Following a jury trial, Jimmie Thompson was convicted of burglary and sentenced as a recidivist. Prior to trial, Thompson filed a motion to suppress statements made to law enforcement without the benefit of Miranda warnings. The trial court denied Thompson’s motion. On appeal, Thompson argues that (1) the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress, (2) the evidence was insufficient to find him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, and (3) he received ineffective assistance of counsel. Because the trial court erred in denying Thompson’s motion to suppress, we are constrained to reverse his conviction.
Viewed in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict, 1 the record shows that on August 1, 2008, Mother’s Finest Daycare and Learning Center sat vacant and unused, having closed eight months prior. Nevertheless, the daycare center’s owner checked the premises weekly and left various items stored inside, including two vacuum cleaners and a carpet shampooer. On the day in question, the owner was notified by law enforcement that the daycare center had been burglarized. Indeed, a door had been pried open and the inside was amiss with fans, a television set, and kitchen appliances running; trash strewn about; and several items missing. Among the items the owner identified as missing were a vacuum cleaner with a taped, broken handle and a carpet shampooer.
Earlier in the day, a resident of the area surrounding the daycare center observed Thompson walking down the street toward a gas station with what appeared to be two vacuum cleaners. A short while later, he watched as Thompson entered the vacant daycare center, and law enforcement was notified accordingly. Another witness encountered Thompson around this same time at the gas station down the street from the center. Thompson entered the station’s store with what appeared to be two vacuum cleaners, asking if anyone would like to purchase them. He exited the store at one point and reemerged with only one of the devices, presumably having sold the other. The witness, who was also familiar with the daycare center, recognized one of the vacuums in Thompson’s possession by its taped, broken handle. And when Thompson left the gas station, the witness noticed that he was walking back toward the center.
Law enforcement, having been informed that somebody had entered the vacant building, responded to the daycare center. One officer, Officer Findley, spoke with witnesses who described the suspect and what they had observed. The officer then proceeded to the gas station down the road to look for the suspect. Meanwhile, another officer, Officer Edelkind, responded to the scene behind the daycare center and encountered Thompson, who matched the suspect’s description. Officer Edelkind approached Thompson and asked where he was coming from and if he would empty his pockets before a pat-down. Thompson complied with this request and removed items from his pockets, including a crack pipe and push rods. 2 The officer proceeded to ask Thompson when he had last used drugs, and Thompson replied that he had just spent his last $5 on drugs. Thompson also admitted to owning the crack pipe.
Prior to trial, Thompson sought to suppress the statements he made to law enforcement, claiming that he was in custody and should have been read his Miranda rights. But the trial court denied Thompson’s motion, and a jury found him guilty of burglary. He was then sentenced as a recidivist to twenty years with ten years to serve. This appeal by Thompson follows.
At the outset, we note that after a defendant has been convicted, “we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict, and the defendant no longer enjoys the presumption of innocence.” 3 And we do not weigh the evidence or determine witness credibility, “but only determine if the evidence was sufficient for a rational trier of fact to find the defendant guilty of the charged offense beyond a reasonable doubt.” 4 With these guiding principles in mind, we will now address Thompson’s enumerations of error.
1. Thompson contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress the statements he made to law enforcement without the benefit of Miranda warnings. We agree and, thus, reverse his conviction.
First, we note that “[ujnless clearly erroneous, a trial court’s findings as to factual determinations and credibility relating to the admissibility of the defendant’s statement at a Jackson-Denno hearing will be upheld on appeal.” 5 And in conducting our review, “we may consider trial testimony in addition to the testimony submitted during the motion to suppress hearing.” 6
In the case sub judice, Thompson claims that he was in custody when Officer Findley questioned him about the vacuum cleaners and, thus, that his statements should have been suppressed because he had not been apprised of his Miranda rights. For Miranda purposes, a person is “in custody” when either formally arrested or restrained to the degree associated with formal arrest. 7 But “[u]nless a reasonable person in the suspect’s situation would perceive that he was in custody, Miranda warnings are not necessary.” 8 This inquiry focuses upon “the objective circumstances attending the particular interrogation at issue, and not upon the subjective views of either the person being interrogated or the interrogating officer.” 9
Here, testimony at both the motion-to-suppress hearing and trial revealed that after Officer Edelkind asked Thompson to empty his pockets prior to a pat-down, Thompson was found to be in possession of a crack pipe and push rods. Thompson then admitted to recently purchasing and using crack, and the contents of Thompson’s pockets were placed on top of the patrol car while he was detained. Approximately ten minutes later, Officer Findley returned to the daycare center, approached Thompson as he was being detained beside Officer Edelkind’s patrol car, and immediately questioned Thompson as to what happened to the vacuum cleaners.
10
Thompson argued at the motion-to-suppress hearing, and throughout and after the trial, that his statement to Officer Findley—i.e., that he sold the vacuum cleaners for $5—was made while in custody. But after considering the question, the trial court denied Thompson’s motion to suppress, finding that no reasonable person in Thompson’s position would have perceived himself to be in custody. 11 In so holding, the trial court clearly erred.
Although Thompson was not handcuffed or told that he was under arrest, the officer confiscated the contents of his pockets by placing the items on the patrol car before continuing to detain him.
12
Under these circumstances, after producing drug paraphernalia, admitting to owning same, and admitting to recently buying and using drugs, a reasonable person would certainly perceive himself to be in police custody.
13
Additionally, the accusatory nature of Officer
Findley’s question required the benefit of
Miranda
warnings, because although officers may make initial on-the-scene inquiries without
Miranda
warnings to ascertain the nature of the situation at hand, “[t]he questioning must
not
be aimed at obtaining information to establish a suspect’s guilt.”
14
Officer Findley’s question, which came after a witness identified Thompson as the suspect, was clearly aimed at establishing his guilt.
15
Accordingly,
Having determined that the trial court erred in admitting Thompson’s statement, we must now determine whether “there is a reasonable possibility that the improperly admitted evidence contributed to the conviction ... ,” 16 In this regard, the record reflects that the jury deliberated for some time and requested direction on the witness testimony and a lesser-included offense of criminal trespass; 17 there was testimony that the daycare center was located in a neighborhood subject to high crime and drug activity and that the owner had previously—and since—had trouble with burglaries; the witnesses gave inconsistent descriptions concerning the color of the vacuum cleaners and the suspect’s clothing; and one eyewitness repeatedly referred to Thompson by another person’s name. Accordingly, we conclude that there is a reasonable possibility that the improperly admitted evidence contributed to the jury’s verdict. 18
Nevertheless, while we are reversing Thompson’s conviction, we note that the State may retry Thompson without violating Double Jeopardy because with or without his incriminating statement, there was otherwise sufficient evidence at trial to support the conviction. 19
2. Given our holding in Division 1, we need not address Thompson’s remaining arguments.
Accordingly, for all the forgoing reasons, we reverse Thompson’s conviction.
Judgment reversed.
Notes
Powell v.
State,
For those unfamiliar with street jargon, a “push rod” is defined as “[a] small, but long cylindric object used to push crack residue to [the] end of the pipe[,] enabling one last hit before the hunt for the next rock continues,” and it is “[ujsually carried by the biggest fiend, but more often than not given to the rock buyer.” Urban Dictionary, http://www.urbandictionary.com/ define.php?term=push+rod (retrieved Jan. 19, 2012).
Powell,
Id.
Sosniak v. State,
Campbell v. State,
Sosniak,
Sosniak,
Sosniak,
At this point, a witness had already confirmed to her that Thompson was the individual who had been seen with the vacuum cleaners.
The court sua sponte reconsidered its decision, but maintained its earlier ruling.
Compare State v. Billings,
See Jackson v. State,
State v. Lucas,
See Lucas,
Schneble v. Florida,
Additionally, the jury acquitted Thompson on a charge of simple assault based on events that allegedly transpired after he was transported to jail.
See Vaughn v. State,
See Melton v. State,