Appellant, Willie Tillman, Jr., appeals the judgment of the Lonoke County Circuit Court convicting him of first-degree murder and sentencing him to a term of life imprisonment. His sole point on appeal is that the circuit court erred in denying his motion for direсted verdict because the State’s evidence is not sufficient to sustain his conviction.'We disagree and affirm. Our jurisdiction of this case is pursuant to Ark. Sup. Ct. R. l-2(a)(2), as this is a criminal appeal in which life imprisonment has been imposed.
The victim in this case, Deon Youngblood, was shot and killed on August 29, 2002, while riding in a vehicle with Tillman and Shamane Hendricks. 1 According to Hendricks, he and Tillman believed that Youngblood had been involved in a robbery of cocaine from them in August 2002. Subsequently, Tillman responded to a classified advertisement and purchased a gun. Hendricks testified that Tillman purchased the gun for protection because he did not feel safe after the two were robbed of their cocaine. Hendricks said that about two weeks after the robbery, Tillman said that he was going to kill Youngblood the next time he saw him.
Soon thereafter, Youngblood went for a ride in Tillman’s car with Tillman and Hendricks. At some point during the ride, Youngblood was fatally wounded. Both Tillman and Hendricks testified at trial, аnd both admitted to firing shots at Youngblood. However, Tillman moved for directed verdict, arguing that the State failed to present substantial evidence that any of the bullets he fired caused the victim’s death. The circuit court denied the motion and, frоm that ruling, Tillman brings this appeal.
Standard of Review
We treat a motion for directed verdict as a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence. Coggin v. State,
Circumstantial evidence may provide a basis to support a conviction, but it must be consistent with the defendant’s guilt and inconsistent with any other reasonable conclusion. Edmond v. State,
Sufficiency of the Evidence
Tillman challenges the sufficiency of the evidence on the basis that there was insufficient corroboration of accomplice testimony to support his conviction. However, the record reveals that Tillman did not raisе this issue in his directed-verdict motion. At the close of the State’s case-in-chief, Tillman made the following motion:
At this time, the defendant would move for a directed verdict, in that, the State has failed to prove each and every elemеnt of the charged offense, that Mr. Willie Tillman, Jr., knowingly caused the death of. . . Deon Youngblood. The evidence presented by the state crime lab, the — Dr. Sturner, he could not testify as to the order of the bullets fired, and thereby, not indicating which bullet сaused the death of Deon Youngblood. There is testimony that . . . Shamane Hendricks did fire into the body of Deon Young-blood. He could not say — he said it appeared that he shot in the side. There was evidence that one of the bullets through thе side penetrated vital organs, and that bullet could have caused the death of Deon Y oungblood. Therefore, the State cannot prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Willie Tillman caused the death of Deon Youngblоod.
Tillman renewed the motion at the conclusion of his case-in-chief and, again, at the conclusion of the State’s rebuttal. The circuit court denied the motion in all three instances. Rule 33.1(a) of the Arkansas Rules of Criminal Procedurе provides that “[a] motion for directed verdict shall state the specific grounds therefor.” The requirement that a defendant make a specific directed-verdict motion extends to any challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence corroborating an accomplice’s testimony, and the failure to challenge the sufficiency of accomplice-corroboration evidence in a directed-verdict motion at trial precludes аppellate review on that ground. Hutts v. State,
Tillman further asserts that the circumstantial, forensic evidence relаting to the gunshot wounds and bullet holes in his car does not amount to substantial evidence that would allow a jury to conclude that he could have caused the death of Youngblood. Arkansas Code Annotated § 5-10-102 (Repl. 1997) provides, in relevant part, that a person commits murder in the first degree if:
(1) Acting alone or with one (1) or more other persons, he commits or attempts to commit a felony, and in the course of and in the furtherance of the felony or in immediate flight therefrоm, he or an accomplice causes the death of any person under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to the value of human life; or
(2) With a purpose of causing the death of another person, he causes the death of another person; or
(3) He knowingly causes the death of a person fourteen (14) years of age or younger at the time the murder was committed.
The state medical examiner, Dr. William Sturner, testified that Youngblood sustained thirteen gunshot wounds. Two wounds were to the top back of the neck, and the bullets from these wounds were found in the skull and in the brain. Other wounds were to Youngblood’s right jaw, forearm, lower right thorax, lower neck, left back, shoulder, hip, lower back, left upper buttock, and right abdomen. Dr. Sturner testified that the two wounds to the neck, from which the bullets were found in Youngblood’s head, and the wound to the lower right thorax were each fatal in and of themselves. On cross-examination, Dr. Sturner stated that he could not determine the order in which each of the shots was fired. He further testified that he could not determine which shooter fired each of the shots.
Tillman testified that Hendricks fired the initial shots at Youngblood when the three were riding in Tillman’s cаr. He said that “all of a sudden,” he just “heard gunshots” and “slammed on the brakes.” Tillman said that he then looked in the backseat and saw that Youngblood was not breathing. He stated that he said to Hendricks, “What the fuck are you doing, man?” Then, Tillman said, he stopped the car, put it in park, and got out, and Hendricks got out of the car and told him to get out of the way. He said that Hendricks pulled the seat back and started shooting at Youngblood again. According to Tillman, Hendricks then tapped him оn the shoulder with a pistol and said, “We’re in this together. . . It’s over with now. You can’t tell on me because you’re with me.” Tillman said that Hendricks then ordered him to shoot Youngblood. He testified that he was so shocked and so scared, he grabbed the gun, closed his eyes, and shot twice in the backseat.
In contrast, Hendricks testified that while the three were riding in Tillman’s car, Tillman pulled over to use the restroom, got out of the car, retrieved a gun from underneath the driver’s seat, and fired at Youngblood in the backseat. Hendricks related that he saw Youngblood fall out of the car on the driver’s side. Then, according to Hendricks, Tillman said, “You really didn’t believe I was going to do it, did you?” After Tillman pulled Youngblood completely out of the сar, he asked Hendricks to take the clip out of the gun because he could not get it out. Hendricks said that he took the clip out and .reloaded the gun for Tillman. Hendricks testified that Tillman then looked at him and said, “Are you going to tell on me?” Hendricks agreed not to tell and then told Tillman to give him the gun. Tillman did so and, upon receiving the gun from Tillman, Hendricks shot Youngblood twice in his “lower stomach” and gave the gun back to Tillman, whereupon, Tillman fired two more shots.
Tillman contends that beсause Dr. Sturner could not testify as to the order in which each shot was fired or who fired each shot, the evidence is insufficient to prove that he fired any of the fatal shots. Further, Tillman contends that the State produced no evidence showing that the two shots he fired actually hit the victim. Tillman states that even when viewed in a light most favorable to the State, the facts of this case tend to prove little more than the fact that it is possible that his actions caused the deаth of the victim. Tillman argues that his testimony and the testimony of Hendricks present two equally reasonable conclusions as to which party caused the death of the victim. In short, Tillman contends that the jury was faced with alternative versions as to what caused the death of the victim, and that this merely creates a “suspicion of guilt,” which is insufficient to support a conviction of murder in the first degree.
The State asserts that the jury heard both Tillman and Hendricks give their respective, and significantly different, accounts of what occurred at the time of the shooting, but even Tillman testified that both he and Hendricks fired shots at Young-blood. The State correctly notes that in denying Tillman’s directed-verdict motion, the circuit court ruled that the question of who fired the shots was one of fact for the jury to decide. Further, the State points out that the circuit court instructed the jury, without objection, that Tillman and Hendricks were accomplices as a matter of law.
Here, the jury was presented with testimony from both Tillman and Hendricks concerning what happened at the time of the shooting and, clearly, the two provided conflicting testimony. Still, the State contends that it makes no difference whether Tillman or Hendricks firеd the shot that actually caused Youngblood’s death — even assuming that only one of the thirteen shots caused it — because they are each criminally responsible for his death. We agree. There is no distinction between principals on the one hand and accomplices on the other, insofar as criminal liability is concerned. Passley v. State,
Rule 4-3(h)
In compliance with Ark. Sup. Ct. 4-3(h), the record has been examined for all objections, motions, and requests madе by either party that were decided adversely to appellant, and no prejudicial error has been found. Doss v. State,
Affirmed.
Notes
Prior to Tillman’s trial, Hendricks pleaded guilty to the first-degree murder of Youngblood and received a term of thirty-five years’ imprisonment in exchange for his testimony at Tillman’s trial.