99 Mo. 160 | Mo. | 1889
This is a suit to set aside the will of Martha Ish, late of Lafayette county. The will bears date April 17, 1883, and she died on the second day of May following, at the adyanced age of nearly eighty. She left surviving her three daughters and one son, the defendant, James .D. Ish, and a number of grandchildren, who are the children of her four deceased children.
Mrs. Mary Handly, one of the surviving daughters, is not named in the will. To the other children and grandchildren, except James D. Ish, the testatrix gave one dollar each, and to James D. Ish she gave the
Though Mary Handly and some of the grandchildren are made co-defendants with James I). Ish, he is the only real defendant, and will be designated as the defendant. The will is assailed on two grounds: First. Want of mental capacity on the part of the deceased; and, second, undue influence exercised by James D. Ish, who is alleged to have been her confidential adviser and agent. There were two mistrials in Lafayette county, when the venue was changed to Ray, and a trial there resulted in a verdict sustaining the will.
The evidence took a wide range on both sides, so that it is out of the question to give more than an outline of it. The husband of Martha Ish died testate in 1869, leaving to. her the lands in question, and to the defendant, James D. Ish, the home place. Martha Ish continued to live with the defendant, on the home place, until she died, in 1883. In April, 1882, she executed a will, whereby she gave her lands, except forty acres, to James I). Ish, and the balance of her property she devised and bequeathed to her children and grandchildren. That will was made in view of a contemplated visit to two of her daughters, Mrs. Rice and Mrs. Handly, who resided in the state of California. She made the visit, returning to this state with her son, the defendant, in November of that year. She is shown to have been a woman of more than ordinary strength of mind, and determination, and attended to her property affairs partly herself and partly through the defendant. She became confined to her room in March, 1883, and the will in question was executed on April 17, as before stated.
Ur. Henderson, who was her physician, and is an attesting witness, testified that she began to give way
There is much other evidence tending to show that Mrs. Tsh was perfectly rational at, before and after she signed the will, and that it was her own act. On the other hand, Mrs. Handly says her mother was not in a condition to transact any business on March 18. Mrs. Thompson, one of the plaintiffs, was with her mother from March 20 to April 18, and again after the will had been executed. She describes the condition of her mother, and her evidence is to the same effect; says she never heard of the will until after the death of her mother.
The evidence of these ladies, and that of some other witnesses, tends to show that the will was the result of solicitation on the part of defendant, and that in the absence of the sisters he controlled her actions. There is evidence tending to show that he induced her to leave California before she had completed her visit; and on the other hand there is evidence to the effect that ha went for her at her own request.
In the early case of Gibson v. Gibson, 24 Mo. 227, the plaintiff offered to prove that the testator said he had never made a will, that if he signed one they got him drunk, and made him sign it. The statements were offered as proof of the facts stated, namely, that he never made a will, and that if he signed one they made him do it while druníT. The evidence, it was held, was properly excluded when offered for the sole purpose of proving the facts stated; but the court goes on to say that the declarations of the testator are clearly admissible when the condition of the testator’s mind is the point of contention, or it becomes material to show the state of his affections.
The charges here are that Mrs. Ish did not possess testamentary capacity, and that the will is not her will, but that of the defendant. It becomes material to these issues to know what were her previous purposes, intentions and the state of her mind, and her statements at, before and after making the will in question are competent evidence for these purposes. Rule v. Maupin, 84 Mo. 587. It is true those statements were not of the res gestee, but that is not essential to the admission of such evidence. The value of such declarations diminishes of course, in proportion as they are remote from the
2. Nor did the court err in allowing the witness Rathbun to testify as to the contents of the will of April, 1882. That will, it is true, had been revoked by the execution of the new and the destruction of the old one. The evidence was not, however, offered for the purpose of establishing it as the will of Mrs. Ish. It was offered for the purpose of showing her fixed purpose and intention at that date. It differs from the one in question only in this, that by the first she gave to her children and grandchildren, other than James, sums amounting in all to about three hundred dollars, and by that will, they were made residuary devisees; so that, by it, they would have received the forty acres of land and some three hundred dollars, instead of one dollar each. By both wills, she gave the bulk of the property to James, and they are substantially the same. If, as we have seen, the declarations of the testator are admissible when the issues are want of testamentary capacity and undue influence, then it must be competent to put in evidence, for like purposes, this former will. It tends to show that for a year before making the' will in question, she had formed the purpose of giving the bulk of her property to the defendant. The fact that she had formed that purpose at that date tends to show that the present will was not the result of undue influence, exercised by defendant in her last sickness, and when she had become weaker in body and probably in mind. Says Redfield : “Evidence of former wills and of other
3. During the trial, defendants introduced some evidence, over the objections of plaintiffs, to the effect that Mrs. Rice and Mrs. Thompson were well provided for by reason of the fact that their husbands were large property-owners, the one residing in the state of Cali- ' fornia, and the other in this state. In considering this objection, it is to be remembered that plaintiffs, in their cross-examination of James D. Ish, drew out the fact that he was in debt and his property heavily encumbered. Mrs. Ish had been, living with him for about fourteen years, and became attached to his wife, who appears to have treated the old lady with kindness and affection. It is not unreasonable to believe that the testatrix, in making a disposition of her property, would take into consideration the fact that some of her children were in good circumstances and that others were not. If such considerations would naturally have some influence upon her mind, it is difficult to see why they may not be put in evidence, keeping within reasonable bounds. The triers of the facts should be placed in the position of the testatrix, as near as possible, so as to be able to consider all the evidence from her point of view when she made the will in dispute. We conclude there was ,no error in the admission of this evidence.
Section 4017, Revised Statutes, 1879, provides: “The following persons shall be incompetent to testify : -s * * fifth, a physician or surgeon, concerning any information which he may have acquired from any patient while attending him in a professional character, and which information was necessary to enable him to prescribe for such patient as a physician, or do any act for. him as a surgeon.” This statute is very emphatic, and it places the seal of secrecy upon information acquired by observation as well as that acquired by oral communication. Gartside v. Insurance Co., 76 Mo. 446. There can be no doubt but the information upon which Dr. W ood based his opinion was acquired from the testatrix while attending her in a professional character, and the information was necessary to enable him to give her and her attending physician advice concerning her disease. The opinion which he expresses is based upon the information thus acquired. The physician being-prohibited from disclosing the information, he certainly cannot give an opinion based upon his knowledge thus acquired. He is no more at liberty to give an opinion
The protection afforded by the statute may, however, be waived by' the patient, and he does waive it by calling a physician to give evidence of information acquired in a professional character. Groll v. Tower, 85 Mo. 249; Carrington v. City of St. Louis, 89 Mo. 212; Blair v. Railroad, 89 Mo. 337. In the first of these cases, the widow brought suit to recover damages for injuries received by her husband, and from which injuries he died. It was there said: “Where the eviidence of the attending physician is offered- by the patient or his representatives, it is competent and admissible. Where it is offered by the opposite party, the physician cannot testify against the objection of the patient or his representatives. And accordingly it was ruled that the physician should have been allowed to testify when offered by the widow.
The Michigan statute is in substance and effect the same as our statute. Comp. Laws, 1871, sec. 5943. In Frazer v. Jennison, 42 Mich. 209, a will dated in May, 1877, was contested on various grounds, and, among them, unsoundness of mind and undue influence. The proponents of the will, who were special administrators appointed by the probate court, proved by a physician that he had been employed by the testator in a professional capacity from September, 1876, and the physician was then allowed to testify that the mind of the deceased was sound and to describe the particulars of the disease. Cooley, J., after quoting the statute and saying the trial court did not err, uses this language : ‘ ‘This statute, as we have held, covers information acquired by observation while the physician is in attendance upon his patient, as well as communications made by the patient to him; but the rule it establishes is one of privilege for the protection of the patient; and he may waive it if he sees fit. Scripps v.
On the other hand, a different ruling prevails in the states of New York and Indiana. Section 833 of the New York Code (Throop’s Annotated Code) relates to ministers, section 835 to attorneys, and section 834 provides that: ‘ ‘A person duly authorized to practice physic or surgery shall not be allowed to disclose any information which he acquired in attending a patient, in a professional capacity, and which was necessary to enable him to act in that capacity.” And section 836 provides that “the last three sections apply to every examination of a person as a witness, unless the provisions thereof are expressly waived by the person confessing, the patient or client. ’ ’ It seems to have been the practice in the surrogate’s court to admit the evidence of the attending physician of the testator in the probate of wills. Allen v. Public Administrator, 1 Bradf. 221; Whelpley v. Loder, 1 Dem. 368. But in Westover v. Ins. Co., 99 N. Y. 56, which was an action by an executor on a policy of insurance, it was held by the court of appeals that the executor could not waive the privilege of the statute, and the argument goes to the extent, we think, of holding that no one but the patient himself can make the waiver. Renihan v. Dennin, 103 N. Y. 577, was a case tried on an appeal from the judgment of a surrogate court, admitting a will to probate, and it •was held that the attending physician of the deceased was not a competent witness. This ruling was followed in contested will proceedings in the subsequent cases of In re Coleman, 111 N. Y. 220, and Loder v. Whelpley, 111 N. Y. 239. The Indiana statute is not essentially different from the statute of this state, and in Heuston v. Simpson, 115 Ind. 62, the court followed the rule of the court of appeals of New York in a testamentary case.
Notwithstanding our statute provides for no exception, still it deals with a privilege, and it must be taken as established law that the privilege may be waived by the patient; and we have held that it may be waived by the representative, and, in this, our ruling accords with that of the supreme court of Michigan under a like statute. If the patient may waive this right or privilege for the purpose of protecting his rights in a litigated cause, we see no substantial reason why it may not be done by those who represent him after his death, for the purpose of protecting rights acquired under him.
Some light may be thrown upon this question by analogy from the rales of law applied to confidential communications between client and attorney. Such commnnications, it is held in Russell v. Jackson, 9 Hare, 390, must not be .revealed in cases where the rights and interests of a client, or those claiming under him, come in conflict with the rights and interests of third persons; but this rule, it is held, does not apply to cases of testamentary disposition of property by the client. The disclosure in such cases, it is considered, can affect no right or interest of the client, and is therefore not within the reason of the rule. Taylor says : “In stating that the privilege does not terminate with the death of the client, care must be taken to distinguish between
It is difficult to see why the rule of exclusion should apply in case of a physician, and not of an attorney. An attorney is declared, by the third clause of section 4017 of our statutes, to be incompetent to testify concerning communications made to him “ without the consent of the client.” The clause in relation to physicians does not contain this quoted qualification; but the third clause is simply declaratory of the common law; and, if the difference between the clauses argues any? thing, it should be that the physician cannot testify with or without the consent of the patient. Whatever may have been the rule at common law, the statute places attorneys and physicians on substantially the same ground. We conclude, as before, that when the dispute is between the devisee and heirs at law, all claiming under the deceased, either the devisee or heii's may call the attending physician as a witness.
5. The .plaintiffs, in putting in their evidence, called and examined Sawney Brown (colored). Nearly, if not a quite, a week thereafter, and when theudefendant produced evidence in rebuttal, he called the witxiess Brown, and asked him if he did not, at a designated time and in the presence of named pex’sons, say he knew nothing about the case, and only swore to what Joe Liglxtner told him to swear. The witness denied making the statement, and the named persons were called and testified that he did make it. The objections made to all this evidence are that Brown. had. beexi discharged as a witness, and that the question asked to
6. The defendant attempted to show the reputation and standing of Dr. Wood, whose deposition had not yet been read, as a physician and surgeon by another physician. The judge excluded the evidence, but remarked from the bench : “ Dr. Wood’s character and standing as an eminent physician is part of the history of Missouri, and, if the courts and juries take notice of facts of history, the evidence is immaterial.” These remarks of the judge were improper, and should not have been made, but do not constitute reversible error.
7. The witness Rathbun testified: “Mrs. Ish was known to the community as a strong-minded woman.” This evidence ought to have been excluded, and why it was drawn out we cannot conjecture., Testamentary capacity cannot be proved by neighborhood rumors. Brinkman v. Rueggesick, 71 Mo. 553. As the evidence is reported, we do not understand the witness to speak of the date of the last sickness of Mrs. Ish, but of a prior date. In view of the vast amount of competent evidence to the same effect, we do not see how this statement of the witness could have prejudiced the plaintiffs. The judgment should not be reversed for this error.
9. Twelve instructions were given at the request of the defendant, and nineteen at the request of plaintiffs, one of them having been modified by the court. On the question of capacity to make a will, the court, at the request of defendant, in substance directed the jury, that a person of sound mind, above the age of eighteen years, has the right to dispose of his or her property to any person, and to leave others unprovided for; that neither old age, sickness, feebleness or bodily infirmity, or mere weakness of mind, incapacitates the making of a will; “that soundness of mind means the ability, to know and comprehend that one is disposing of his property by will, the general value and character of the property, and to whom the same is being given. And if, therefore,- the jury believe from the evidence that
The fifth instruction for plaintiffs is in these words r “5. The jury are instructed that, to constitute a sound and disposing mind and memory in said Martha Ish, * * * it was not only necessary that she should have then been capable of comprehending the nature and extent of her property, and the persons who (were) intended to be provided for by the will, but she must also have been able to dispose of her property with understanding and reason, and it is not sufficient that she was then merely capable of understanding what she was engaged in.”
The instructions for the defendant do not, as seems to be supposed, withdraw from the consideration of the jury the circumstances -of old age, weakness of body and a want of a vigorous mind. They simply assert that, if she possessed a disposing mind, these circumstances alone did not disable her from making a will. Other instructions for the plaintiffs left it to the jury to take all these facts in evidence into consideration, including the fact that she gave all her property to defendant. These definitions and description of a sound mind, namely, the ability on the part of the testatrix to know that she was disposing of her property by will, and to whom she was giving it, and the general nature
10. For the defendant, the court gave this instruction upon the subject of undue influence: “ If the jury believe from the evidence that .said paper was dictated by Mrs. Ish, that it expresses her directions, and embraces such bequests and devises as she then desired to make, then the jury are instructed the same was not procured by undue influence; and, if * * * she had the mental capacity to make a will as elsewhere defined, you will find said paper to be her will, even though you may believe from the evidence that from association, kindness, or other reasons, James D. Ish had an influence with his mother, and at times looked after and transacted some of her business.”
And, at the request of the plaintiff, the court gave the following instruction; “11. If the jury believe from the evidence that the mind of deceased, Martha Ish, either from sickness,- disease, age, bodily and mental decay and over-weaning confidence was subject to the dominion and control of her said son, James D. Ish, and that he exercised such power and influence over her mind and will, in the disposition of her property by such will, as to destroy her liberty and free agency, and to cause such disposition of her property to be made as to.suit the purposes and wishes of defendant, James D. Ish, and not her own, then such will, in law, is not the will of said Martha Ish, and the jury will find the issue submitted to them for the plaintiffs and against such will.”
Other instructions were given at the request of contestants, reciting the various circumstances in evidence, and informing the jury, if they were true, they should be considered in determining the question of undue
The influence which a child may acquire from association with and attention and acts of kindness to a parent will not invalidate a will. The influence of a wife or child upon a testator, while he has power to deliberate and estimate the inducements, will not avoid the will, -if the influence is exerted in a fair and reasonable manner, and without fraud or deception. The influence of one occupying such relation to the testator, to avoid the will, must be such as to overreach and destroy the free agency and will power of the testator. Brinkman v. Rueggesick, supra; Jackson v. Hardin, supra; Myers v. Hauger, supra. The instructions given upon the subject of undue influence are favorable to the contestants.
11. The twentieth instruction to the effect that the will of 1882 could not be considered, unless it was signed by Martha Ish in the presence of two witnesses, who signed the same at her request, and not the request of her, attorney, was properly refused. That will was offered for the sole purpose of showing her then fixed purpose and intention as to the disposition of her property, and it is immaterial whether it was formal in its execution or not. Besides, the evidence is all to the effect that it was formally executed.
From the numerous questions raised in the briefs, we have selected and disposed of those which we think call for special notice. No substantial reason is shown why the judgment should not stand, and it is therefore affirmed.