73 F. 327 | U.S. Circuit Court for the District of Nevada | 1896
after stating the facts, orally delivered the opinion.
The statute of Nevada concerning fraudulent conveyances of real property provides, in substance, that all conveyances made with the intent to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors or other persons of their lawful suits, debts, or demands are, as against such persons, utterly null and void. Gen. St. Nev. § 2638; Parish v. Murphree, 13 How. 92, 99; Collinson v. Jackson, 8 Sawy. 357, 14 Fed. 305; Clay v. McCally, Fed. Cas. No. 2,869; Shaw v. Manchester, 84 Iowa, 247, 50 N. W. 985; Wagener v. Mars, 27 S. C. 97, 2 S. E. 844. The statute also provides that:
“The question of fraudulent intent, in all cases arising under the provisions of this act, shall be deemed a question of fact, and not of law; nor shall any conveyance or charge be adjudged fraudulent, as against creditors or purchasers, solely on the ground that it was not founded on a valuable consideration.” Gen. St. Nev. § 2(ki.
The general rule is that fraud may he shown in conveyances of property, made to hinder, delay, and defrand creditors, by the conduct and appearances of the parties, the details of the transaction, and the surrounding circumstances, and may be inferred when the facts and circumstances are such as to lead a reasonable man to believe that the property of a debtor has been attempted to be withdrawn from the reach of Ms creditors. Cox v. Cox, 39 Kan. 121, 17 Pac. 847; Reynolds’ Adm’rs v. Gawthrop’s Heirs, 37 W. Va. 3, 16 S. E. 364; Burt v. Timmons, 29 W. Va. 44l, 2 S. E. 780; Clinton v. Rice, 79 Mich. 355, 44 N. W. 790.
There is some evidence tending to show that the defendant E. Crane manifested some anxiety or uneasiness about the financial affairs of the Reno Manufacturing Company, or lack of confidence in its manager, prior to the time of the execution of the conveyances; but, from all the facts and circumstances of the case, as appears from the record, there is not, in my opinion, sufficient evidence to justify the inference that the conveyances in question, or either of them, were made or executed for the purpose of hindering, delaying, or defrauding creditors. The evidence shows that the conveyances were made apparently in good faith, and for a laudable purpose, and at a time when the grantor was solvent, and free from all debts and liabilities, save such as may have existed from the transactions growing out of and arising from the guaranty given by the grantor to the complainants for the faithful performance of the agreement on the part of the Reno Manufacturing Company.
The deeds having been executed and delivered by the grantor to the grantees without any intent on his or their "part to hinder, defraud, or delay creditors of the grantor, it devolves upon the complainants to show that they were creditors of the grantor at the time
This general doctrine is founded upon the principle that the law always requires that every person must be just before he is generous. It will not permit any person, who is indebted at the time, to give his property away, provided such gift proves in any manner prejudicial to the interest of existing creditors. The motive which prompts the person to make the gift is wholly immaterial. If the grantor or donor is indebted at the time, and the future event proves that it is necessary to resort to the property attempted to be conveyed away by a voluntary deed, for the purpose of paying such indebtedness, the voluntary conveyance will be set aside, and the property subjected to the payment of such indebtedness, upon the ground that it would otherwise operate as a legal fraud upon the rights of creditors, even though it might be perfectly clear that the transaction was entirely free from any trace of moral fraud. The statute is designed to prohibit frauds, by protecting the rights of creditors. If the facts and circumstances clearly show a fraudulent intent, the conveyance is void against all creditors. Where a voluntary conveyance is made by an individual free from debt, with a purpose of committing a fraud on subsequent creditors, it is void, under the statute. And if a voluntary conveyance be made, without any fraudulent intent, yet if the amount of property thus conveyed so impairs the means of the grantor as to hinder or delay his existing creditors, it is, as to them, void. But a voluntary conveyance is good, as against subsequent creditors, unless executed as a cover for future schemes of fraud. Horbach v. Hill, 112 U. S. 144, 149, 5 Sup. Ct. 81; Schreyer v. Scott, 134 U. S. 405, 411, 10 Sup. Ct. 579; Lawson v. Warehouse Co., 73 Ala. 293; Witz v. Osburn, 83 Va. 227, 2 S. E. 33; Todd v. Nelson, 109 N. Y. 316, 327, 16 N. E. 360.
It is claimed that complainants were not creditors of E. Crane until the entry of the judgment against him; that the guaranty, if signed by E. Crane, only created a contingent liability upon his part which might result in his becoming indebted to the complainants in the event that the Reno Manufacturing Company failed to faithfully perform its agreement; that such obligations are to be distinguished from those by note or bond to pay a specific sum of money at a given time where an indebtedness can be said to exist upon the signing of the note or bond, whereas the only obligation assumed by tlie guaranty in this case only became a fixed indebtedness when it was as
Can this contention he sustained? The judgment is, of course, competent evidence of the debt. 2 Freem. Judgm. § 418. As was said by the court in Lawson v. Warehouse Co., supra:
“When rendered by a court of competent jurisdiction, in the regular course of judicial proceedings, in the absence of fraud or collusion, it is a conclusive evidence of a deb't existing at the time of its rendition. * ~ * It is not evidence of an indebtedness existing at any time anterior to its rendition; and if the conveyance is impeached as merely voluntary, as wanting only in a valuable consideration, if the time of rendition is subsequent to the conveyance. there must be other evidence than the judgment affords to show the existence of the debt when the conveyance was made.”
See Robinson v. Rogers, 84 Ind. 539; Gordon v. McIlwain, 82 Ala. 247, 2 South. 671.
The complainants in this case do not rely solely on the judgment to establish the date when they became creditors of E. Crane. They introduced the original agreement between complainants and the Beno Manufacturing Company, and tin; guaranty, as signed toy E. Crane, on the 30th of Mat', 1892, which was prior to the time of the execution of the deeds herein sought to be set aside. A creditor is not simply a person to whom a, debt is due, but a person to whom any obligation is due. It is a person wlio has the; right to require the fulfillment of any obligation, contract, or guaranty, and he is to be considered as a creditor of such obligor or guarantor from the lime of his entering into the obligation.
The general principle, applicable to the facts of this case, is well expressed in 8 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law, 750, as follows:
“A creditor, in this connection, is not. necessarily, the holder of a debt merely, as that term is generally understood; for one having a legal right to damages capable of judicial enforcement is a creditor, within the moaning of the statutes and law upon the subject of fraudulent conveyances. So, where one incurs liability for smother, as surety or the like, lie may bo considered as a creditor of the latter from the time of entering Into the obligation, and various other claims, absolute or contingent, hate been held sufficient to constitute the holders thereof creditors.”
In addition to the authorities there cited, see Yeend v. Weeks (Ala.) 16 South. 165; Hunsinger v. Hofer, 110 Ind. 390, 11 N. E. 463; Bowen v. State, 121 Ind. 235. 23 N. E. 75.
In Bowen v. State, the court said:
“It is manifest, as it seems to us, that (he liability of a surety on a guardian’s bond must be governed by the same general principles which govern the liabilities of sureties on other obligations; that he cannot give away all of his property to the detriment of those for whose benefit the bond is given. The contract of suretyship is in force from the date of the execution of the bond, though the liability of the surety to x>ay dex>ends upon the conditions of the bond.”
“It must be stated, in this connection, that an administration bond is a continuing obligation of 'security from the day of its execution to the termination of the administrator’s authority to act; and, though it antedates a voluntary conveyance, yet the ascertainment of its breach, by proper judicial proceeding, begun and concluded after the execution of such conveyance, will, as between the judgment creditor and the grantor in the conveyance, relate back to the date of the bond, and be held to be a debt existing at the time. * * * A contingent claim is as fully protected as a claim that is certain and absolute."
The conclusion reached upon this point makes it necessary to consider other questions raised by the defendants against the right of complainants to maintain this .suit.
It is contended that the judgment obtained in the district court of Washoe county was erroneous; that the action was not instituted upon the agreement made by the plaintiffs therein with the Reno Manufacturing Company, the faithful performance of which the defendant E. Crane had guarantied; that the complaint was based upon an entirely different cause of action; and that E. Crane was not in any event liable upon the claim set forth in plaintiffs’ complaint. It is further claimed that the defendant E. Crane never signed any guaranty except for $1,000; that the signature of his name to the guaranty attached to the agreement is a forgery; that he was misled and deceived by the statements made to him at the time the judgment was rendered, in this, that he was informed that the judgment was only for $1,000. The manner in which the action was brought and the judgment obtained was unusual, perhaps suspicious; and it may, for the purposes of this opinion, be conceded that the judgment was erroneous. But it is evident that the court had jurisdiction to hear, and determine the case. The defendant E. Crane was in court, and consented to try the case without employing counsel. Thereafter he employed counsel, and made a motion for a new trial, which was overruled. He allowed the time for taking an appeal to expire, and took no steps to have the judgment set aside on the ground that it was obtained either by fraudulent or deceptive means, or by accident or surprise, or any other sufficient cause for the interposition of a court of equity. The judgment, therefore, as to him, is final. The adjudication of any question arising in the courts is always final, unless corrected by an appellate tribunal, and is never subject to re-examination in any other than an appellate court upon any issue of law or fact, nor upon the ground that the decision therein is contrary to equity or good conscience, except in a direct proceeding to set it aside. The judgment, as entered, concludes the parties thereto,, and those in privity with them, not only as to every matter which was offered and received to sustain or defeat the claim, but as to any other admissible matter which might have been offered for that purpose; and it cannot be collaterally attacked. Cromwell v. County of Sac, 94 U. S. 351; Bissell v. Spring Valley Tp., 124 U. S. 225, 8 Sup. Ct. 495; Dowell v. Applegate, 152 U. S. 329, 343, 14 Sup. Ct. 611; Graff v. Louis, 71 Fed. 591; Mannix v. State, 115 Ind. 245, 251, 17 N. E. 565; McLeod v. Lee, 17 Nev. 103, 117, 28 Pac. 124.
“Where a creditor calls in question a conveyance made by bis debtor, upon the ground of fraud, in an action between him and the grantee, the demand of the creditor must he subject to examination, in order to see whether he has a right, as such, to question the validity of the conveyance. If a judgment has been obtained by Mm, still, as between him and the grantee, who is no party to it, it will not be regarded as precluding the latter from an examination of the ground of it. The grantee may be allowed to show that it was obtained by fraud, or that the cause of action accrued under circumstances which would not give the creditor a right to impeach the conveyance.”
See, also, Lawson v. Warehouse Co., 73 Ala. 293; Clark v. Anthony, 31 Ark. 549.
But upon this point we are confronted with the fact that there is a decided preponderance of evidence to the effect that E. Crane signed the guaranty which was offered in evidence, that the signature thereto is not a forgery, and that he must have known the character of the action and the amount of the judgment; and the further fact that the complaint in the action brought in the district court of Washoe county was based upon the conditions of the agreement and the provisions of the guaranty.
There is still another question to be considered. The 80 acres of land conveyed to E. O. Crane was part of a tract of land that E. Crane had owned for many years, and upon which his wife had declared a homestead several years prior to the signing of the guaranty in question. This homestead declaration was duly recorded, and has never been abandoned. If no conveyance had been made to the son, E. O. Crane, and the title thereto had remained in E. Crane, it could not have been subjected to any judgment or execution lien unless the land exceeded in value the amount allowed for a homestead.
Complainants cite the case of La Point v. Blanchard, 101 Cal. 549, 36 Pac. 98, as an authority to the effect that the fací, that the land might have been claimed as a homestead does not make a transfer the less fraudulent. That case was, however, in many respects totally dissimilar from this. There the party had not filed any declaration of homestead. The land was not subject to any homestead claim, and the court held that the mere fact that the land might have been declared upon as a homestead did not exempt it from execution, and that the assignee of the insolvent was entitled to a decree canceling the conveyance and restoring the property as part of the estate of the insolvent. In the opinion the court said:
“Had the property, when conveyed, been exempt from execution, and therefore then beyond the reach of creditors, there would have been much force, in the argument of respondent.”
I am of the opinion that the position contended for by defendants’ counsel on this point is correct. The complainants could not have enforced their claim, as against this 80 acres of land, if no conveyance had been made to the son; and, this being true, they are not in a position to complain of any voluntary conveyance of this land.
“Exempt property is not subject to this rule. Creditors are held not defrauded by the conveyance of the homestead without consideration. Having no right to make their money by execution against it, they have no cause to complain. It is incumbent on the creditor, who complains of a fraudulent conveyance, to show that his debtor has disposed of property that might otherwise have been subjected to the satisfaction of his debt. Until this is done no injury appears. Creditors cannot complain that a conveyance of a homestead is fraudulent as to debts for the payment of which it cannot be taken in execution. They could not reach it, if not conveyed, and hence the motives for the conveyance do not concern them.”
The author also quotes with approval the language of the court in Fellows v. Lewis, 65 Ala. 343, 354:
“This question has been a great many times before the courts of the country, and in a large majority of cases the ruling was against the right of the creditor to subject the homestead, merely because its owner and occupant had conveyed his right to another, even though the conveyance was voluntary, or made under circumstances which would ordinarily stamp it as fraudulent. There can be no fraud unless there are claims and rights which can be delayed and hindered, and which, but for the conveyance, could be asserted. The law takes no cognizance of fraudulent practices that injure no one. Fraud without injury, or injury without fraud, will not support an action. Unless they coexist, the courts are powerless to render any relief.”
See, also, Wap. Homest. 516, and authorities there cited; 1 Story, Eq. Jur. § 367; Crummen v. Bennet, 68 N. C. 494; Edmonson v. Meacham, 50 Miss. 34; Rhead v. Hounson, 46 Mich. 244, 9 N. W. 267; Stanley v. Snyder, 43 Ark. 430.
With reference to the shares of stock in the reservoir and ditch company which was conveyed by the same deed, it is only necessary to state that the conveyance was not purely voluntary, although it may be that there was not a full and adequate consideration. The facts are that the son had previously advanced to his father about $200, and promised to pay $1,000 more, and that all this money had been paid prior to the commencement of this suit. In all cases where a deed is executed for a valuable consideration, without knowledge by the grantee of any fraudulent intent of the grantor, it will be upheld; and where the consideration is valuable, inadequacy of price alone will not make the conveyance fraudulent, for in such a case the law will not weigh consideration in diamond scales. Prewit v. Wilson, 103 U. S. 22.
It follows from the views herein expressed that complainants are entitled to a decree as prayed for subjecting the land deeded by the defendant E. Crane to the defendant Mary E. Crane, conveying to her lots 3 and 4, in block No. 3, in Lake’s addition to Reno, in Washoe county, Nev., to be sold to satisfy the demands of complainants, or so much thereof as may be necessary for that purpose, with costs, and that defendant E. O. Crane is entitled to judgment for his costs.