154 Mo. 545 | Mo. | 1900
Lead Opinion
IN DIVISION ONE.
This is a proceeding by the son and widow to contest the will of Henry Tibbe, on the grounds: 1st, that it was not his will -and that he was not of sound and disposing mind when he executed it; and 2d, that it was procured by the undue influence of Reverend Holke, the pastor of the Evangelical St. Peter’s Congregation, of which the deceased was a member. The trial in the circuit court resulted in a verdict and judgment in favor of the contestants, setting aside the will, on the second ground alleged, the first ground having been withdrawn from the jury by an instruction, and the defendants appealed to this court.
We will let the plaintiffs, the winning party below, tell the story of the trial. It is as follows:
“Henry Tibbe died at the county of Eranklin, October 20, 1896, leaving surviving him his son and only heir, Arnold Anton Tibbe, and his widow, Johanna Tibbe, and leaving an estate of the value of about $63,000.
“On the 26th of October, 1896, an instrument purporting tp be the last will of said deceased, was by the probate court of said county admitted to probate. By said instrument
“The 8th section of said instrument was as follows: ‘I hereby appoint as executor of this my last will and testament Heinrich Hermann Kamp, of Washington, Missouri, and in case of his death, inability or refusal to act, I appoint Frederick Wilhelm Stumpe, of Washington, Missouri, and direct that my executor shall not be required to give bond as such.’
“Said instrument bore dffie ‘the 29th day of November, 1890.’
“November 11th, 1896, this contest was begun in the circuit court of said county.
“Contestants -are the widow and son of the decedent. All
“The contestants allege:
“Eirst. Generally, that said instrument is not the will of 'said decedent. '
“Second. That when Henry Tibbe executed said instrument he was not of sound and disposing mind 'and memory.
“Third. That at the time of the execution of said instrument and for a long time theretofore, one Rev. Er. Holke, was pastor and religious adviser of said Henry Tibbe, and as such, possessed and enjoyed the trust and confidence of said Tibbe; that wrongfully taking advantage of the trust and confidence reposed in him by said Tibbe as his pastor and religious adviser, and secretly, without the knowledge of said Tibbe’s family, and without said Tibbe having any independent, disinterested advice with respect to the disposition of his property, said Holke procured said Tibbe to execute said instrument at a time when said Tibbe was old, and mentally and physically infirm, and that so said Tibbe was by undue influence induced and led to execute said instrument.
“Defendants deny said allegations of confidential relations and undue influence, and allege that said instrument is the last will of Henry Tibbe, deceased.
“The trial resulted in a verdict and judgment that said instrument is not the will of said Henry Tibbe, deceased, and from that judgment this appeal is prosecuted.
“Henry Tibbe was born in Holland, May 21, 1819. His-father and mother died when he was ten or twelve years old. He wats one of the oldest of their children and had to support himself and brothers and sisters. His education was very limited, because, during the days, he had 1» work in the woolen mills; hence, could only attend night schools. He married Johanna Moolenberg August 19, 1853. She was then a widow with one child named Margaretha Den Hoed. They had but one child, a son named Arnold Anton, who
“When Henry Tibbe came to the United States he was a very poor man, by trade a wood turner. Eor about three years he lived at South Point, and then moved to Washington; from that time until Ms death, which occurred October 20, 1896, he resided at Washington.
“In 1873,' the son, Anton, was apprenticed to George Bergner, for a term of about four years to leam the gunsmith trade. He served out the apprenticeship. He got wages from Bergner which he took home to his father.
“About 1872, Henry Tibbe began turning pipes and gradually increased his business in a small way. When Anton’s apprenticeship was over he began working with his father. Shortly .after this Anton went to St. Louis to try to sell some of the pipes, and got an order for 6,000 of them, which they made and shipped.
“About this time Anton suggested to his father that they ought to patent the pipes. The old gentleman said he was too poor, and didnt’ have the money. Anton said, ‘I will go to Mr. Bergner and get the money.’ Plis father said, ‘All right,’ and Anton went to Bergner and got the money, and throughMunn & Go., in July, 1878, in the name of his father got a patent on the pipes. Up to that time only hand power had been used in turning pipes.
“Anton proposed to his father to buy an engine for that purpose. His father replied that he didn’t have the money to do anything like that, and that they might break up with it. Anton applied to Mr. Hibbeler for a loan of $230 with which to buy an engine, 'and arranged with him to rent a building for a factory. Hibbeler gave him a check for $230, and Anton reported to his father what he had done. The father thought the son was going to fast, and Anton asked him if he would complain if he got somebody to go in partnership
“A few days afterward Anton suggested to his father that they two could run the business; that there was no need of taking a partner, and proposed that they try it, to which the father consented.
“Hibbeler first rented the 'house to Anton for $12.50 a month. His father, after he concluded to go into business' with Anton without a partner, wept to Hibbeler and asked if 'he couldn’t live upstairs, and Hibbeler agreed with him to have it fixed up convenient for him to live there and to lease the whole place to,„him for $15 a month, and they moved there.
“The engine came on Good Friday of 1818, and shortly thereafter they got their machinery up and began making _ pipes at that place.
“Anton then sold all pipes direct from the factory. Shortly after they began business at the Hibbeler house, one Lange Heinecke, a countryman of Henry Tibbe, with whom he had no previous acquaintance, came along and secured from the Tibbes a contract with .them to sell pipes on a commission of twenty-five per cent. Shortly thereafter Heinecke came, back and suggested that he could make more money if the Tibbes would sell state and county rights, and secured from them, with a view to such sales, a power of attorney. After this a controversy occurred as to pipes Heinecke had sold to parties who failed to pay for them, and Heinecke wrote to1 the Tibbes t-hat unless he could hold them to the twenty-five per cent commission contract he would get even with them by selling the patent for the whole United States, and shortly thereafter made a sale of the patent. This resulted in litigation, about the patent, which lasted two or three years.
“Pursuant to this suggestion a one-third interest in the business was sold to George H. Kahman for $500, and he came in as a partner. Up to that time the pipe business had been conducted under the name of H. Tibbe & Son. Upon Mr. Kahman’s coming in it was changed to H. Tibbe, Son & Oo.
“About three years after Kahman came in as a partner Kahman and Anton Tibbe concluded that the premises they occupied and the machinery they 'had there, were inadequate to meet the requirements of the business, and proposed to build a new factory and put in new machinery. Henry Tibbe objected; thought the younger men were going to fast. They made an agreement with him by which they were to build a new factory and put in necessary additional machinery at their own expense, and to pay him .$200 a month royalty. This they did.
“In 1886, U. L. "Weirick, of Kansas City, bought of Anton Tibbe and George Kahman a third interest in the business under the arrangement between the latter two and Henry Tibbe last mentioned. Anton Tibbe, Kahman and Weirick continued to carry on the business, paying Henry Tibbe said royalty up to 1887, when they with Henry Tibbe agreed to incorporate the concern with a capital stock of $60,000, divided into 300 shares of $200 each; Kahman, Weirick andAntonTibbe to have each eighty shares andHenry Tibbe sixty. The difference between the number of shares alloted to Henry Tibbe, and the other incorporators was on account of the fact that Kahman and Anton Tibbe, through whom Weirick derived his interest, had invested about $10,000 in the new factory and machinery. When the agreement between the parties had been made orally on this basis, Kahman,
“Anton was general manager of the factory from the time it started until about one year after the incorporation, then he and George Kahman ceased giving their personal attention to the business, and turned it over to Mr. Weirick and Guy Kahman. Guy Kahonan had then acquired five 'shares of the stock from his brother George.
“The capacity of the first factory was from 500 to 1,000 pipes a day. At that time they had m> improved machinery at all. When Anton Tibbe and George Kahman turned the factory over to Weirick and Guy Kahman to conduct, it was fitted with the most improved machinery and its capacity was about 15,000 pipes a day. The improved machinery was not for turning pipes but for other parts of the work, and had been devised by Anton.
“The corporation conducted the business continuously to the present time. Ever since the incorporation the stock has been paying about 20 per cent annual dividend.
“In August. 1896, Geo. Kahman sold Henry Tibbe thirty-three of his shares of the corporation stock.
“Erom the time Geo. Kahman went into partnership with Henry and Anton Tibbe, Henry Tibbe looked after the turning of pipes, and examined cobs brought in by farmers for sale for about a year, then Anton became superintendent of the factory. Erom that time until about 1892 Henry Tibbe worked in the factory like other laborers, taking no part in the management of the business. After 1892 he
“He left the litigation affecting his patent to the management of his son Anton and George Kahman, and they after some three years litigation, compromised it.
“Geo. Kahman, Guy Kahman and "Weirick, who with Anton Tibbe, carried on the pipe manufacturing business from the time the first partnership was formed, and who, by their associations with Henry Tibbe were best fitted to judge of his business ability, agree that he had no1 business capacity whatever, and that he was of a simple, honest and confiding nature, easily influenced by any person whom he trusted, and that his confidence was easily gained. According to the testimony of the two Kahmans and of Weirick, Henry Tibbe left the management of his interests in the factory absolutely to his son Anton. He rarely attended corporate meetings, and when he did attend took no part. When consulted as to matters under consideration at such meetings, his reply would be, ‘Whatever Anton says is all right.’ Anton habitually voted his stock in his presence and in his absence.
“In the year 1887 at the instance of Anton, Henry Tibbe put his valuable papers in the keeping of Guy Kahmap, then secretary of the corporation. Kahman kept them for him until about July 25, 1890, and then suggested to him that .it. would be better to keep them at the bank. Thereupon he took them to the bank and turned them over to E. W. Stumpe, cashier, who kept them until his death. While Kahman kept his papers the checks for Henry Tibbe’s share of the profits of the business were generally made out payable to Anton. Henry Tibbe was getting more money than he was accustomed to. He asked Guy Kahman what he should do with the checks. Guy Kahman told him to buy bonds, and
“Henry Tibbe’s command of language was very poor. He could not speak or write High German, Low German or English. He spoke a mongrel language, High German, Low-German, English and Holland badly mixed, so that it was extremely difficult to communicate with him except in tbe most limited manner in any other language than Holland, that is to say, pure Dutch, a language not spoken by any witness in this case, unless it be Anton Tibbe.
“Henry Tibbe was always on the most affectionate terms with bis wife and son. His affection for and bis confidence in bis son are proved beyond controversy, by tbe evidence in’this ease. In addition to the evidence hereinbefore recited. Mr. Hake, Mr. Suttrop, Mr. Hibbeler, Mr. Jones, Mr. Hoffman, Mr. Nortman, Mr. Pike, Mr. Stumpe and Dr. Butler, all bear witness to the fact. We do not deem it necessary to repeat their evidence in detail.
“Rev. Er. Holké located in Washington as pastor of an Evangelical Lutheran Congregation, known as tbe Evangelical St. Peters Congregation, about September, 1887, and remained there as such pastor for about nine years. St. Peters
“He denies that he on his pastoral visits or privately talked of the charitable institutions of the- church to- Henry Tibbe. But independent of the gifts made by the will and of evidence relating to the manner of the execution of the will, Holke’s own testimony shows that he acquired in a very high degree the confidence and affectionate regard of Henry Tibbe.
“On his cross-examination he reluctantly admits the making of pastoral visits to Henry Tibbe during the first two years he was at Washington. Says he -thinks he made three or four, but don’t recollect- how many. As to the next year every effort to induce him to estimate the number of his visits failed. As to the number of his visits from September, 1890, to November 29, 1890, he answered, T can’t tell you, I didn’t put that down,’ and the examination proceeded thus: ‘Q. Did you make any ? A. I don’t know, sir. Q. Were you there as often as twice a week in that time ? A. I don’t know of that. Q. Were you there as often as three or four
“Being then questioned as to the presents made to him by Henry Tibbe he admitted that Mr. Tibbe made' to him a number of presents; that he sent meat.up to him during severe winters; that he bought him a heating stove and sent him. wood several times; that he gave him a couch or sofa; that he made presents of sums of money at different times; that he gave him smaller sums on his birthdays; that he gave him ten or twenty dollars in gold a number of years'; that he sent him $50 by one of his trustees. It was impossible to get anvthing definite from Mr. Holke as to the dates when these presents were made. On this subject his examination runs as follows: ‘Q. About what time did Mr. Tibbe begin making you presents? • A. Well, I can’t tell you; perhaps after I had been about three years in Washington; but I don’t recollect. Q. When did he send you this $50 you spoke of his sending by one of* your trustees ? A. I can’t give you the year, neither the date. Q. Was it spring or fall? A. I don’t know, sir. Q. Didn’t he send it 'to you by Mr. J. L. Hake? A. Yes, sir. Q. Was it not in the year 1890 he sent it to you? A. I don’t know, sir. Q. Well, do you know it was not in that year? A. I can’t tell you; I have no idea in what year it was. Q. Well, now, for quite a while it was an easy matter to get anything from Mr. Tibbe you wanted, was it not ? A. I do not know that I ever tried to get anything at all as a present from him. Q. Is that the only answer you choose to malee to the question? A. That is the only answer I can make just now.’
“In like manner under cross-examination Holke admitted getting money from Henry Tibbe for charitable institutions; that he once got from him $500 for missions, and professed an, inability to remember what year that was; that he got from
“In this connection we also call attention to the testimony of the Eev. Mr. Leesmann who succeeded Mr. Holke as pastor of the St. Peter’s Congregation at Washington in September, 1896. Mr. Leesmann testifies that at that time in a conversation between him and Mr. Plolke at the parsonage, Holke told him that Mr. Tibbe had donated the bell for the church and in case Leesmann should have charge of his funeral that should be announced at the funeral, that Mr. Tibbe had also made a will and in it donated to the congregation $1,500 on condition that they should build a parsonage near the church within two years after his death, and also had willed some of his property to the Evangelical Synode of Nord Amerika, that-everything about his will should be kept secret, and that Holke also then stated that There was a time when he had Mr. Tibbe so far that he was away from his money, but of late he has become close.’
“Numbers of witnesses in the case show that Holke was a frequent visitor at Henry Tibbe’s house, and that the relation between him and Tibbe up to a short time before Holke left Washington was exceedingly friendly. Then a chango occurred. Mr. Pike testifies that he had a conversation with Henry Tibbe about two weeks before Holke left Washington, in which he said to Mr. Tibbe, ‘Mr. Tibbe, we’ll soon lose our pastor, Holke;’ Mr. Tibbe replied, ‘Yes, I like that.’ Mr. Pike asked ‘Why?’ and Tibbe answered, ‘I don’t like pastor Holke all the.time in the house, and all the time he wanted
“In the examination into the execution of the will of November 29, 1890, it was disclosed that Henry Tibbe had executed three wills .and the proper presentation of the evidence requires that it should be here stated with reference to each of said wills in its chronological order:
“The first will was executed in June, 1889; the second, December 4, 1889, and the third, November 29, 1890. Each of these wills was executed in the study room of the Bev. Er. Holke at the parsonage in Washington. The first and second of them were written in said study room by the Bev. Albert Muecke, in the presence of Beverend Holke and Henry Tibbe only.
“Bev. Albert Muecke at the time said wills were written was a minister of the same chureh as Beverend Holke, and was stationed as pastor at a church near Union, Mo., known ■as Mantel’s church. He had no acquaintance with Henry Tibbe, except that he had preached to the St. Peters congregation and at the close of services was introduced, and shook hands with him. He did not know any member of Mr. Tibbe’s family, and had never visited his home. The only direct testimony in the case as to how said wills came to be written, and as to their contents, is the testimony of Holke and Muecke.
“The Reverend Albert Muecke testified that Holke told him that a man by the name of Tibbe came to him and told him that he would like to ‘have his testament written by Holke, and Holke said he told Tibbe he wouldn’t do it. As to this on cross-examination, Muecke was asked, ‘What did Holke say to you about that? A. He said he wouldn’t have anything to do with this Mr. Henry Tibbe’s testament, and he wouldn’t have trouble. Q. What did he say about why he wouldn’t have anything to do with it? A. He said, I am pastor of his ohurch, and it is not good that I write it. You please. And he asked me to- write it.’
“Muecke testifies that he and Holke agreed -on a day when the will should be written of which Holke notified Tibbe. That on the day appointed Muecke went to Ilolke’s 'house, and Holke sent for Tibbe. That shortly afterwards Tibbe came and said to him, ‘I am glad to see you here,’ and then said to him, ‘I am willing to have my testament
“At that time St. Peters congregation had a parochial school. Buchmueller was teacher of that school, and boarded at Holke’s house. He.was a member of the German Evangelical Lutheran church, to which Holke belonged. When the will had been written and signed by Tibbe and Muecke, ITolke got up, went to the door of Buehmueller’s room, knocked and called Buchmueller into the study room. Then, according to the testimony of Eeverend Muecke, Tibbe said to Buchmueller, ‘I have made my last will; will you be so kind and sign it.’ Then Buchmueller signed it. On being recalled to the stand, Buchmueller testifies as follows: ‘Q. I will ask you to state if on signing the will, what, if anything, you heard Mr. Tibbe say about the will? A. Mr. Tibbe told us that we should keep very quiet about it, and not say a word, so that his son Anton wouldn’t find it out.’
“Muecke testifies that when he was writing the will PTolke was sitting back of them and was reading a book; that Holke was the only other person besides him and Tibbe then in the room, and didn’t say a word to the testament writing as long as he was at work; that after he finished writing the
“On this subject and as leading to the second will we quote from Mr. Holke’s testimony as follows: ‘Q. (Referring to first will.) When was that will signed? A. Some part in June, 1889. Q. What became of that will? A. That will has been kept several months; I don’t know where. Q. By whom? A. I can’t tell you; perhaps it was at his house; I can’t tell you; I don’t know. Q. Did Mr. Ti'bbe take it after you got through at your house that day? A. I don’t know. Q. When did you give us that will ? A. 1 saw that will several months later in the fall — I don’t know what month. Q. How did you come to see it then? A. The old man came to my house one afternoon complaining about his son Anton and his wife. Q. Now, just tell what was said about this will, if anything, at that time ? A. Then he said he wanted to change his last will. I told him, “Mr. Tibbe, don’t be in a hurry with that; keep cool.” He said, “I want that changed; you tell Mr. Muecke to come again and write that will.” I answered, “If you want me to do so, I may tell him when he comes again.” Q. And did you tell Mr. Muecke? A. I did. Q. What was done after you told Mr. Muecke he wanted to change his will? A. The day was fixed again and they came and changed the will.’
“Muecke testified that he never saw the first will from the time it was signed until he was called to Washington by Mr. Holke to write the second will, in the very first days of December, 1889. At that time when he reached the parsonage.he found the Reverend Holke there. Tibbe came in,
. “Muecke also testifies that when that will was written no one was present except himself, Holke and Tibbe; that Tibbe remained there a quarter or half hour; that he (Muecke) remained a few hours and was not present when that will was signed. Muecke disclaims having given the testator any advice with respect to either of those wills, and being pressed on this point says he didn’t tell him whether anything was good or bad, and that he was there merely as the writer.
' “The second will written by Muecke was executed in the study room of the parsonage on the 4th day of December, 1889. The attesting witnesses were J\ H. Dieekmann and Henry O. Hollman, and said attesting witnesses and Holke and Tibbe were the only persons present at its execution. Said Dieekmann and Hollman were then members of the church of which Holke was pastor, and had been for many years. They were called as witnesses by Mr. Holke. Pursuant to that call they went to Holke’s house and there found Holke and Tibbe. The second will was lying on the table, and at the request of Mr. Tibbe they in the presence of Tibbe and Holke signed it as witnesses, December 4, 1889. Dieckmann testifies that when this second will was signed he heard something said about not saying anything about it to anybody; that Mr. Tibbe said that when Mr. Holke was in the room -with them; that he didn’t want to have it made public, or some expression of that land, as he wanted to keep it secret.
“With reference to the first of said wills we quote from
“Dieckmann and Hollman agree that when they signed the will of December 4, 1839, they left it lying on the table in Holke’s study, and knew nothing of it afterwards. This will was also written in German.
“When the will of December 4, 1.889,'was executed it was left with Holke, who forthwith sent it to St. Charles, Mo., to the Reverend Wobus, at that time treasurer of said Synode. Shortly before the 29iih day of November, 1890, said Wobus returned to Holke by mail said will of December 4, 1889, together with a draft of a will (the same here contested), written in English, which said Wo'bus had procured a lawyer in St. Charles to draw up. Holke then arranged a meeting of Tibbe, Dieckmann and Hollman for November 29, 1890, and on that day they met in his study room, and Tibbe executed said English instrument as his will; and asked Dieckmann and Hollman to sign it 'as witnesses; which they did in the presence of Holke. Hollman testified 'that at that time, ‘Mr. Tibbe said he didn’t like either of us to say anything about it.’ When the will of November 29, 1890, was executed, it with the will of December 4, 1889, was by Holke returned by mail to the Reverend Wobus at St. Charles, who kept them until his death, when they, with his other papers, went into the possession of the Reverend Walser, of St. Louis, his successor as treasurer of said Synode, who kept them until 'after the death of said Henry Tibbe.
“The proceedings attending the execution of said wills yrere conducted with such secrecy that even Buchmueller
“The will of November 29, 1890, was written in the English language. The evidence shows conclusively that Henry Tibbe could not read, write, or speak the English language. There is no evidence except the testimony of Holke that said English instrument was ever translated to Henry Tibbe. Holke testifies that he translated it to him; but his testimony on this point is badly mixed, and on the whole does not appear to amount to more than a statement that he read to him the German will of December 4, 1889, and told him that the English testament differed in form but was the same testament. He tries to strengthen his testimony on this point by testifying that when Tibbe asked Dieckmann and Hollman to sign the English instrument as witnesses ho said to them, ‘This was his last will made by him, had been translated to his advice; and read to him in German by me; and he wished them to sign this document.’ Neither Dieckmann nor Hollman gives him the slightest support in this claim that Tibbe declared that the instrument had been trans-
“The claim that Tibbe understood the provisions of the will resting thus on the testimony of Holke^ close consideration of his testimony with a view to a judgment on its credibility is necessary.
“On being called to the stand, in the attempt to make out a prima facie case as to the formal execution of the will in controversy, at a time when Dieckmann and Hollinan had exposed the fact that they had signed two- wills, he studiously and artfully concealed 'all matters relating to the first will. The fact of the execution of the first will, was first disclosed in the testimony of Muecke. Holke was afterwards again called to the stand, 'and an examination of his testimony then given, 'and of that which he gave when first on the stand, discloses the fact that when first on the stand in his endeavors to conceal the execution of the first will, he applied to- the second will alleged occurrences which he afterwards referred to the first. Also on his first examination he denied all knowledge of who sent the papers to Reverend Wobus. We quote from his examination as follows: ‘Q. Where is that German -document ? (referring to the German will of December 4, 1889.) A. I haven’t got it. Q. What did you do with it ? A. .That has been returned with those sent to St. Charles. Q. Returned with the will sent to St. Charles ? A. Yes, sir. Q. When was that done? A. I think right after it was signed. Q. Who did it? A. I did not, no. Q. What was done with the will when it was signed? A. I can’t tell you. Q. Where did you see it last ? A. In my house. Q. Who took it -away from there? A. I do not know. Q. Didn’t you send it away to St. Charles ? A. I can not tell you. Q. Who made this German document that you read to him at that time — the one that you sent with
“Afterwards when called in rebuttal, he on direct examination, testifies on this subject as follows: ‘Q (Eeferring to the will of December 4, 1889.) What was done with that will after it was signed ? A. Mr. Tibbe wanted me to keep that will, and I told him, “Mr. Tibbe, I will not do that; 1 don’t want your will in my house,” and he asked me where shall I put it. “You take it along,” I said. “Well, then, my wife will find it.” “Well, I don’t want it; you send it to Dnion to the probate judge,” I said. “Well then they would find out,” he answered. Then he thought over it and said, “I believe the best thing would be-I send it to the treasurer of the Synode, Eeverend Wobus, at St. Charles.” I said, “If you say so, do it.” “Will you 'send it there for me?” he said. “Of course I will do that. Put it in an envelope and sent it to Eeverend Wobus.” ’
“When first examined as to how the will of November 29, 1890, came into his hands, Holke testified as follows: ‘Q. How did this paper first come into your hands ? A. I don’t recollect — it must have been sent by mail, but I don’t recollect. Q. It must have been sent to you by mail from where ? A. Erom St. Charles.’ But on his reappearance in rebuttal, being examined as to this same matter, he testified as follows: ‘Q. (Eeferring to German will of December 4, 1889.) When did you hear from that, from Mr. Tibbe after the will was executed? A. A few days, I can’t say how much. Later the old man asked me, “Are you sure that that will is légal?” Q. A few days after the will was executed? A.
“The destroyed will was, according to the testimony of Holke, the same as the German will of December 4, 1889, except that he testified that the second will did, and the first did not, provide that if Anton should die without any issue of his body, the property to go to him on the death of his mother should be given, to the trustees of the theological seminary. As a matter of fact said second will did not contain such a provision. It provided simply that in case Anton should die before his father and mother then that part of the property devised to testator’s wife should go to said seminary. The provision giving the property to the seminary in the event of Anton’s dying without heirs of his body first appears in the will of November 29, 1890, drawn by the lawyer at St. Charles, and which Holke testifies that he represented to Tibbe as being the same as the German will of December 4, 1889.
“Holke testifies that Henry Tibbe came to him to write the first will, and at that time complained about his son Anton ‘wasting too much money,’ and that he thought the more money his son would get, the worse it would be for him. He also testified that when Mr. Tibbe came to him to change the will, he commenced ‘complaining about his son Anton and his wife.’
“Holke refers the desire for secrecy to Tibbe, and his explanation of it is that Tibbe was afraid his wife would find
“Since Holke as to these matters testifies to what he claims transpired secretly between him and the testator, his evidence can only be met by proof of circumstances inconsistent with its truth.
“As against the claim that the father was moved to make the will by dissatisfaction with the son, on account of the son wasting money, the evidence is overwhelming that the father was very proud of his son, and reposed the highest confidence in him, was pleased with the son’s enterprise and investments, and encouraged them. Moreover, there is nothing in the evidence on which to base the claim that the son was wasting any money whatever.
“As to the claim that the desire for secrecy originated with the testator, it is to be noticed that on the evidence it appears that Henry Tibbe himself was the only person who had any information with respect to the execution of the wills, who did not maintain strict secrecy with respect thereto. It is noticeable, also, that he is shown by the evidence to have mentioned the fact that he had made a will at his own home, to a lady friend, in the presence of his wife, in a manner utterly inconsistent with the idea that he was the controlling spirit in the effort to maintain secrecy.
“The evidence of Bertha Eoehrig shows that in December, 1891, or January, 1892, Mr. Tibbe informed her that he had made a will, and the testimony of Mrs. Nortmann shows that during the summer of 1895 or 1896, he informed her in the presence of his wife that he had made a will, and the testimony of Mr. Baumann witness for defendants shows that in July, 1896, he told him he had made a will. In conversation with Bertha Eoehrig and Mrs. Nortmann he not only told them that he had made a will, but told them that by his will he had given everything to his son Anton, providing
“There was no testimony tending to show that Henry Tibbe was insane; but there was testimony tending to show that he did not have sufficient mental capacity to realize what property he had, or to do business. Much of it is herein-before referred to. Holke testifies that when he proposed to him to divide his property in halves, out of one half to give $500 to Margaretha Hoed and to give the rest of that half to his wife for her life, and then to Anton, he said it would be good for Anton to have about $50,000. He lived nearly seven years after that; during which time under the management of others he was accumulating money rapidly; and -at his death his entire estate only amounted to about $63,000. Counting in the stock which he had set apart as a birthday present for Anton it -amounted to only $69,000. The will appointed Kamp executor, and provided that in case of death ¥m. E. Stumpe (not the banker, who then had c/harge of all his business and papers) should be his executor, each without bond. The evidence shows that- he was not particularly intimate with either Kamp nr said Stumpe, and that he never spoke to them or either of them with reference to the will. The evidence further shows that Henry Tibbe had no- independent or disinterested advice in the execution of any one of said wills, and -that at the time of the execution of each one of them he was old and feeble minded. The word feeble-minded is not used by any witness, but the fact that such was his state of mind is shown beyond controversy by -the evidence of his acts and proceedings.”
At the request of the plaintiffs the court instructed the jury as follows:
It is not necessary to reproduce here the thirteen instructions given at the request of the defendants. It is enough to say that the twelfth instruction withdrew from the jury the question of soundness of mind of the testator and left only the question of undue influence to be determined by the jury.
As the plaintiffs won below, and as they saved no exception to the giving of the twelfth instruction aforesaid ‘and have not appealed from that ruling of the circuit court, the only question open for consideration in this court is as do the undue influence, and the decision will be limited to that question.
L
The term “undue influence” has in this State a settled meaning. It means such influence, “as ’amounts to over-persuasion, coercion, or force, destroying the free agency and will power of the testator. It must not be merely the influence of affection or attachment, nor the desire of gratifying the wishes of one beloved and trusted by the testator.” [Jackson v. Hardin, 83 Mo. l. c. 185; Doherty v. Gilmore,
Starting then with these established principles of law as the major premise, and the facts developed <at the trial, as plaintiffs themselves state them, as the minor premise, the
There is no pretense that there is any direct evidence in the case of undue influence exercised by Rev. Holke over the testator, at any time. It is insisted, however, that the facts and circumstances justify a reasonable and fair inference of the exercise of such undue influence. The facts and circumstances, which contestants rely upon as proving undue influence, are fully and artistically expressed and forcefully grouped in the fifth instruction given for the plaintiffs, and presented to the jury in this shape, without 'any of the explanatory or modifying or repellan! testimony, facts or circumstances of the case, the 'court directed the jury that if they believed the facts and circumstances thus separated and commented upon to be true, as to which there was no conflict in the evidence, relating, as they do, principally, to the mere formal acts incident to the execution of the three wills, then “the law presumes that said Henry Tibbe disposed of ’his property in said last will by and through the undue influ-. ence of Rev. Holke, and the burden of proof is upon defendant to show that said Tibbe executed said will voluntarily and of his own free will, without persuasion or undue influence on the part of said Holke.”
Analyzed, the facts stated in this instruction, which the court told the jury raised, in law, a presumption of undue influence of Rev. Holke over the testator, which operated to produce the will in contest are briefly these: 1st, the age, ignorance, religious feeling, disposition, early financial struggles and subsequent wealth of the testator, the natural objects of his bounty, and his membership in a church of which Rev.
Give to the facts, circumstances and conditions stated their fullest force and significance and they do not raise even a suspicion of undue influence, much less do they afford the basis for a reasonable and fair inference thereof. The fact that the testator asked Holke to write his will and when he stated the disposition he intended to make of his property, Holke refused to write it, stated, as it is in this blunt and unexplained manner in the instruction, is no element in a chain
In short, the fifth instruction was erroneous, first, because it singled out facts in the case and gave improper prominence and significance to them; and, second, because it declared that such a condition brought this ease "within the exception to'the rule as to the burden of proof in case;'' of this character. All the facts stated in this instruction did not prove that Holke exercised undue influence over the testator, nor did they show that a confidential or fiduciary relation existed between Holke and the testator. Taken in connectipn with the other facts proved but not referred to in this instruction, the evidence wholly failed to establish a prima
The fifth instruction is not cured by the third instruction given for the plaintiff nor by any of the instructions asked by and given for the defendants.
If there had been any substantial evidence in the case of "any undue influence exercised by Rev. Holke over the testator, the third instruction given for the plaintiff would have been a proper instruction, and would have been as far as the court was warranted in instructing the jury on that subject at the instance of the plaintiffs. But its force and meaning was entirely overclouded by the fifth instruction. In a word, the court might as well have directed the jury to find the issue of undue influence for the plaintiffs as to give them the fifth instruction, for it was predicated upon facts which were conceded, but which were not all the facte nor the controlling or essential facts as to undue influence in the case, 'and it was therefore equivalent to a direction to find for the plaintiffs.
.This will may not be what counsel, or the jury or the court would have made for the testator, if they had the power to dictate its terms. It is not the disposition which the law makes of a man’s estate if he makes no will. But it is shown by the evidence and the accepted ruling of the lower court, in this case, that the testator was of sound and disposing mind, competent to make a will, which means that he knew what he was doing, what property he had and who the natural objects of his bounty were, and as was well said in Berberet v. Berberet, 131 Mo. l. c. 411: “A testator having sufficient mental capacity has the right ‘to make an unreasonable, unjust,
The lower court permitted almost unrestrained latitude to the inquiry, a much wider range than there is any precedent for in any reported case to which our attention has been called, but notwithstanding the life, 'affections, habits, trials, strug^ gles, misfortunes and final unexpected acquisition of much wealth of the testator, from the cradle to the grave, have been fully aired and exposed in the case, the result fails to establish a proper case of undue influence to go to the jury, and the trial court should have directed a verdict for the defendants. All the facts, circumstances and suspicions have been fully and exhaustively brought out, and no good purpose would be subserved by putting the parties to the trouble and expense of another trial, therefore the judgment of the circuit court is reversed and the cause remanded to that court with directions to enter a judgment for the defendants, establishing the will in solemn form.
IN BANG.
The foregoing opinion heretofore delivered in Division No. 1, is hereby adopted as the opinion of the Court in Banc.
Dissenting Opinion
SEPARATE OPINION.
(Dissenting). — The record shows that the testator was a native of Holland, who came to this country over thirty years ago a very poor man, a turner by trade, but who at the time of his death had accumulated a large fortune.
"When the case was first decided in Division No. 1,1 concurred in the majority opinion, but upon consideration of the motion for a rehearing and a closer study of the record, I have become satisfied that the result there reached was erroneous as a matter of law, and wrought in this case great injustice as a matter of fact. In my opinion .the judgment of the cir