30 N.W.2d 228 | Wis. | 1947
Action commenced September 28, 1945, in the civil court of Milwaukee county. The Thurner Heat Treating Company, Rudolph J. Thurner, Robert E. Thurner, and Curtis Van Dyke seek to recover $1,094.22 for services rendered to the defendant, Memco Incorporated. The defendant admitted certain facts and counterclaimed, alleging that certain work done by the plaintiffs was defective and had resulted in damages amounting to $2,337. Judgment was entered in the civil court on October 9, 1946, in favor of the plaintiffs in the amount of $984.02, damages and costs. This judgment, on May 13, 1947, was affirmed on appeal by the circuit court where judgment was accordingly entered in favor of the plaintiffs in the sum of $1,028.92, damages, interest, and costs. Defendant appeals. *18
On May 18, 1943, a Muskegon, Michigan, firm ordered four thousand five hundred sprocket gears from the defendant, to be made according to certain specifications and an accompanying blueprint. The defendant was to be paid at the rate of ninety-five cents each for the gears. The defendant completed the gears except for "heat treatment" and on October 26, 1943, placed an order with the plaintiffs for the heat treatment of the gears, submitting instructions with a blueprint with the order. The plaintiffs made deliveries of gears which had been heat-treated at various times between October, 1943, and January, 1944. With each delivery of gears plaintiffs sent an invoice to the defendant. The price of the heat-treating was shown on these invoices to be about six cents per gear. In small print, taking less than an inch of space across the bottom of each invoice, were these words:
"Your order is accepted subject to the following conditions adopted by the metal treating institute: It is generally recognized that even after employing all the science known to us and capable men with years of training, there still remain hazards in heat-treating. Therefore our liability to our customers shall not exceed our charges for the work done on any material, except by written agreement. Warranty will be assumed by us only when made in writing and signed by both you and us. In such event a higher charge will be made for our services. No claim will be allowed for shrinkage, expansion, deformity, or rupture of material in treating nor for breakage in straightening. except by written agreement as above; nor in any case for rupture caused by subsequent grinding. No claim for shortage in weight or count will be entertained unless presented within five working days after receipt of material by the customer. Whenever we are given material with detailed instructions as to treatment our responsibility shall end with the carrying out of those instructions. . . ."
When the defendant received the shipments it in turn shipped the gears to the Michigan firm, where they were tested. It was discovered that two thousand four hundred sixty of *19 them were defective because not heat-treated according to instructions. A case depth in excess of that called for had resulted. This defect was observable only upon testing the gears.
There were negotiations attempting to remedy the defect, but they were unsuccessful. The Michigan firm on July 11, 1944, charged the defendant's account with the two thousand four hundred sixty rejected gears at the contract price of ninety-five cents each, or a total of $2,337. On July 18, 1944, the defendant notified the plaintiffs that they were being charged with that sum.
Defendant continued to do business with plaintiffs, and by January 6, 1945, the amount due the plaintiffs from the defendant for work done between December 9, 1943, and January 6, 1945, amounted to $1,094.22. This sum included the charges which had been made for work done on the gears that were sent by the defendant to the Michigan company. The cost of heat-treating the defective gears was $147.60 of the total.
There was a reply to the counterclaim in which the plaintiffs denied that there was negligence on their part in heat-treating the gears.
A trial was had in the civil court, and it was there held that the plaintiffs had failed to perform the work in accordance with the specifications. However, the counterclaim was dismissed on the ground that the defendant knew or should have known of a trade custom limiting the liability of heat treaters, and the $147.60 which represented the cost of heat-treating the defective gears was deducted from the sum sought by the plaintiffs.
On appeal to the circuit court, the defendant asserted that there was no evidence in the record to support the trial court's conclusion that there was a trade custom or usage limiting liability. The circuit court did not rest its decision on the existence of a trade custom but held that the language quoted above *20 which appeared on the invoices was a part of the contract. The circuit court's decision reads in part:
"I have concluded that immediately the separate lots of material were supplied to the plaintiffs the defendant was given notice in writing as to each lot, and as a condition for the performance of the work for which the plaintiffs were employed, that the plaintiffs' liability should not exceed their charges for the work done on any material, except by written agreement . . . I have concluded that the limitation of liability became and is a part of the contract of the parties, and that it was not waived at any time." Neither on the appeal to the circuit court nor on this appeal has issue been taken with the trial court's finding that the gears in question were defective by reason of the respondents' neglect and failure to treat them according to specifications. The appeal is concerned only with the extent of respondents' liability for their negligence. Each of the lower courts found that the respondents were liable only for the cost of heat-treating the defective gears, but each based its conclusion on a different theory, and both of those theories are attacked by the appellant. It is contended that no trade usage limiting liability was proved and that the parties at no time contracted that the respondents' liability should be a limited one.
Neither of these issues was raised by the pleadings, but the evidence upon which the lower courts reached their conclusions is in the record and is to be considered in determining whether *21 either or both of those conclusions are supported by the evidence.
The chief evidence on the matter of limited liability was the printed matter at the bottom of the invoices sent by respondents to their customers. One of the respondents and a Mr. Graham, who was called as a heat-treating expert, both testified that the information printed on the invoices was printed by fifty-one concerns which were members of a Metal Treating Institute. Mr. Graham, however, estimated that there were about one hundred recognized heat treaters in business in the United States. This is the extent of the testimony which bears on the question of a trade custom, and we hold that it is not sufficient to prove the existence of a custom or usage.
In Power v. Kane (1856),
"It is not denied that usage may enter into and become a part of the law of trade, or that the law is to be applied to the transactions of parties, contracting and doing business in view of and in reference to such usage. But it is not readily adopted by courts, and the proof of such usage must be clear and explicit, and the usage so well established, uniform, and so notorious that the parties must be presumed to know it, and to have contracted in reference to it."
In another early case, Lamb v. Klaus (1872),
"It [the usage] must appear to be so well settled, so uniformly acted upon, and of so long a continuance, as to raise a fair presumption that it was known to both contracting parties, and that they contracted in reference to it and in conformity with it."
The rule as set forth in these early cases still prevails.Farmer v. Pick Mfg. Co. (1938)
We do not agree with the circuit court in its holding that the provision limiting respondents' liability, which appeared on the invoices, was a part of the contract. It is true that the record shows that the defendant had submitted orders to the respondents on numerous occasions prior to the transaction involved here. Presumably when each of those prior orders was delivered a delivery slip or an invoice was sent by respondents to the appellant, each including the printed notation that appeared on the invoices here. The notation appeared only on papers that were sent by respondents to its customers after the work ordered had been completed. There was no evidence to show that respondents notified their customers of that limited liability before accepting the order. No attempt was made to call the provision to appellant's attention, and it appears that appellant in fact had not seen the statement printed on the invoices. The appellant was justified in relying on the terms of the original contract in the absence of a direct statement by respondents to the contrary. The notation was a nullity so far as affecting the rights of appellant. Fair dealing and the general rules controlling contracts as to the intent of the parties prevent one from seeking to escape liability and from having so great an advantage as the respondents claim by the use of so little effort after a relation or contract was once established.
A New Jersey case very similar to the instant case has been called to our attention. It is Dale v. See (1889),
"Upon a bailment of goods for work and labor upon them, the contract between the parties arises immediately upon the delivery of the goods to the bailee, and upon the completion of the work for which the bailment was made it is the duty of the bailee to return the goods to the owner. He cannot prescribe the conditions under which he will perform that duty. Notice by the bailee, with the return of the goods, or with his bill for the work done, qualifying his liability for defective workmanship. are terms of his own dictation. . . .
"From what has already been said it is apparent that no one of these notices of itself constituted a contract with respect to the work to which the bill on which it was printed was applicable. When the first bill was sent to the plaintiff the notice on it was a nullity. So with the second and so with each of the bills in the series. . . . Each of these notices being in itself a nullity, it is inconceivable how, upon any legal principle the frequency with which they were repeated could create out of them a contract on the part of the plaintiff without a scintilla of evidence of assent to the terms expressed in them."
This is in line with the general rule expressed in 6 Am. Jur., . Bailments, p. 274, sec. 178, as follows:
". . . the general rule supported by the modern authorities appears to be that the bailor, unless his attention is called to the fact that such conditions are intended as a part of the contract, is not charged with notice, where he has no actual knowledge, of provisions limiting liability which appear upon something not apparently related to the contract itself, or given to the bailor ostensibly for some other purpose. There is authority which justifies the rule on the ground, among others, that the bailee, if he wishes to qualify his contract, should do so in an unmistakable manner, and it is not reasonably to be expected, nor is the bailor required to anticipate, that important terms of a contract will be found upon what is accepted merely as a means of identification or for some other purpose which to a reasonable man would not appear to be germane to the agreement itself."
If the respondents intended the notation on their invoices to be a part of their contract, they should have communicated that *24 information in a clear way to the appellant before accepting its order. As it was, the order was sent with specifications as to how the work was to be done. That order was filled and only upon delivery of the goods was any attempt made to limit liability and then only by small printing at the bottom of a paper used primarily to convey other information, such as the quantity, price, and shipping date of the goods. It is the policy of the law not only to encourage the embodiment of specific and material provisions in a contract, but in the interest of certainty and fair dealing, to require a plain and fair statement of terms. The notation on the invoices purportedly limiting liability is not such a plain and fair statement of terms and cannot be held to have become a part of the contract between the parties.
However, that does not mean that the appellant's measure of damages for respondents' negligent work is necessarily and automatically the $2,337 which appellant would have received on its contract with the Michigan firm. Appellant is entitled to what will reasonably compensate it for the damages resulting from respondents failure to properly perform their contract. In Stamford Extract Mfg. Co. v. Oakes Mfg. Co.
(2d Cir. 1925)
"We agree that mere notice of the extent of the promisee's loss is not conclusive; the loss must be within the promisor's undertaking. That is no doubt a fictitious standard to apply, for a contract is not a promise to perform or pay damages. Yet we know of no test other than the loose one that the loss must be such that; had the promisor been originally faced with its possibility, he would have assented to its inclusion in what he must make good."
This was a restatement of the rule expressed by Justice HOLMES in Globe Refining Co. v. Landa Cotton Oil Co.
(1903)
"However, the amount of damages which respondent is entitled to is limited by the rule that only such damages are recoverable as are the natural and probable consequence of the breach of warranty. Those damages include direct damages and such as the parties contemplate would be likely to result from a breach thereof when the contract was made. . . . While most courts recognize the right of a buyer to consequential damages, the general holding is that the liability is only for such damages as are natural and probable consequences of the breach and such as were within the, contemplation of the parties." Jones v. Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co.
(1945)
Applying the rule in the Stamford Extract Mfg. Case, supra, the court held that one who promised to deliver lumber to a vessel and did not do so at the time appointed was properly liable for demurrage. The court said: "It seems to us quite unreasonable to suppose that a seller . . . could have refused to recognize, under these circumstances, that he was chargeable with so direct a loss as this."
In the case of Hooks Smelting Co. v. Planters' Compress Co.
(1904)
". . . the profits which the plaintiff might reasonably have expected to make on this contract did not probably exceed one or two hundred dollars. . . . And yet for the failure to properly perform this contract plaintiff is subjected to *26 damages nearly ten times greater than the gross amount to be paid it for all the materials it furnished."
In respect to the difference between what respondents were to receive for their work and the damages claimed by the appellant, the case at bar is similar to the Arkansas case just referred to. In the instant case, appellant seeks $2,337 in damages for a job which would have earned respondent $147.60 if properly done. While this discrepancy in itself does not justify a holding that $2,337 would necessarily be excessive damages, it is some evidence that the respondents would not have agreed to do the work if such damages were contemplated.
No such extensive special damages are sought by appellant in this case as were sought in the Arkansas Hooks SmeltingCo. Case, supra, and it may be possible for appellant to show some special damage of the sort which ought reasonably to have been contemplated and taken into consideration by the respondents in the making of the contract. The law imposes upon a party injured by another's breach of contract the active duty of using all ordinary care and making all reasonable exertions to render the injury as light as possible.
It cannot be said that respondents contracted that their liability was to be limited to the cost of their work, for the provision to that effect on the invoices was not a part of the contract. Neither can it be said that the appellant shows that its contract price agreed upon with its customer for the completed gears is the just compensation to it for the damage done in view of the general rule that it is entitled to such damages as the parties at the time the contract was made ought reasonably to have contemplated would be likely to result from a breach. There should have been some showing of what would be a fair charge for the material furnished by appellant and its labor in producing the gears submitted to the respondents. The evidence necessary for a just application of the general rule of damages to the facts of this case is not in the record. *27 We therefore remand the case for further proceedings on that issue.
By the Court. — Judgment reversed. Cause remanded for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.
FOWLER, J., took no part.
