Thorne v. United States

Sep 29, 1983
81-1441
Versions:471 A.2d 247
1983 D.C. App. LEXIS 556
PER CURIAM:

In thе early morning hours of January 17, 1981, appellant disturbed several residents of Wayne Place, Southeast, by pounding or kicking the doors to their apartments and demanding to see “his woman.” Eventually he came to the apartment of Felix Akorli. When Akorli rеfused to admit him, appellant broke down Akorli’s door, struck Akor-li, and destroyed some of Akorli’s household property. Apрellant was arrested as he ran from Akorli’s apartment building.

Following a jury trial appellant was found guilty of two counts of first-degree burglary, D.C.Code § 22-1801(a) (1981), one count of destroying property, id. § 22-403, and one count of simple assault, id. § 22-504. He received consecutive 5 to 15-year sentences on the burglary counts and concurrent 1-year sentences on the remaining counts. Thereafter appellant noted this appeal, in which he contends that: 1) on the fаcts of this case consecutive sentences for burglary offend the double jeopardy clause, and 2) the court аbused its discretion in denying a day-of-trial request for a competency determination. We remand for re-sentencing, but othеrwise affirm.

I

Because the evidence against appellant suggested that he had entered the Akorli apartment with two distinct specific intents — the intent ‍‌​‌‌​​‌‌‌​​​‌​‌‌​​‌​‌‌‌​‌​​​​​​​​​‌​​​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌‍to destroy property and the intent to assault the occupant of the premises — he was charged with two separate counts of burglary. 1 It is appellant’s contention that although the government proved both specific intents at trial, the two burglary convictions should merge for purposes of sentencing where, as here, thе convictions arose from a single entry. Specifically, appellant argues that under Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 304, 52 S.Ct. 180, 182, 76 L.Ed. 306 (1932), the burglary counts merge because neither required proof of an additional fact, and the societal interest that § 22-1801(a) serves, the protectiоn of dwellings from criminally motivated invasions, was offended only once in the course of appellant’s crime. Appеllant argues, in effect, that the harboring, upon entry, of an intent to commit not only a first, but also a second, offense does not constitute an additional fact for purposes of merger analysis. Appellee essentially concedes this issue on the facts of this case, and we agree.

The question to which we must address ourselves, therefore, is how the sentеncing error should be remedied. Appellant argues that this court should vacate both burglary sentences and impose a single sentence of 5 to 15 years. Appellee, on the other hand, contends that ‍‌​‌‌​​‌‌‌​​​‌​‌‌​​‌​‌‌‌​‌​​​​​​​​​‌​​​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌‍the case should be remanded fоr resentencing. Appellee maintains that remand represents the preferable procedure since it would рermit the trial court to effectuate its original sentencing plan, which possibly would have contemplated a single 10 tо 30-year sentence 2 had the court realized that one of the burglary convictions was unavailable for sentencing purposes. Appellant counters, without citing any supporting case law, that remand is unnecessary in the absence оf any indication that the trial court would have imposed a sentence longer than 5 to 15 years had the court been aware that an additional concurrent or consecutive burglary sentence was impermissible.

We find appellee’s view persuasive, and conclude that all of the sentences should be vacated and the case remanded for resentencing. See Franklin v. United States, 392 A.2d 516, 519-20 (D.C.1978), cert. denied, 440 U.S. 948, 99 S.Ct. 1428, 59 L.Ed.2d 637 (1979); United States v. Busic, 639 F.2d 940, 947 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 452 U.S. 918, 101 S.Ct. 3055, 69 L.Ed.2d 422 (1981); cf. McClain v. United States (McClain II), 676 F.2d 915, 917-18 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. —, 103 S.Ct. 174, 74 L.Ed.2d 143 (1982); McClain v. United States (McClain I), 643 F.2d 911, 913-14 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 452 U.S. 919, 101 S.Ct. 3057, 69 L.Ed.2d 424 (1981), after remand, 676 F.2d 915 (2d Cir.1982). In structuring its plan of sentencing, the trial court did not impose the maximum sentence permitted by statute on the burglary counts. It may be that the court chose to spread appellant’s sentence over each of the counts upon which appellant was convicted, and that simply vacating one of the burglary sentences would upset an interdependent sentencing structure. See Busic, supra, 639 F.2d at 950; accord McClain II, supra, 676 F.2d at 918. Thus, we regard remand for resentencing as the appropriate remedy, since it will allow the trial court to impose sentence knowing that only one of the burglary convictions is ‍‌​‌‌​​‌‌‌​​​‌​‌‌​​‌​‌‌‌​‌​​​​​​​​​‌​​​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌‍available for sentencing purposes. We add, however, that under the circumstances, one of the burglary convictions should be vacated, and appellant sentenced on the other. See Garris v. United States, 465 A.2d 817 (D.C.1983); Harling v. United States, 460 A.2d 571 (D.C.1983); Doepel v. United States, 434 A.2d 449, 459 (D.C.), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 1037, 102 S.Ct. 580, 70 L.Ed.2d 483 (1981).

II

We turn to the remaining question presented in this appeal: whether the triаl court erred in denying appellant’s day-of-trial motion for a competency determination. When a defendant has sought and been denied a competency examination, our review is limited to determining whether the trial court abused its discretion in so ruling. See, e.g., Clyburn v. United States, 381 A.2d 260, 262-63 (D.C.1977), cert. denied, 435 U.S. 999, 98 S.Ct. 1656, 56 L.Ed.2d 90 (1978). On the record before us we are satisfied that no abuse of discretion occurred, since appellant failed to present pri-ma facie evidence in support of the request for the examination. Cf. D.C.Code § 24-301(a) (1981); Bennett v. United States, 400 A.2d 322, 325 (D.C.1979).

Affirmed.

Notes

1

. In its brief the government explains that it has adopted the practice of asking the grand jury to charge multiple counts of burglary when the nature of a defendant’s intent is unclear or when, as here, the evidence suggests that the defendant entered intending to commit more than one crime. The government adopted this practice to avoid one of the problems seen in Whalen v. United States, 379 A.2d 1152, 1155-56 (D.C.1977), rev’d on other grounds, 445 U.S. 684, 100 S.Ct. 1432, 63 L.Ed.2d 715 (1980), in which the appellant had been indicted, inter alia, оn a single unitary burglary count in which the nature of the appellant’s ‍‌​‌‌​​‌‌‌​​​‌​‌‌​​‌​‌‌‌​‌​​​​​​​​​‌​​​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌‍specific intent had been phrased in the conjunctivе (i.e., he was charged with entering the dwelling of another with the intent to steal property and to commit assault). See id. at 1156. At trial the government failed to adduсe sufficient evidence regarding the intent to steal and the defense therefore sought dismissal of the burglary count. See id. Instead of dismissing the count, however, the trial court allowed it to be amended by deleting the reference to intent to steal. See id. Apрellant was subsequently convicted on the amended burglary count. On appeal we reversed the burglary conviction оn the ground that permitting such an amendment to a nonseverable unitary count had deprived ‍‌​‌‌​​‌‌‌​​​‌​‌‌​​‌​‌‌‌​‌​​​​​​​​​‌​​​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌‍the appellant of his cоnstitutional right to grand jury indictment because it was unclear whether the grand jury would have voted to indict in the absence of the reference to the intent to steal (i.e., some jurors might have relied primarily on the belief that appellant entered with the intent to steal). See id. at 1157.

2

. D.C.Code § 22-1801(a) authorizes a maximum sentence of 30 years.