105 Va. 160 | Va. | 1906
delivered the opinion of the court.
Two questions are raised by this record: (1) Can a defendant in an action at law set off against a liquidated demand the value of goods belonging to the defendant, which have been converted by the plaintiff to his own use? and (2) If the value of such goods can be set off, are the items of offset so described in the statement of defense as to entitle the defendant to prove them ?
The plaintiff, Scott, brought an action of assumpsit against the defendánt quarry company to recover a sum alleged to be due on a note, and a balance due on open account.
The defendant filed a plea of non-assumpsit and a notice of set-off. The items of the account of offsets that are called in question were stated by the defendant in his account filed as follows:
450 tons of crushed stone, sold to Charles E. Scott, at fifty cents per ton............. $225 00
300 tons of crushed stone, sold to same, at fifteen c§nts per ton.................. 45 00
Three barrels of grease and oil, sold to same. 60 00
Seven cases of dynamite, sold to same..... 49 00
One carload of coal, sold to same........ 200 00
Upon the trial the defendant, to sustain these items of offset, introduced a witness to show that the goods mentioned
We are of opinion that it was error to sustain the objection on either of the grounds mentioned.
Section 3298, Va. Code 1904, provides that “In a suit for any debt, the defendant may, at the trial, prove and have allowed against such debt any payment or set-off which is so described in his plea, or in an account filed therewith, as to give the plaintiff notice of its nature, but not otherwise.”
This court has held that this statute should be liberally construed, with a view to the furtherance of its obvious policy, which is to prevent a multiplicity of suits, and as far as conveniently can be done to effectuate in one action complete justice between the parties. Allen v. Hart, 18 Gratt. 722, 729.
Tor the conversion of its property by the plaintiff, an action of tort to recover damages could have been brought by the defendant. This mode of redress, however, the defendant had the right to waive, and to bring indebitatus assumpsit for the value of the goods. The law will imply a contract to pay for property belonging to the defendant which has been taken possession of by the plaintiff and converted to his own use.
The plaintiff insists that the items of set-off which are sought to be established by the defendant constitute an unliquidated demand, which cannot be set off in an action at law against a liquidated demand.
In Butt v. Collins, 13 Wend. (N. Y.) 139, 156-7, it is said: “They are such as rest in opinion only, and must be ascertained by a jury, their verdict being regulated by the peculiar circumstances of each particular case; they are damages which cannot be ascertained by computation or calculation—as, for instance, damages for not using a farm in a workmanlike manner ; for not building a house in a good and sufficient manner; on a warranty in the sale of a horse; for not skillfully amputating a limb; for carelessly upsetting a stage, by which a bone is broken; for not making repairs to a dwelling house; for unskillfully working the raw materials into a fabric; and other cases of like character, where the amount to be settled rests in the discretion, judgment or opinion of the jury. Hewlet v. Strickland, 1 Cowp. 56; Freeman v. Hyatt, 1 W. Black. 394; Weigall v. Waters, 6 T. R. 488; Livingston v. Livingston, 4 Johns Ch. (N.Y.) 287, 8 Am. Dec. 562; Hepburn v. Hoag, 6 Cow. (N. Y.) 613. In these and like cases, there is no data given for computation; nor can the damages be ascertained by any mode of calculation. It is otherwise as to the amount due on a note, or on a merchant’s account, or for work, labor and services, or for a yard, a piece or a bale of flannel; the damages in such cases can be readily ascertained by calculation.” Barbour on Set-Off, page 82.
In Waterman on Set-Off, section 286, it is said: “It is not necessary, in order to constitute a valid set-off, that a price should be agreed upon for an article sold and delivered. Therefore, a demand for the value of com delivered may be set off, though the price of the com had not been agreed on. The fact that the price had not been agreed on did not make it a case
In the light of these authorities the defendant had the right to waive its action for damages against the plaintiff for his tortious act in converting the property of the defendant to his own use, and to bring indebitatus assumpsit for the value of the goods appropriated and, therefore, had the right to off set the plaintiff’s demand with the value of such goods. Set-offs are to be encouraged; they lessen the amount of litigation by preventing circuity of action. There is no reason or propriety in driving these parties to cross-actions and to compel the claims to be settled in two suits, when full and equ,al justice can be awarded to each of them in one suit.
We are further of opinion that the contention that the defendant’s demand is not stated with sufficient clearness in its statement of defense, cannot be sustained. The defendant, as it had a right to do, chose to treat the plaintiff as a purchaser of the property he had converted to his use and to sue for its value. Each item is described with particularity as property sold to the plaintiff, and the form and substance of this statement of defense could not fail to furnish the plaintiff with adequate notice of the defense that would be made oh the trial.
For these reasons the judgment complained of must be reversed, and the case remanded for a new trial in conformity Avith the views expressed in this opinion.
Reversed.