delivered the opinion of the Court.
Plаintiff appeals from the judgment entered in the District Court, Eleventh Judicial District, Flathead County, holding that the State of Montana was not liable for thе injuries to the plaintiff. We affirm in part and reverse in part.
The issues on appeal are:
1. Whether the District Court erred in limiting testimony of the plaintiff’s accident reconstruction еxpert.
2. Whether the District Court erred in permitting defense counsel to question witnesses regarding the availability of medical and rehabilitation sеrvices by the Veterans Administration, in light of the order in hmine prohibiting collateral source evidence.
On February 5, 1980, Lyle Thomsen was driving from Whitefish to Kalisрell. Thomsen entered a section known as the LaSalle Road, which was under construction. After traveling southbound on the road for apрroximately one-half mile, Thomsen’s vehicle began to leave the road, so that the right tires were about three feet right of the fog line оr edge line. The ditch adjoining the road had flooded and frozen. At that point, the right tires were riding on the ice. The ice gave way, and as Thomsen attempted to regain the road, his vehicle went into a 180 degree spin, crossed the centerline, and was struck *462 from behind by an oncoming vеhicle. Thomsen suffered multiple injuries, including permanent brain injury.
On January 28, 1983, Thomsen filed suit against the State of Montana, Flathead County, and McIntyre Construсtion Company — the company in charge of the highway reconstruction. Flathead County was subsequently granted summary judgment on April 13, 1990. Trial commenced on June 14,1990. The jury returned a special verdict, finding that (1) McIntyre Construction was not negligent; and (2) that the State of Montana was negligent, but that its negligence did not cause plaintiff’s damages. Thomsen appeals from that judgment.
Thomsen asserts that the District Court erred in handling the testimony of his aсcident reconstruction expert. Thomsen maintains that the expert, a physics professor at Montana State University, was precludеd from explaining fundamental laws of physics, and was not allowed to give his opinion on the angle of the tires on Thomsen’s vehicle at the timе they broke through the ice. The scope of expert testimony and the trial court’s role in regulating it is governed by Rule 702 of the Montana Rules оf Evidence. Rule 702 provides:
If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education may testify therеto in the form of an opinion or otherwise.
This Court has stated that the trial court is granted wide discretion in determining whether to admit expert testimоny.
Simonson v. White
(1986),
Thomsen further asserts that his expert was prevented from testifying to standards contained in the American Assоciation of State Highway Transportation Officials’ manual, entitled Highway Design and Operational Practices Related to Highway Safety, dеspite the fact that compliance with current AASHTO manuals" was a requirement of the construction contract between the State аnd McIntyre. However, the record discloses that plaintiff was unable to provide foundation for introduction of the manual, due to questions about whether it was in effect at the time of the accident. After a subsequent offer of proof, the court ruled that the expert could bе recalled to lay addi *463 tional foundation. Plaintiff failed to recall his expert witness. Therefore, the District Court did not abuse its discretion by rejecting the offered evidence.
Thomsen next contends that the court erred in allowing questions concerning collateral sources, in dirеct contravention of plaintiff’s motion in limine. In spite of the motion and subsequent objection, three separate witnesses were allowed to respond to questions regarding the availability of medical and rehabilitation services by the Veterans Administration. Thomsen claims that thе main thrust of the questioning was to suggest to the jury that insurance coverage existed, and that any probative value was clearly outweighed by thе possibility of unfair prejudice.
We agree with the plaintiff. Plaintiff’s motion in limine, granted before commencement of trial, sought to exclude, among other things, any testimony, evidence, or comment that any remuneration was received by Mr. Thomsen from a collateral source, оr that he may have had medical insurance. When counsel for McIntyre Construction first delved into the matter of VA benefits, Thomsen objected. On three separate occasions, the court allowed the questioning which established the availability of VA benefits.
Courts have long recоgnized the strong likelihood of prejudice resulting from the introduction of collateral source evidence. Montana recognized the doctrine in
Goggans v. Winkley
(1972),
Other courts have further expounded on the doctrine. In
Hrnjak v. Graymar, Inc.
(Cal. 1971),
The potentially prejudicial impact of evidence that a pеrsonal injury plaintiff received collateral insurance payments varies little from case to case. Even with cautionary instructions, thеre is substantial danger that the jurors will take the evidence into account in assessing the damages to be awarded to an injured plaintiff. Thus, introduсtion of the evidence on a limited admissibility theory creates the danger of circumventing the salutary policies underlying the collateral source rule. Admission despite such ominous potential should be permitted only upon such persuasive showing that the evidence sought to bе introduced is of substantial probative value.
*464
The Alaska Supreme Court has recognized the doctrine’s importance to a greatеr extent. In
Tolan v. ERA Helicopters, Inc.
(Alaska 1985),
[The doctrine] also has an evidentiary role, excluding evidence of other compensation on the theory that such evidеnce would affect the jury’s judgment unfavorably to the plaintiff on the issues of liability and damages. [Emphasis added.]
Defendants contend that the evidence was harmless becausе the jury found that the State’s negligence was not the proximate cause of plaintiff’s damages. As the court in Tolan stated, introduction of collаteral source evidence may be much more damaging to a plaintiff’s case than just affecting the jury’s judgment regarding damages. We agreе with the Tolan court’s recognition that such evidence can have an impact upon a jury’s verdict on the issue of liability, as well as damages. Wе conclude that the District Court erred in allowing the admission of collateral source evidence, and that such error is reversible.
Acсordingly, the judgment in favor of the State of Montana is reversed and this cause remanded for a new trial consistent with this opinion.