so far as the federal constitution' is concerned, give to this Virginia judgment full recognition, partial recognition, or no recognition according as we consider the policy of our State demands.
This was, as has been seen, an ex parte proceeding in Virginia, with no representation of the wife. We think it well, as the chancellor has done in this case, to give certain efficacy to such decrees, to avoid rendering adulterous subsequent marriages of parties so divorced, and to avoid bastardizing children of such marriages. No such reasons of policy and1 morals restrain us from declining to give efficacy to this sort of foreign judgment in so far as it affects the question of alimony.
Construing our statute (section 4221 of Shannon’s Oodte), this court has said: “Nor is there any necessary connection between divorce and alimony; a divorce may be granted without alimony, and alimony may be granted when no divorce is decreed.” McBee v. McBee, 1 Heisk., 558-561. See, also, Nicely v. Nicely, 3 Head, 184; Swan v. Samson & Morris, 2 Cold., 534.
It thus appears that there is, under our statute, no absolute connection between divorce and alimony. As our courts can decree the one without the other, so, upon principle, we could enforce a foreign decree as to one, and not as to the other. This Virginia decree is silent on the question of alimony, and we might say that it was not the intention of that court to pass on alimony, although we do not mean to be understood' as saying we would have given effect to the decree, if it had undertaken so to adjudicate.
There is abundant authority to sustain the. chancellor’s decree from the courts of other States.
In the new Encyclopedia of Law and .practice, it is stated:
The supreme court of Minnesota, in a case where a husband domiciled with his wife in that State deserted her, and obtained a divorce from her in another State by constructive service, said, upon the wife’s application for alimony:
“The action for divorce in Washington was in the nature of a proceeding in rem. It seized nothing but the marriage status. The only reason why the seizure of that was sufficiently complete to give jurisdiction to condemn and destroy it is because it cannot be severed as to one, without being severed .as to both ; one can-, not remain married when the other becomes single. The court took jurisdiction of nothing else but the marriage status. 2 Bish. Mar. and Div., sections 169, 170, Nothing else was seized. No property was seized or came in question, and the proptery in this State could1 not be so seized.
“Neither the doctrine of res judicata nor estoppel to the parties concerned or interested in a proceeding in rem only so far as it has regard for the thing seized and condemned by the judgment.
“Thus A., claiming the right to the possession of a wagon which B. withholds from him, and finding all of it but the tongue in a State where B. does not reside, brings replevin, and on constructive service on B. ob*486 tains judgment for the possession, of that part of the wagon. In a subsequent suit between him and B. for the possession of the tongue, B. cannot plead that A. has split his cause of action, and A. cannot plead the adjudication in the first suit. On the contrary, all questions concerning the rights of the parties as to the tongue are res nova. See Plummer v. Hatton, 51 Minn., 181, 53 N. W., 460. Such is the case here; nothing is settled except that the marriage bonds are severed. 2 Bish. Mar. and Div., section 169.
“. . . The claim for alimony in this case is a substantive part of the original controversy. It is not something which is created by, or merely grew out of, the divorce suit such as costs and attorney’s fees incurred . in prosecuting that suit. Alimony is in many States so far a right independent of divorce that, on general equity principles, it is allowed during marriage, and without decreeing either divorce or separation, when the parties are living apart, and there is sufficient ground for decreeing either divorce or separation. See 2 Bish. Mar. and Div., sections 354, 355, and cases cited. The question of alimony is not res judicata by reason of the judgment of divorce in the proceeding in rem. Neither does that judgment estop the plaintiff from showing that Thurston had committed acts which entitled her to a divorce and alimony, and that she had committed no acts which forfeited her right to alimony, or which entitled him to a divorce, if that is material. That judgment establishes nothing except that the marriage relation has been condemned and de*487 stroyed by a judgment of divorce; all other questions are res nova ” Thurston v. Thurston, 58 Minn., 279, 59 N. W., 1017.
In a Kansas case, the husband had deserted the wife iii that State, where they were domiciled, and obtained a divorce from her on publication in West Virginia. Upon her application for alimony, the Kansas court said:
“As a divorce against a non-resident of this State may be obtained on service by pxiblication, comity requires that we should give full faith and credit to the decrees of sister States of a like nature authorized by law. . . . The question of jurisdiction, however, is always open to inquiry. Under the laws of West Virginia introduc.-ed in evidence, as well as our own, the status of married persons comes within the range of the judicial power, although the parties may reside in different States. But it will not be claimed that the title to land or the custody of children in one State can be settled by the decree of the courts of another; and1, while the West Virginia court did make a general order purporting to bar the rights of the wife in the real and personal property of the husband, yet this part of the decree could have no extraterritorial force so as to settle the title of any property outside that State. Mrs. Rodgers had acquired a homestead interest in the land upon which she resided with her children, and this could uot be divested by the decree of any court of another State. We must therefore hold that the district court of Cloud county had jurisdiction over the question of alimony,*488 and the custody of the children, notwithstanding the West Virginia divorce, which must he held valid to the extent of dissolving the marriage relation. We think that the English common-law doctrine . that_alimony is an incident only to a suit for divorce, and ; cannotybe-the-subject of an independent action, should I be regarded as modified in this State, where we recog-J “ nize the validity of the service by publication and the right of the wife to sue for alimony alone. The defendant is often entirely ignorant of the proceeding for divorce, as in this case, and may know nothing of the place of residence of the plaintiff. The wife may have no opportunity of setting up a claim for alimony nor for the custody of children; and, if she had knowledge of the proceeding, the court of another State would lack the power to deal effectually with these questions; and, as stated by the supreme court of Ohio in Cox v. Cox, 19 Ohio St., 502, 512 [2 Am. Rep., 415], the wife may still be regarded as holding that relation for the purpose of enforcing her claim to alimony and the cus-dody of children.” Rodgers v. Rodgers, 56 Kan., 483, 43 Pac., 779.
The supreme court of Alabama, where the husband had obtained a divorce in Indiana upon constructive service, after having left his wife in Alabama, their matrimonial domicile, upon the wife’s application for divorce and alimony, observed that the Indiana decree might protect the husband from a prosecution for bigamy, should he marry again in Alabama, but said further :
*489 “But without stopping to inquire whether it was ob-tainéd' by fraud, and therefore is vicious on that account or not, it certainly cannot affect the rights of the complainant, except her right in the husband as husband. If it is valid, it unmarries him and sets him free from his marital vows to her. He is no longer the complainant’s husband. But it does not settle her right to alimony; it does not settle her right to dower in his lands, and her statutory right to distribution of his property in this State, in the event she should survive him, nor any other interest of a pecuniary character she may have against him. . . . It is the duty of the State to protect its own citizens within its borders. This is the natural compensation for allegiance. This high duty extends to all the pecuniary rights pf the citizens, as well as to the rights of security of person. . . . No obligation of comity is paramount to this duty. Without a constant and effective exertion of it, citizenship becomes a farce. . . . The wife is as much the citizen of the State as the husband and is entitled to the protection of its laws to the same extent, so long as she remains within its jurisdiction. It would be a scandal to justice to imperil her and sacrifice her most important and cherished rights upon a mere technicality — a technicality that often contradicts the truth. When her protection requires it, it would be cruelly unjust for the State of her actual residence and domicile to repudiate its own right of jurisdiction to give her aid. I therefore think that the better opinion is that she has the right to file her bill here, and to all*490 the relief that the court could give her notwithstanding her husband might not he domiciled in this State at the commencement and during the whole pendency of her litigation with him.” Turner v. Turner, 44 Ala., 437.
In an Ohio case the court, discussing the effect of a divorce obtained on constructive service in Indiana from a wife domiciled in Ohio, said:
“The question, therefore, is whether the ex parte decree can be ma,de available, not only to effect a dissolution of the marriage, but to defeat the right of the petitioner to the alimony which the statute, upon the facts as they exist in regard to the husband’s desertion, intended to provide for her. We think the decree ought not to have such effect. In arriving at this conclusion, we make no distinction between a decree rendered under the circumstances of this case in a foreign and one rendered in a domestic forum. In either case to give a decree thus obtained the effect claimed for it would be to alloAV it to work a fraud upon the pecuniary rights of the wife. Such a result is rendered necessary in our opinion by no principle of comity or public policy — the only ground upon which ex parte decrees of divorce are authorized and supported.” Cox v. Cox, 19 Ohio St., 502, 2 Am. Rep., 415.
Other cases to the same effect as the foregoing from Alabama, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Michigan, Ohio, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Jersey, Washington, and Wisconsin, may be found cited in note 4, 3 Enc. L. and P., 75.
We are aware that this conclusion is subject to some criticism. It is well-nigh impossible to' formulate any rule respecting foreign divorces that will conform equal-, ly to the due process clause of the federal constitution, on the one hand, and to the full faith and credit clause, on the other. If we give full effect, or any effect, to such judgments, such action seems to conflict with the d'ue process clause. If we give no effect, or only partial effect, to such judgments, such action seems to conflict with the full faith and credit clause.
The only apparent way to avoid these difficulties is to hold divorce proceedings to be in rem, and to ascribe to the court, granting a divorce on constructive service, jurisdiction of the res, or marital relation, and hold its decree effective as directed against a thing of which it had jurisdiction.
This theory was destroyed by the supreme court in Haddock v. Haddock, supra, where it was held that the res was divisible, and' so much of the marriage rela
The effect of Haddock v. Haddock is hound to he that neither of the constitutional provisions referred to is applicable to divorce proceedings of this character, for the court in that case disavowed the intimation of “a douht as to the power of the State of New York to give to a decree of that character rendered in Connecticut, within the borders of the State of New York and as to its own citizens, such efficacy as it may be entitled to in view of the public policy of that State.
The supreme court of the United States is the ultimate expounder of the federal constitution, and, so long as Haddock v. Haddock stands, each of the States is entitled to give to such decrees as the one here under consideration just that degree of efficacy, within its borders as to its citizens, which its courts may determine to be the State’s proper policy.
We think the policy of the chancellor’s decree is the true one — the policy most consistent with justice, good morals and comity — and we adopt it as the course henceforth to be taken by the courts of this State.
We think the case of Thoms v. King, 95 Tenn., 60, 31 S. W., 983, is clearly distinguishable from this upon its facts. That was an application for dower out of the lands of a deceased husband who had established a domicile in Tennessee, which application was denied on the strength of a divorce obtained by the husband in Illinois upon constructive service. The wife there was
Thoms v. King, supra, was decided in 1895, prior to the decision in Haddock v. Haddock, and prior to several other learned discussions upon the subject of foreign divorces. There are expressions in it that are contrary to the best modern judicial thought, and contrary to the views expressed herein. To that extent the case is overruled.
We think there is no force in the contention that the property now own by this defendant husband should not be subjected to the complainant’s claims for ali-mouy, because it came to the defendant after he was divorced in Virginia. There is some authority for this view, but we do not regard it sound.
It is said that “alimony is allowed the wife in recognition of the husbands’ common-law liability to support her.” 3 Enc. L. and P., 57. As, in effect^ we have just held, the VAginia decree did not relieve defendant of this liability for the support of his wife. He assumed that liability upon' marriage, and it was a continuing one. It rested upon him with as much force after the Virginia decree, and after he came into Ms inheritance, as before. It remained a personal charge against him, and our courts when called
While approving the principle of the chancellor’s decree, we think in its practical application he went too far. He gave complainant a decree for $8000. As we understand1 the record, that decree would absorb defendant’s entire estate, which appears to be of about that value. Judgments for alimony do not generally go to such an extent. One-third of the estate, or one-half, is more often fixed upon by the courts as the proper proportion to be allowed as permanent alimony. Each case depends on its own circumstances, and the amount is within the discretion of the court, under our statutes. While the complainant herein has been greatly wronged, we think this judgment, under the circumstances of this case, should be reduced. The defendant has remarried in Virginia, and appears to have a child of that marriage. Nothing against the second wife appears in the record, but the testimony indicates that she is in every respect a worthy woman. Keeping in mind those ideas of justice, good, morals, and comity, of which we
With this modification, the decree of the chancellor is affirmed, and the cause remanded for execution thereof.