This was a suit by Goddard, against tho railroad, company, before a justice of the peace of Allen county, for injuries to the wagon and horses of the former, caused by the cars of the latter, at a point where a street or public highway crossed the track of the railway, by the alleged carelessness of the servants and agents of the railway company.
The carelessness and wrongful acts complained of are, that the agents and employees of the railway company caused the plank road, or highway, on'which the plaintiffs agent 'and team were passing across the track of the railway, “to be wrongfully and unlawfully obstructed, by placing freight cars thereon, and obstructing the track of said road from the view of the people, and especially from the view of the agent of the plaintiff, when about to drive said horses and wagon across said railway track, on said street. And that said employees and agents of the defendant, at the time aforesaid, were running a locomotive and train of cars on said railroad, through the city of Fort Wayne,
The defendant answered:
1st. A general denial.
2d. “ That the defendant’s gravel train was backing up in the usual way, at a moderate speed, to get out of the way of the regular train, when the plaintiff’s team was carelessly, negligently and recklessly driven into the defendant’s said gravel train, and thereby, without the fault or negligence of the defendant, and by the negligence and recklessness of the dxiver of the plaintiff’s team, the said accident complained of occurred.” There was a replication in denial of the second answer.
The justice of the peace, on the hearing of the cause, rendered a judgment for the plaintiff. The defendant appealed to the Allen Circuit Court, and the cause was aftex’ward transferred, on change of venue, to the Wells Circuit Court. In the latter court there was a trial by jury, and a verdict for the plaintiff. Motion for a new trial overruled, and judgment on the verdict. The evidence is all ixx the record, of which a plat of the locality of the accident, and of the surroundings, is made a part.
By the plat, and other evidence explanatory thereof, and of the facts and circumstances connected with the injury complained of, it appears that the accident occurred on the south side of the city of Fort Wayne, whex’e the plank x'oad, (the extension of Lafayette street,) crosses the railroad tracks. The course of the plank road is nearly due north and south, and the tracks of the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad, and of the Toledo and Wabash Railroad, both ■ running east and west, cross the plank road at nearly right angles.
The Wabash road is south of the Chicago road, and has
Goddard lived south of Fort Wayne, and was engaged in hauling wood over the plank road to the city. His team, for months, had been dxiven by a hired hand by the name of Gilpin, who had driven it almost daily over the same cx’ossing, and was familiar with the locality. The aceidexxt occurred between two and thx’ee o’clock ixx the afternoon of the 4th of January, 1862, and about the time the regular passenger train on the railroad, going west, was due at that place. Gilpin had been to the city, and was returning home with Goddard’s team wheix the accident occurred. Two other persons, Gerrard and Pobuck, were in the wagon, but Gilpin was driving.
The gravel train on the Wabash road was backing in from the east, on the south track of that road, as was usual at that time of day, to clear the main track for the passenger train. The wood-shed of the Chicago road prevented Gilpin from seeing the gravel train thus backing in, and for the same reason the engineer of that train could not see the team approaching the crossing until the horses passed the wood-shed and were within a few feet of the track, and the collision occurred almost instantly afterward. As soon as the engineer discovered the team, he Avhistled the brakes down and stopped the train as soon as they could be applied, almost instantly. The bell of the engine was ringing while the train was backing in. The plaintiff’s witnesses testified that the train came doAvn before the horses, and the horses turned to the west, and the second or third car struck the near hind wheel of the wagon and knocked one of the horses under the box car standing on the north track of the railroad, west of the plank road. While the witnesses for the defendant testify that the tongue of the wagon first struck the side of the third car, and made a distinct mark on it; that the force and impetus of the ears turned the horses and wagon west, and brought the wagon in contact mth the car. It is not, perhaps, very material whether the cars ran against the wagon, or the wagon the cars. One fact, however, is quite
Gilpin did not stop the team, or even slacken his speed, for the purpose of ascertaining if the track was clear, before approaching or attempting to go on it; nor is there any evidence that he used any of his senses, or any precaution whatever, to ascertain whether a train was approaching.
During the progress of the trial, the defendant having first proved that Gilpin was the driver of • Goddard’s team at the time of the accident, asked a competent witness, then on the stand, this question: “ What conversation, if any, had you with the said 'Gilpin, the driver of the plaintiff’s team, at the time of the accident, and in relation to it?” The plaintiff objected to the question, on the ground that the statements of the driver were not a part of the res gestae, and the court sustained the objection and refused to allow the witness to answer the question, to which the defendant excepted. And this is the first question presented by the record.
Gilpin was the servant and agent of Goddard in driving his team, and if he contributed to the accident by his own negligence, or by failing to exercise ordinary care to prevent it, Goddard would have to suffer the consequences, ■and could not recover. Driving the team was the business of Gilpin’s agency, and it was his duty to use ordinary hare to prevent injury, and if immediately upon the occur
It is not shown, however, what particular fact was expected to he elicited from the answer of the witness, by which the materiality of the evidence would be shown. This, we think, should have been done; and in the absence of such showing, we cannot say that the defendant below was injured by the refusal of the court to admit the evidence, and therefore should not reverse the judgment because of such refusal.
■ To justify the finding of the jury in favor of the plaintiff, they must have found that the injury was caused by the negligence of the agents and employees of the railroad company, as alleged in the complaint, and it is insisted by the appellant that the evidence in the ease does not sustain the finding.
The court, at the request of the plaintiff', submitted to the jury the following special interrogatories, to which they returned the answers annexed.
“ Was not the defendant guilty of negligence in placing the freight car on the side track, on the street, thereby obstructing the same ? ” To which the jury answered, “Yes.”
“Was not the defendant guilty of negligence in not placing some visible signal at or near the south-west corner of the wood-shed, to indicate the approach of the backing train, to prevent collision?” To which the jury answered, “Yes.”
These interrogatories, we think, should not have been submitted to the jury. The answers to them do not constitute a special verdict under the statute. They were probably intended to be submitted under the last clause of: sec. 336 of the code, 2 G. & IT. 205, which provides that the court, “ in all cases when requested by either party, shall
The question of negligence is ordinarily a mixed one of law and fact, but when the facts are found, then their legal consequences constitute purely a question of law for the coui’t, and not for the jury. If the jury had been asked to find specially whether the defendant had placed a freight car on the side track on the street, thereby obstructing the same; and whether the company had placed a visible signal at or near the south-west corner of the wood-shed, to indicate the approach of the backing train, to prevent collision, and the jury had answered the first in the affirmative, and the second in the negative, these would have been facts specially found by the jury, and then it would have devolved upon the «•art to determine, as a question of law, whether the facts so found by the jury constituted such negligence as to make the defendant liable for the injury complained of.
No exceptions were taken to the interrogatories in the court below, but as no facts are found by the answers, they can have no influence in sustaining the general verdict of the jury.
We have seen that the car on the side track west of the plank road was not on the highway, and, as the train approached from the east, it could not have obstructed the view. The car on the east side of the plank road projected a few feet into the highway, bull it is unreasonable, if not impossible, to ascribe the accident to its presence there. It was almost entirely hid from view by the wood shed on the Chicago road, and if the car had not been there, the evidence is clear that the view of the approaching train would
The only question presented by the record, even tending to show negligence on the part of the employees of the railroad company, which could have caused or contributed, to the injury, is as to the l’ate of speed of the train in approaching the crossing. The law does not determine how-fast a train may run in crossing a public highway. It is a. question of ordinary care and prudence, and must depend' upon all the surroundings.-'' A rate of speed amounting to-gross negligence iff running a train across a street in thej crowded part of a city, where inany persons and teams are-constantly passing and repassing, might not show any want of care and-prudence in crossing a highway in open view and but little used. Here the record does not show the surroundings bearing on this point.
At the instance of the defendant, the court required the jury to find specially in answer to the following interrogatory, viz:
“Did the gravel train back up at a greater rate of speed than four miles per hoúr?” To which the jury answered, “Yes.” The jury also found specially that the bell of the engine of the gravel train was rung as the train was-backing.
It will be observed that though the jury found that the-train backed up at a greater rate of speed than four miles-per hour, they did not find at what rate it did back up.
Gerrard, who was in the wagon, testifies: “I should judge the train was going at the rate of eight or ten miles an hour.1”
Newman testifies that he was present, saw the train backingin, and saw the .collision. “The train was backing at a speed not. exceeding four miles an hour.” This witness further testifies that when the brakes were applied “ the train stopped instantly. The fourth car was bn the road when the train' stopped, and nearly across the street.”
William Jones testifies that he heard the train coming down, heard the whistle, and afterward the bell ringing. The train was making a great.-noise; heard the whistle above, “ and saw the train coming down slow.” * *
“ Erom the noise the train made, I should judge that it was backing in at a speed of from two and a half to three miles per hour.”
Gerrard was unskilled in judging of the speed of trains. .He was in the wagon, and did not see the train until almost ,at the instant the collision occurred, and'then, from his own -perilous situation, it is but reasonable to presume that his mind and attention were directed immediately to the horses ¡and wagon, and the means of escape from imminent peril.
Newman and Jones were accustomed to judge of the speed of moving trains, not only by sight, but by the noise made by them and the stroke of the -engine. The former was an employee of the defendant, and the latter of the Fort Wayne and Chicago Company. They both heard and saw the train backing in before it reached the crossing. Their attention was directed to the train. They were therefore better qualified to judge of the speed, and their opportunities of judging accurately were far superior to those of Gerrard. But the fact testified to by Newman, and which is not contradicted, that the train was stopped instantly, when the brakes were applied, seems conclusive
Here, however, it is evident from the record that the finding of the jury is based alone upon the alleged carelessness of the , defendant in leaving the box car on the side track, and in the failure to place “ some visible signal at or near the corner of the wood shed, to indicate the approach of the gravel train, or otherwise notify Gilpin of its approach, and' not because the train was moving at an improper speed. The complaint contains a general allegation of carelessness in running the train, but there is no specific charge that it was run at an improper rate of speed. No instruction to the jury in reference to the speed of the train was asked by the plaintiff, or given by the court, nor did the plaintiff ask any special finding on that subject.
The following instruction, excepted to by the defendant, was asked by the plaintiff, and given by the court: “ If the driver of the plaintiff’s team did not hear the bell or whistle, and it could not have been heard by a man of ordinary capacity and care, owing* to the ringing of the bell on the Pittsburgh road, a few feet behind him, and he could not see the train backing in on the Wabash road, on account of the
It holds the Wabash road responsible that the engineer on the gravel train, with his own bell ringing in his ears, should hear the bell on the Pittsburgh road, and know that its noise prevented persons passing down the plank road to the crossing' from hearing his own bell or whistle, and thereby imposed on him the necessity of giving all such passers special notice of the approach of his train, before going upon the crossing. If the engineer sounded the whistle and rang the bell, and approached the crossing at a reasonable speed, these were all the means of notice within his power; they constituted reasonable and ordinary diligence, and were all the law requires Runyen v. The Central R. R. Co., 1 Dutcher 558; Mackey v. The New York Central R. R. Co., 27 Barb. 528.
The instruction is remarkable in another respect. While it is so extremely rigid as to the requirements of the railroad company to avoid injuries, it says, to-the jury, that if Gilpin could not see the gravel train because of the wood
The rights and duties of a railroad company, and of -persons traveling on a public highway crossing the track of the railroad, are mutual. Both have the right to pass, and both are bound to use ordinary care and diligence, in doing so, to avoid injury. Ordinary cafe is that degree of care which a person of ordinary’ prudence is presumed to use, under the particular circumstances, to avoid inj ary. It must be in proportion to the danger to be avoided, and the fatal consequences involved in its neglect.
It is the well settled doctrine of the law, that a plaintiff cannot recover in such a case, if it appears that by the want of ordinary care or prudence on his part he directly contributed to the injury, or in other words, if by the exercise of ordinary care and prudence he might have avoided the injury. "Where negligence is the issue, it must be a case of unmixed negligence to justify a recovery; and if both parties, by their negligence, immediately contributed to produce the injury, neither can recover. These positions are sustained by the following authorities: Butterfield v. Forester, 11 East 60; The Evansville, &c., R. R. Co. v. Hiatt, 17 Ind. 102; Loften v. Vogles, id. 106; The Evansville, &c., R. R. Co. v. Lowdermilk, 15 Ind. 120; The Toledo and Wabash R. R. Co. v. Thomas, 18 Ind. 215; Smith v. Smith, 2 Pick. 621; Brooks v. The Buffalo, &c., R. R. Co., 25 Barb. 600; Suydam v. The Street Railway Co., 41 Barb. 875; Runyen v. The Central R. R. Co., 1 Dutcher 558; Dascomb v. The Erie R. R. Co., 27 Barb. 221; Mackey v. The New York Central R. R. Co., 27 Barb. 528; Button, Adm’x, v. The Hudson River R. R. Co., 18 N. Y. 248; Brown v. Maxwell, 6 Hill 592; The Cleveland, &c., R. R. Co., v. Ferry, 8 Ohio 570: Clark v. Kirwin,
Upon the supposition, then, that the railroad company, or its employees, were guilty of negligence, and that such negligence contributed to the collision, the question recurs, was Gilpin, the agent of the plaintiff, free from fault, or was he also negligent, and did that negligence also contribute to the injury?
We have already referred to the evidence on this point. The jury returned an affirmative answer to the following interrogatory, submitted by the plaintiff, viz: “Was not Gilpin, the driver of the plaintiff’s team, giving proper attention to the passing trains at the time the collision occurred?” The interrogatory is indefinite in the fact that the word “trains” is used, while the gravel train was the only one on the defendant’s road that was passing or approaching the crossing. A train or locomotive on the Pittsburgh road had just crossed the plank road in front of the •team, to which, as we have seen, Qilpin was paying attention; but, upon the presumption that the interrogatory also referred to the gravel train, with which the wagon collided, and was so understood by the jury, it will be observed that it refers to no particular fact, but leaves it entirely to the jury to determine what constituted proper attention, under the circumstances. If Gilpin saw the train approaching and was giving attention to it, he should at once have stopped the team, and if he saw it in time to have done so, and still rushed upon it, the act was not merely negligence but extreme recklessness. But pei’haps the answers to certain interrogatories submitted by the defendant may serve, in some degree, to explain what, in the opinion of the jury, constituted “proper attention.” The interrogatories are as follows: “Did Gilpin, the driver of Goddard’s team, stop before crossing defendant’s track, or look for or listen for a passing train?” Answer, “No.”
“Did Gilpin use any precaution to ascertain whether
Gerrard and Robuek both testify that the horses were being driven in a moderate or slow trot,'which Gerrard explained to be at the rate of six miles an hour. These witnesses were both in the wagon, and Robuek, testifies that he saw the train coming and thought there would be a collision. Erom the answers to these interrogatories, it is evident that “driving moderate,” that is in a slow trot, at the rate of six miles an hour, constituted, in the opinion of the jury, giving “ proper attention to the passing. trains,” and was all the precaution Gilpin could use, under the circumstances, to ascertain whether there was any train approaching.
The evidence clearly indicates that Gilpin, after passing the locomotive on the Pittsburgh, track, drove forward at an unwarrantable speed, without listening, looking or halting, or attempting to do so, until-die came in collision with the train. He was familiar with the crossing, had passed over it almost daily for months, and knew, or might and should have known, the time that regular trains on the road were due at that point, and, under the circumstances, if a view of the track was obstructed by the wood shed1, and the noise of the locomotive behind him prevented him from hearing the whistle or bell of the approaching train, common prudence should have dictated to him to approach the track slowly, and not venture upon it until he had ascertained that no train was approaching. Railing in this, the collision occurred. The injury was the result- of his own negligence, and the plaintiff has no cause to complain of the railroad company.
The case of Mackey v. The New York Central R. R. Co., 27 Barb. 528, was very similar- to the case at- bar, except in its fatal consequences. There, as here, a wood house and several piles of wood stood near the track, obstructing the view of persons approaching on the- highway. Mackey.
In reversing the judgment, the court say: “The wood was piled all along for many rods so as to obstruct the view. In what respect this imposed any extra duty on the defendant, I cannot conceive. The deceased was not a stranger there. He had been engaged in hauling and piling the wood at the station the whole of the last season. He knew, or should have known, the number of trains run and the time of running, &c. It was the height of imprudence, with such knowledge, to attempt to cross the track when a train was due till he had fully ascertained that it was safe to do so. The situation of the wood pile did not diminish the degree of care required of him in the slightest degree— rather did it increase his duty to a greater carefulness. He was bound to exercise care, diligence and foresight in proportion to the danger to be avoided, and the fatal consequences involved in his neglect.”
In Runyen v. The Central R. R. Co., 1 Dutcher 558, it is said that, “The necessities of railroad travel demand a speed at which it is impossible to prevent a collision, if persons traveling on the highway rush carelessly or recklessly upon a crossing, ahead of an approaching train. Every collision of the kind places not only the party traveling on the highway, but the passengers in the train of cars in iminent peril, many times occasioning great loss of life. Every precaution should be used by persons driving teams, &c., to guard against coming in contact. The proper signals should always be given from a locomotive on approaching the crossing, and the omission of this caution should be punished. But, besides this, persons approaching a crossing in their own vehicles must use their eyes and ears, and
These rules, we think, are sound ones and applicable to the case at bar.
The judgment of the court below is in all things reversed, with costs, and the cause remanded for a new trial.