212 Mo. 445 | Mo. | 1908
— This is an action for damages for personal injuries caused, as alleged, by the negligence and carelessness of the defendant. The case was tried in the circuit court of Henry county on change of venue from Polk county, the trial resulting in a verdict and judgment for plaintiff in the sum of five thousand dollars, from which judgment defendant appeals.
The plaintiff, according to the evidence, was employed by one E. H. Hess, foreman of defendant’s “bridge gang,” to board and cook for the members of said bridge gang, plaintiff to furnish the board and do the cooking for the compensation of fifty cents a day, or $3.50 per week, for each man, it being further agreed between plaintiff and Hess that in case any of
On the night preceding the morning of the accident, which resulted in plaintiff’s injuries, the freight train to which the six cars used by the bridge gang were attached ran into the terminal yards of defendant at Monett, Barry county, Missouri, the bridge gang
The evidence on the part of the plaintiff differs from that for the defendant as to the rate at which the cars were running and the suddenness of the stop, and particularly as to the latter. Both plaintiff and her son, Ira, testified that .in a whole year’s experience of riding on freight trains they had never felt or experienced so sudden and violent a shock or jar as the one which threw plaintiff on the floor of the car and caused the injury.
J. F. Watson, engineer on the train, testifying for the defendant, stated that there were between' twenty-five and thirty cars in the train; that it was running between six and eight miles an hour, and that he stopped the train in the usual way by means of the air brake and locomotive drivers and tenders; that he did
The fireman on the engine, the switchyard foreman and -two switchmen testified for the defendant, their testimony being to the effect that the stop was not more sudden than usual, and that it was made in the usual way.
E. H. Hess, foreman of the bridge gang, testifying for the defendant, stated that he was in a car ahead of the cook car at the time the train was stopped, that he was writing at the time, and that he did not notice that the bump was more violent than usual. He also stated that plaintiff told him, after she was hurt, that she had been washing dishes, and was in a hurry putting them away at the time she was thrown down. He further testified that he had told plaintiff several times that she should sit down while the train was switching as there would be more or less jarring.
Plaintiff testified, in rebuttal, denying that Hess had ever told her to sit down whenever the train was switching.'
Two physicians and surgeons, who had examined plaintiff, testified that she suffered great pain from the injury, that the injury was permanent, and that the injured leg was about an inch and a half shorter than the other and would remain so.
Defendant insists that the court committed error in permitting plaintiff, as a witness in her own behalf, to testify, over defendant’s objection, (1) to a conversation had with Hess, the foreman, with reference to her employment as cook, it not being shown, as contended, that Hess had had authority to bind the defendant; (2) that the company had on two occasions paid board bills owing her by the men, it not being
Whether error was committed in admitting evidence of a conversation between plaintiff and Hess detailing the agreement and understanding under which plaintiff went to work as cook for defendant’s bridge gang depends upon whether Hess, in making such agreement, had authority so to do, and that the company was bound thereby. That there was no direct or positive evidence of such authority is quite clear, but the existence of such authority may be proven by facts and circumstances, if sufficient. The testimony of the plaintiff, Ira Tinkle, her son, and H. E. Hook, tended to prove that Hess was foreman of defendant’s bridge gang; that there were six cars in the outfit, one of which was fitted up and prepared by the defendant company for purposes of cooking and eating, another with bunks for sleeping, the remaining cars containing the bridge gang’s tools and equipment for bridge work; that Hess hired and discharged the men of the bridge gang and the cooks. Hess testified that he was foreman of the bridge gang;' that he worked under the direction of defendant’s superintendent of bridges and building; that the latter knew of his employing cooks for the men and having them work in the car; that the company furnished all the cars including the cooking and dining car; also furnished fuel for cooking purposes, and permitted the transportation of the necessary provisions from place to place free of charge, and that such had been the custom since his connection with the company; that the cars constituting the bridge gang outfit were hauled from place to place, as occasion might require, according to his directions; that it was
Defendant’s objection to the action of the court in admitting evidence that plaintiff was not given notice by defendant’s servants that the ear in which she was at work was about to be moved, seems to have been made under a misapprehension, as it appears from the record that all evidence as to notice of starting the train was stricken out, at plaintiff’s suggestion, upon the ground that there was no allegation of negligence in starting the train.
There was, we think, no error in permitting Hook, one of the bridge men, and Ira Tinkle to testify to the custom of plaintiff to cook and the crew to eat while the train was in motion, such evidence tending to show that plaintiff was not guilty of negligence in standing up and washing the dishes while the train was in motion. It would have been impracticable, according to the evidence, to stop the train every time it was necessary to prepare and serve the meals and clean the dishes and utensils, and it had been plaintiff’s custom to do this work while the train was in motion the same as while standing still. Nor was there error in permitting Ira Tinkle to testify as to the speed of the train just before the stop which resulted in the injury. He testified that he had had occasion while riding upon trains to note the comparative speed of trains, that he was able to tell approximately how fast a train in which he was riding was going, and that this train’s speed, immediately before it stopped, was from ten to twelve miles per hour. It is true that this witness did not testify
Defendant next insists that it sought to secure the written admission of plaintiff as to the accident, and offered her testimony with respect thereto', which consisted of plaintiff’s admissions made on cross-examination, and which was, as contended, sufficient to authorize the introduction of the paper, but which was excluded on objection by plaintiff. While it appears from defendant’s abstract that defendant offered in evidence the written statement of plaintiff as to the accident, and that it was excluded at the time for lack of sufficient identification, the defendant’s additional abstract shows that thereafter, when the statement (Exhibit A) was again offered to be read in evidence and plaintiff’s counsel objected thereto, the court overruled the objection and directed that the statement be read to the jury. It follows that there is no merit in this contention.
Defendant next assigns as error the action of the court in refusing to give instruction numbered one, asked by defendant, that ‘’‘on the pleadings and the evidence plaintiff cannot recover.” This contention is based upon the following propositions: 1. That the plaintiff’s own evidence fails to prove such facts as are necessary to a recovery. 2. That on all the evidence in the case the jury should have been required to return a verdict for the defendant.
Of these in their order. Plaintiff testified in her own behalf substantially as follows:
I was -standing on the right hand side of the car, next to the table, washing the dishes, while Mr. Tinkle
Being asked what kind of a stop the train made at the particular time, she answered: “It was a sudden and violent stop, I called it; just seemed to me like it couldn’t have struck any quicker, and just seemed like it knocked me as hard on the floor as it could; seemed like every bone in my hip was broken. We was going pretty lively, and when they stopped they just stopped of a sudden and threw me with such violent force onto the floor.” She also testified that Mr. Tinkle was knocked down at the same time, and that she was accustomed to the ordinary jumping and jamming made by freight trains.
On cross-examination, she testified that she could not tell how long the train was in motion before it came to a stop; that it started off nicely, but kept getting a little faster, and that when it stopped it stopped all of a sudden; that she was washing dishes at the time the train stopped. Being asked why she didn’t sit down, she answered: “Because I hadn’t been notified that they were going to pull us out or do any switching.....I didn’t know they was going to pull up just a little and then stop. ” She further testified that they always notified her when they were going to pull out or do any switching, and that then she generally did as the train men told her; that she was used to any ordinary jam or movement of the train, and that she was going about her work and doing as she had • done a hundred times before; that she cooked and did
Ira Tinkle’s testimony, summarized, was as follows : After all had finished breakfast that morning on the car he went to the water car for water. While he was getting the water the train started, in a westerly direction. He ran and caught the bunk car and climbed in, and in a minute or two after the train had run about a quarter of a mile at a good speed, it came to a sudden stop. Describing the stop he said “it was kind of an unreasonable jar or jam,* looked like it came around against the side of the car, and jerked my hold loose from the door. I managed to stay on my feet. ’ ’ In answer to questions propounded to him, he said that he had occasion, while riding on trains, to notice their comparative speed, and could tell approximately, or had “a pretty good idea,” how fast trains are running by riding on them. Being asked to tell the rate of speed, if he observed it, at which the train was moving just before the stop, he replied, “I judge it was going between ten and twelve miles an hour.”
“Q. Now, I wish you would describe that stop, as near as you can, with reference to its suddenness? A. Well, all I can tell about this sudden stop — it stopped right there; it was quite a jam or jar; in fact it was the worst one we had on the cars as long as I was on them —mighty unusual.
“Q. When you got back into the cook’s car, in what condition did you find things in the car? A. Well, the stove — we had a big range stove, and it sat flat on the floor, and we had put cleats around the stove to hold it in place, and the stove was reared up out of its socket and was standing up on the heavy cleats, and there was broken dishes on the floor, and I pried the stove back in its place.”
H. E. Hook, a witness for plaintiff, testified that he was a member of the bridge gang at the time of and
The substance of the evidence for the defendant, as before stated, was that the train was stopped in the usual manner, and that the jar was not greater than usual.
The defendant insists that this evidence fails to show any negligence on its part, and that the peremptory instruction asked should, therefore, havé been given.
We think we are safe in saying that the facts disclosed by the record would not jusitfy our holding, as a matter of law, that plaintiff was guilty of negligence and that such negligence contributed to her injury. She was at the time engaged in the performance of her regular routine duties, such as she had been doing for a year or more without accident or injury to her person. In this case, however, to entitle plaintiff to a recovery, she not being a passenger for hire, it devolved upon her to show by a preponderance of the evidence that her injury was caused by the negligence of defendant’s servants, agents and employees in charge of said engine and train in causing said train and the cook’s ear attached thereto, without any notice or warning to plaintiff of their intention so to do, to stop so suddenly as to cause a jerk and shock so violent as to throw plaintiff with great force against the floor of said car, thereby causing the injury, pain and suffering alleged in the petition. And in this connection it may be said that it is a matter of common knowledge that jolting
The defendant relies upon the case of Hedrick v. Railroad, 195 Mo. 104, as decisive of the case at bar, the court in the Hedrick case holding the evidence to be wholly insufficient to justify a recovery. In that case, however, the facts were much more unfavorable to the plaintiff than are the facts disclosed by the record in this case to Mrs. Tinkle. The plaintiff therein was a passenger upon a very long freight train which was slowly approaching on up grade, to a place where it was to take on another car. There was no evidence of any negligent act on the part of any of the train crew, except that the plaintiff testified that the train was in a manner stopped when he got up from his seat and started towards the rear end of the car; that then there was a jump as if caused by a collision, and for a moment or two he did not know what had happened but when he came to himself he felt that he was injured, and sat down on a seat, at which time the train was perfectly still. He testified that he could not tell whether he had been thrown down or not, but that when he came to himself he was on his feet; that he had traveled a number of times in cabooses attached to freight trains, and on freight trains, and that this jar was the severest he had ever experienced on a freight train — so severe that it upset the water tank in the car and jerked him senseless and injured his neck. On cross-examination, he testified that when he started to
In Wait v. Railroad, 165 Mo. 612, the plaintiff, a passenger on one of defendant’s trains, was told by the station agent at Milan from whom he had purchased a ticket, that the passenger coach of the freight train npon which he was to take passage would probably not stop at the platform, as it was the custom of the trainmen, when late, to attend to the freight business and then pull out without stopping, and that he had better go up the track some distance to where the passenger coach was standing and get on the car there. He did so, and the train started up with enough speed, as he thought, to indicate that it was oif and would not stop. He, therefore, got out of his seat and stepped into the aisle to pull off his overcoat. The train suddenly stopped, and he was thrown against the seats and badly injured. There was no evidence tending to show any defect in the track, train or appliances, or any want of skill or care on the part of the train men, or that the train was stopped at an unusual place or in an improper manner, or that the shock which caused the plaintiff’s fall was not a natural or ordinary incident of a proper stopping of the train. It was held that the trial court properly sustained a demurrer to the evi
In Erwin v. Railroad, 94 Mo. App. l. c. 298, the case of Wait v. Railroad, supra, was cited with approval, the court saying, “We think the Wait case a much stronger case than the one in hand, and for reasons stated in that case and stated in this opinion, we think the court erred in overruling defendant’s demurrer to the evidence, wherefore the judgment is reversed.” Guffey v. Railroad, 53 Mo. App. 462, is of much the same character as the case last cited.
In Portuchek v. Railroad, 101 Mo. App. 52, it is held that a passenger traveling on a freight train assumes all extra hazards incident to and inseparably connected with such method of traveling, and if injury is caused only by the jerk or jolt occasioned by the stopping of the train in the ordinary way, such person is not entitled to recover; citing Erwin v. Railroad, supra; Wait v. Railroad, supra; Railroad v. Arnol, 144 Ill. 261; Olds v. Railroad, 172 Mass. 73.
The authorities all hold that when a railroad company “carries passengers for hire on its freight trains it must exercise the same degree of care as is required in the operation of its regular passenger trains, the difference only being that the passenger submits himself to the inconvenience and danger necessarily attending that mode of conveyance.” [Wait v. Railroad, supra, and authorities cited.] In the case last cited, as also in the Hedrick case, there is quoted with approval the following from Railroad v. Arnol, supra: “Persons taking passage upon freight trains, or in a caboose or car attached to a freight train, cannot expect or require the conveniences or all of the safeguards against danger that they may demand upon trains devoted to passenger service, and are accordingly held to have accepted the accommodations provided
In the case at bar it is clear, we think, that the defendant knew that plaintiff was upon its train at the time of the occurrence which caused the injury; that the train was twenty-five or thirty cars in length, with no brakeman on the rear car; that it started smoothly, but soon attained a speed of from eight to twelve miles an hour, and after it had run about a' quarter of a mile, and while plaintiff and her husband, as their custom was, were washing the dishes, it suddenly stopped, causing such a violent jar and jam as to throw her down with great force to the floor of the car, breaking her leg bone and crippling her for life, and threw her husband down at the same time; that the sudden stop and jar jerked her son’s hold loose from the door of the bunk car, swung him around against the-side of the car and almost threw him down; that it caused a heavy cast-iron cooking range, which had been fastened by cleats to the floor, to rear up out of its socket, and threw dishes on the floor and broke them; that plaintiff was given no warning that the train was switching or was about to stop. These facts make out a stronger case of negligence against the defendant than was made in either of the cases cited, and notwithstanding the fact that witnesses for the defendant testified that the stop was made in the usual Way and was not more sudden than usual, the case was properly
Defendant also contends that the peremptory instruction ought to have been given for the reason that the alleged injury arose out of a risk assumed by plaintiff.
As a general rule, the doctrine of assumption of risk pertains to controversies between masters and servants, though circumstances may arise between parties other than masters and servants when the doctrine may apply; but such defense is never available unless it rests upon contract; “or, if not exclusively on contract, then on an act done so spontaneously by the party against whom the defense is invoked that he was ■a volunteer, and any bad result of the act must be attributed to an exercise of his free volition, instead of to the conduct of his adversary.....The word ‘assumption’ imports a contract, or some kindred act of an unconstrained will. Whenever a man does anything dangerous he encounters the risk, but it by no means follows that, legally speaking, he assumes the risk.” [Fillingham v. Railroad, 102 Mo. App. l. c. 580.] There is nothing disclosed by the record in this case which removes it from the operation of the general rule, or which would' justify the conclusion that the plaintiff assumed the risk. Moreover, the doctrine does not apply when the injury is occasioned by the negligence of the defendant.
It is further insisted that the peremptory instruction should have been given in view of the relation of defendant to the plaintiff and its duty to her. Defendant contends, first, that she was not a passenger; second, that she was not an employee, and that the relation of master and servant did not exist; third, that she was at most a mere licensee, and might reasonably be considered a trespasser.
We do not understand that it is contended that
In Eason v. Railroad, 65 Tex. 577, it is held, in an action for personal injuries, that if the injured person is not a volunteer hut engaged at the request or with the permission of the railroad’s agent in a transaction of interest as well to himself or his master as to the railroad company, he is entitled to the same protection against the negligence of the company’s servants as if he were at the time attending to his own private affairs. The court said: “The principle upon which a recovery is allowed is this: The injured person is not
The same doctrine is announced in Ryan v. Boiler Works, 68 Mo. App. 148. See, also, Brown v. Sullivan, 71 Tex. 470.
Defendant asserts that instruction No. 1 ignores all the issues tendered by the petition and predicates the right of recovery on issues not presented by the pleadings, namely, that defendant contracted that plaintiff might “maintain the boarding car for the bridge gang,” and that while engaged, under such contract, if injured by negligence “in the running or switching of one of its trains to which the car of plaintiff was attached,” she was entitled to recover.
We are inclined to the opinion that the petition sufficiently alleges that plaintiff had contracted with the company, through its agent, Hess, foreman of the bridge gang, to maintain the boarding car and board the bridge gang, but it does not allege that she was injured by the negligence of defendant in the running and switching of the ear. The allegation in the petition is that said “defendant, its agents, servants and employees in charge of said engine, improperly, negligently and carelessly caused said engine to suddenly stop with a sudden and violent jerk and shock, thereby
There is a very material difference between the running and switching of a freight train and the stopping of it suddenly, with a violent jerk or shock. If this action were predicated simply upon negligence in the running and switching of the train in this instance, we should not hesitate to say that the plaintiff would not be entitled to recover; but this instruction authorizes a verdict upon that theoiy.' The petition alleges a specific act of negligence, and the instruction should be in accord, therewith. Besides, the instruction entirely ignores the issue of contributory negligence, which was pleaded in the answer and which there was some evidence tending to prove. Our conclusion is that said instruction is erroneous and misleading, and that as instruction number three is bottomed upon that instruction, it is also erroneous.
Defendant complains of the action of the court in giving instruction number five, which declares the burden of proving contributory negligence to be on the defendant, not that it is not correct as a proposition of law, but that it ought not to have been given in this case, because the negligence of the plaintiff appeared from her own evidence. But defendant not only alleged in its answer that plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence, but adduced evidence in support of that defense, and it is in no position to complain of an instruction which its defense invited.
There- was, we think, no error in refusing instructions numbers two, three and six asked by defendant.
In instruction number nine the court told the jury that the plaintiff was entitled to recover , for medical services, without limiting the same to the amount claimed in the petition for such services. Upon retrial, this should be corrected. It is said that this instruction is erroneous by reason of the fact that the liability
For the reasons indicated the judgment should be reversed and the cause remanded for further trial. It is so ordered.