191 F. 776 | 6th Cir. | 1911
(after stating the facts as above). Counsel for defendant, complying with rule 24 (150 Fed. xxxiii, 79
(1) Error in overruling plaintiff in error’s motion for a peremptory instruction.
(2) Error in closing argument of counsel for defendant in error.
(3) The verdict and judgment are against the law and the evidence.
“JSTo fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examinable in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.”
In Parsons v. Bedford, 3 Pet. 433, 447, 448 (7 L. Ed. 732), Mr. Justice Story says of this amendment:
“This is a prohibition to. the courts of the United States to re-examine any facts tried by a jury in any other manner. The only modes known to the common law to re-examine such facts are the granting of a new trial by the court where the issue was tried, or to which the record was properly returnable ; or the award of a venire facias de novo, by an appellate court, for some error of law which intervened in the proceedings.”
.It has accordingly been held in many cases that the inquiry ends with the ruling of the trial judge on a motion for a new trial, and in cases in which no motion for a new trial was filed, and reversal was sought directly by proceedings in error, that the weight of the evidence was a matter which appellate courts of the United States have no power to consider. Parsons v. Bedford, 3 Pet. 433, 448, 449, 7 L. Ed. 732; Railroad Co. v. Fraloff, 100 U. S. 24, 31, 25 L. Ed. 531; Ætna Life Ins. Co. v. Ward, 140 U. S. 76, 91, 11 Sup. Ct. 720, 35 L. Ed. 371; Lincoln v. Power, 151 U. S. 436, 438, 14 Sup. Ct. 387, 38 L. Ed. 224; Erie R. R. Co. v. Winter, 143 U. S. 60, 75, 12 Sup. Ct. 356, 36 L. Ed. 71; Shauer v. Alterton, 151 U. S. 607, 626, 14 Sup. Ct. 442, 38 L. Ed. 286; Davidson S. S. Co. v. United States, 205 U. S. 187, 192, 27 Sup. Ct. 480, 51 L. Ed. 764; Herencia v. Guzman, 219 U. S. 44, 45, 31 Sup. Ct. 135, 55 L. Ed. 81; Graves v. Sanders, 125 Fed. 690, 693, 60 C. C. A. 422; Illinois, etc., R. Co. v. Davies, 146 Fed. 247, 248, 76 C. C. A. 613; Mutual, etc., Co. v. Heidel, 161 Fed. 535, 538, 88 C. C. A. 477.
The whole matter is comprehensively put by Mr. Justice Hughes in Herencia v. Guzman, 219 U. S. 44, 45, 31 Sup. Ct. 135 (55 L. Ed. 81):
“The argument on behalf of plaintiff in error proceeds upon the assumption that this court may review the evidence as to negligence and as to the damages recoverable, and may reverse the judgment if the court is dissatisfied with the findings of the jury. This, however, is not the province of the court upon writ of error. As there was evidence proper for the consideration of the jury, the objection that the verdict was against the weight of the evidence or that the damages allowed were excessive cannot be considered.”
There is no aspect in which the verdict and judgment are presented in the argument or in counsel’s brief, or otherwise, as contrary to
The Circuit Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, in applying rule 11 (150 Fed. xxvii, 79 C. C. A. xxvii) of the Circuit Courts of Appeals, disregarded assignments of error that the judgment was contrary to the law and contrary to the evidence, because they did not specify wherein the judgment was contrary to the law and to the evidence. Smith v. Hopkins, 120 Fed. 921, 923, 57 C. C. A. 193. This was, no doubt, a proper application of the rule, and this court may properly disregard any consideration of the evidence in determining whether or not the verdict was contrary to law except so far as it must be considered in determining whether or not the motion for a directed verdict should have been granted. In other words the recognized distinction, as shown by Judge Burton in Mt. Adams, etc., Ry. Co. v. Lowery, 74 Fed. 463, 476, 477, 20 C. C. A. 596, between that amount of evidence which requires a case at its close on' such a motion to be submitted to the jury, and that amount of evidence which is sufficient to sustain a verdict, is not of importance here for the reason as shown that with the weight of the evidence an appellate court of the United States has nothing to do. Obviously, then, the alleged errors narrow down to the claim that the motion for a directed verdict ought to have been granted, and the contention that the verdict ought to be set aside because of alleged misconduct of counsel.
“The motion must be overruled, where the testimony presented by the plaintiff, if believed by the jury, will support the petition.”
Other authorities are to the same effect. Mt. Adams, etc., Ry. Co. v. Lowery, 74 Fed. 463, 476, 477, 20 C. C. A. 596; Central, etc., R. Co. v. Mansfield, 169 Fed. 614, 95 C. C. A. 142; Norfolk & Western Ry. Co. v. Hazelrigg, 170 Fed. 551, 95 C. C. A. 637; L. S. & M. S. Ry. Co. v. Eder, 174 Fed. 944, 98 C. C. A. 556; Noble v. Crane Co., 169 Fed. 55, 94 C. C. A. 423.
The issues were the alleged negligence of defendant in maintaining its rails as they were, and the question of the proximate cause of the accident.
It being agreed that contributory negligence is out of the case, and that the negligent conduct of the engineer and of the brakeman, Garee, in backing the train was not in law chargeable to the defendant, and no point being made in this proceeding that Hollopeter assumed the risk involved in the condition of the rails if there was any, the determination of the issues depends upon whether or not Hollopeter caught his foot as alleged; for, if he was knocked down by the car and then run over, the condition of the rails had nothing to do with the accident, however negligently they may have been maintained. Tt is clear, too, that, if his foot was not caught, the cause and only cause of his
Briefly the respective claims of the parties based upon the same facts are: The defendant’s, that Hollopeter was knocked down by the Erie car and run over; the plaintiff’s, that his foot was caught so he could hot escape. Plaintiff must show by a preponderance of the testimony that the foot was caught through the negligent construction of the rails as alleged, and that the catching of the foot was the proximate cause of the accident.
“It [the Supreme Court] has-by distinct and definite rulings declared that, if there is any substantial evidence bearing upon the issue to which the Jury might in the proper exercise of its function give credit, the court cannot rightfully direct the jury to find in opposition to such evidence.”
There is a sharp line to be drawn between inferences which would logically follow a given state of facts and which in themselves constitute substantial evidence, and such a state of the evidence, on the other hand, as to give rise to mere conjecture or guessing, or to involve the weighing of probabilities. No man’s property should be taken from him on the mere guess that he has committed a wrong imposing a legal liability because of a probability among other probabilities that the accident for which recovery is sought might have happened in the way charged. In speaking for this court Judge Cochran pertinently says :
“But a case should never be left to a jury simply on a question of probabilities with a direction to find in accordance with the greater probability. Probabilities may help out items of evidence from which an inference can be drawn, but cannot take their place. To allow a jury to dispose of a case simply upon a weighing of probabilities is to turn them loose into the field of conjecture, and to have the rights of the parties determined by guess.” Virginia, etc., Ry. Co. v. Hawk, 160 Fed. 348, 352, 87 C. C. A. 300, 304.
In Day v. Boston, etc., R. R. Co., 96 Me. 207, 52 Atl. 771, 90 Am. St. Rep. 335, Judge Emery, speaking for the Supreme Court of Maine, puts it this way:
“However confidently one in his own affairs may base his judgment on mere probability as to a past event, when he assumes the burden of establishing such event as a proposition of fact, as a basis for a judgment of a court, he must adduce evidence other than a majority of chances.”
Again .speaking for this' court, Judge Cochran defines substantial evidence. He says:
“If the evidence favoring such facts of the plaintiff's case is such that reasonable men may fairly differ as to whether it establishes them, then it is substantial. If, however, it is such that all reasonable men must conclude*783 that it does not establish them, then it is not substantial.” Jenkins, etc., Co. v. Alpena, etc., Co., 147 Fed. 641, 643, 77 C. C. A. 625, 627.
In the absence of direct proof circumstances are always admissible, the strength of the evidence depending upon the conclusiveness of the circumstances, and, when facts are wanting, presumptions are permitted to take their place. It is put this way by the Supreme Court:
“Presumptions are indulged in to supply the place of facts. They are never allowed against ascertained and established facts. When these appear, presumptions disappear.” Lincoln v. French, 105 U. S. 614, 617 (26 L. Ed. 1189).
Again:
“But presumptions can stand only whilst they are compatible with the conduct of those to whom it may he sought to apply them; and still more must give place, when in conflict with clear, distinct and convincing proof.” Fresh v. Gilson, 41 U. S. (16 Pet.) 326, 330 (10 L. Ed. 982).
The established facts are: A space between the .rails sufficiently large to admit the kind of shde Hollopeter wore. He entered between the cars to open the knuckles of the coupler, an operation requiring a very short time. His left hand was at the corner of the Erie car or on the lever at that corner. The car stood still. There was a space of from four to six feet between it and the next, the Pennsylvania, car. There was some distance between the end of the Erie car and the first wheel that ran over Hollopeter. One witness said: “The trucks you know stand way in under.” Similarly there was some. distance between the end of the Pennsylvania car and its nearest wheel at that end. The Erie car was moved by the impact of the other cars, but it was going slowly, “very slow” as described by the one eyewitness, Pennell. This witness testified:
“The car did not early him to the Pennsylvania car.” “He was standing still, and the car struck him, and he tried to get out and reached for the next car.” “Just as the car did strike him, it looked like he tried to get away.” “He reached for the next car.” “Apparently just as he stepped in between the cars, the cars were struck, or moved at least, and he fell and the wheels passed over him.” “He reached at the time he fell; well, almost the same time the car was struck.”
It will be seen from this that the young man was not struck vio-r leutly and knocked down. He “fell” down. It is a fair inference from the testimony that he was pushed down by the car moving very slowly.
If indeed his foot was free, why could he not have reached the Pennsylvania car? Why could he not have jumped back out of danger between the cars? He is described as active on his feet. If his foot was not held fast, why was there not plenty of time within which to escape the slowly on-coming wheel by utilizing the considerable distance between it and the stationary wheel under the Pennsylvania car ?
Many a fair-minded man reasonably endowed with intelligence might say with much conviction from the facts given that the only reason why Plollopeter did not get away was because his foot was caught and he could not. Such inferences do not involve mere probabilities or the balancing of probabilities. They are facts drawn as conclusions based on a man’s own experience, his observation, his appreciation of cause and effect, and they involve an explanation of a
On the other hand, the defendant’s claim is not so satisfactorily explanatory, for the reason, among others, that the catching of the foot under its theory was but an incident to the accident. Under that theory, the man was knocked over, and it so happened that his foot and lower limb were crushed into the aperture between the rails.
The certain facts ‘‘established without conflict” which are relied on by defendant as showing conclusively the impossibility of the foot having been caught before the young man was run over are:
“(a) When Hollopeter was struck by the car he was facing northeast, towards the Pennsylvania ’car.”
“(b) When Hollopeter was struck by the moving car, he reached out towards the Pennsylvania car, cast of him, apparently in an effort to hold on to that car, and save himself.”
“(c) When Hollopeter’s leg and foot were found wedged between the rails, the foot was pointing west and the top of the foot and leg were turned upwards.”
Defendant lays too much stress upon such testimony as there was .on the subject of the relative' cardinal positions of the cars, the rails, the foot, and the body after the accident. The accident happened on a sharp curve tending eastwardly and westwardly, but the evidence does not disclose with exactness the relation of the physical facts to the points of the compass. It is not to be supposed that Pennell, testifying long after the accident of what he saw from a point 300 feet away, and with no occasion at the time to fix with particularity the points of the compass, and with nothing but memory to assist him in that respect at the time of testifying, intended to fix absolutely the relative directions of the various movements he saw Hollopeter make. Nor are the facts that the foot was pointing westwardly and the shin was up -by any means conclusive. On the contrary, Hollopeter was reaching in to open the knuckle with his right hand, with his left hand at the corner of the car or on the lever. Necessarily in such action he was facing toward the coupling between the cars with the front of • his body toward the rear of the Erie car and his foot might well have been caught before the car moved or just at the moment it moved. If that happened, the most natural thing for him to do was to attempt to reach out toward the Pennsylvania car, but in doing that he need 1 not' face it, and it does not appear that he did actually face it.
When that fact was determined, it was then for the jury to say whether a reasonably prudent employer exercising ordinary care for the safety of his employe would permit such a curve to be utilized for the purpose of frequent switching when it was necessary for the employé to go between the cars either because of defective couplers, or because the sharpness of the curve tended to prevent the operation of the automatic couplers, and would allow a guard rail, distant from 3 to 3 y[> inches from the rail of the track as the testimony tended to show, to remain unblocked, into which the foot of an employé might go by the bending of the sole of his shoe with the weight of its owner upon it and which could not readily be withdrawn.
If all fair-minded men would answer that question in the affirmative, .then the question of negligence should not have been submitted to the jury. It requires but a statement of the proposition to suggest its answer. It cannot be said that there would be an agreement. On the contrary, it is probable that a large majority of fair-minded men would say that such conduct disclosed a lack of ordinary care on the part of the employer who had the positive duty to perform of exercising such care. At any rate, it can be said with some conviction that not all fair-minded men would reach a conclusion exonerating defendant from the charge of negligence. The duty imperatively devolved upon the trial judge to submit the question to the jury.
The subject of proximate cause was so plainly put to the jury by
No exception was taken to the definitions and distinctions given and made in the charge. The accident would not have happened unless the car had been negligently moved upon Hollopeter, and there was, on the other hand, evidence tending to show that what cost him his life was his inability to extricate his foot from rails, negligently maintained, in time to avoid the consequence of the moving car. In this respect the case is similar in its facts to Erie Railroad Co. v. White (C. C. A.) 187 Fed. 556, 559, 560, recently decided by this court and quite like it in principle. It is there said that either cause might be considered proximate and the other contributory, according to the view taken by the triers of fact. In this case the jury found that the catching of the foot in the negligently maintained rails was the proximate cause of the accident. Their finding ends the matter.
No error appearing, the judgment of the Circuit Court will be affirmed, with costs.