Thomas v. Territory of Arizona

85 P. 1063 | Ariz. | 1906

KENT, C. J.

This was an action brought by the territory against one L. F. Swain and certain other defendants who are appellants in this court. "The complaint alleged “that on the thirty-first day of January, 1904, the defendant L. F. Swain having been committed by S. Ashley, justice of the peace of precinct No. 1, Santa Cruz County, Arizona, to await the action of the grand jury of said county and territory, upon two charges of felony, — to wit, embezzlement, — and being then under arrest and confined in the county jail at Nogales, Santa Cruz County, Arizona, in the custody of Thomas J. Turner, sheriff of said county,” the defendant Swain, to secure his release from jail on said charges, gave his bail-bond in the sum of nine thousand dollars, with the appellants as sureties, conditioned that he would appear and answer the charges; that thereafter Swain was indicted by the grand jury, and, being called for arraignment in the district court, failed to appear, and that an order declaring the said bail-bond forfeited was duly entered; and alleged that thereby the bond became forfeited, and prayed judgment for the amount thereof. Separate general demurrers were introduced on behalf of the defendant Swain, and on behalf of the appellants herein. The demurrer was sustained as to the défendant Swain, but the demurrers of the appellants were overruled, and the answers of the appellants not being under oath, judgment was entered against the appellants in the court below. From the order overruling the demurrers, and from the judgment and the denial of a motion for a new trial the appellants have appealed.

It is urged that the complaint does not state a cause of action against these defendants, in that facts showing the jurisdiction of the justice to make the order holding the defendant Swain to answer are not pleaded, nor is there any allegation that the order so made was duly made. ' It is claimed that the court of a justice of the peace is one of inferior or special jurisdiction, and that no presumption arises as to the jurisdiction or the regularity of its proceedings, and that facts to show such jurisdiction must be pleaded, unless the pleader pleads the conclusion that the judgment or order was duly made as authorized by paragraph 1282 of the Kevised Statutes, which reads as follows: “In pleading a judgment or other determination of a court or officer of special jurisdiction it shall not be necessary to state the facts conferring jurisdiction, but such judgment or determination may be stated to have been duly given or made. If such allegation be controverted, the party pleading shall be bound to establish in the trial the facts conferring jurisdiction.” We do not need to determine whether when a judgment or other determination of a court of a justice of the peace is one which the general statutes show he has jurisdiction to make, as a matter of public policy, the jurisdiction of such court and the regularity of the proceedings before it should not be assumed, in the absence of proof of defects therein; or, in other words, whether there should properly be any distinction shown between a court of a justice of the peace, under such circumstances, and a higher court, as to the presumption that attaches as to its jurisdiction. That question does not arise here. The act of the justice of the peace was.not a judgment or determination of the justice’s court sitting as a trial court, but the act of the justice sitting as a committing magistrate, whereby, as such magistrate, he held the defendant to answer to the grand jury. As such, he has the same powers as a justice of the supreme court or a district judge, who are likewise magistrates under our code, and as such he acts as an officer having general and not special jurisdiction; and the presumption of law attaches that he had the jurisdiction to act in such capacity, and that his action as such was regular. The-complaint was therefore sufficient. Boynton v. State, 77 Ala. 29; 1 Bishop’s New Criminal Procedure, secs. 228-239.

It appears that the bond, a copy of which is set forth in the complaint, was not executed by Swain, the principal, but only by the appellants; and it is claimed that the trial court, erred in not sustaining the demurrer of the appellants and dismissing the action, for the reason that in the absence of such execution by the principal, the sureties are relieved of any liability under the bond, and the complaint did not, therefore, state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action as.against them. It is provided in chapter 1 of title 12 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (sec. 1074) that if the offense be-bailable the defendant may be admitted to bail before conviction: 1. For his appearance before the magistrate on the-examination of the charge, before being held to answer, or on the trial upon a charge’ of misdemeanor; 2. To appear at the-court to which the magistrate is required to return the depositions and statement, upon the defendant being held to answer after examination; 3. After indictment, etc. Chapter 2' of the same title, which is entitled, “Bail before examination or-trial, and upon being held to answer before indictment,”' provides, in section 1076, that when the defendant has been held to answer upon an examination for a public offense, the-admission to bail may be by the magistrate by whom he is so-held. Section 1077 provides that bail for the appearance of the defendant before the magistrate upon the examination, of the charge, or on the trial of a charge of misdemeanor,., shall be put in by a written undertaking, executed by the defendant, and not less than two sufficient sureties, and acknowledged before the magistrate in substantially the form set forth in such section. Chapter 3 of the same title, providing for-the giving of “bail upon indictment before conviction,” provides, in section 1084, that the bail must be put in by a written undertaking executed by two sufficient sureties (with the defendant), and acknowledged before the court or magistrate, in substantially the form set forth in the section. It will be-perceived that the code is specific in its requirements with respect to the form of the undertaking admitting the defendant to bail in two of the three instances when the defendant, may be admitted to such bail before conviction, — to wit, when. he gives bail for his appearance before the magistrate upon the examination of the charge, and when he gives bail after indictment. In each of these cases, the code requires that the bail-bond must be signed and executed by the defendant. There is no such similar provision, however, for the form of the bail-bond when it is given for the defendant to appear in the court above, upon being held to answer after examination, and no requirement that a bond so given shall be executed by the defendant. Section 1070 of the code provides: “The taking of bail consists in the acceptance by a competent court or magistrate, of the undertaking of sufficient bail for the appearance of the defendant according to the terms of the undertaking, or that the bail will pay to the territory of Arizona, a specified sum.”

We think where a defendant has been held to answer after examination, a bond conditioned that he will appear and answer the charge, under our practice, may be given by the bondsmen, without such defendant as principal joining therein. The bond in this case was as follows: “In the justice court in and for precinct number one, county of Santa Cruz, territory of Arizona. An order having been made on the 31st day of January, A. D. 1904, by S. Ashley, justice of the peace of Santa Cruz County, that L. F. Swain be held to answer on a charge of embezzlement, upon which he has been admitted to bail in the sum of nine thousand dollars, we, Colby N. Thomas by occupation mining engineer in the amount of $7,000.00, and C. R. Brown by occupation mine manager in the amount of $7,000.00, and N. K. Noon by occupation physician in the amount of $2,000.00, and Henry Levin by occupation broker in the amount of $2,000.00, householders within the territory of Arizona, hereby undertake that the above-named L. F. Swain will appear and answer to the charge above mentioned in whatever court he may be prosecuted, and will at all times hold himself amenable to the orders and processes of the court; and, if convicted, will appear for judgment, and render himself in execution thereof, or, if he fail to perform either of these conditions, that we will pay to the territory of Arizona the sum of nine thousand dollars as herein specified. Witness our hands and seals this 24th day of June, A. D. 1904. Colby N. Thomas, [Seal.] C. R. Brown, [Seal.] N. K. Noon, M. D., [Seal.] Henry Levin, [Seal.]” The obligors duly justified, and the bond was approved by the justice of the peace and duly filed. It will be observed that by the terms of the bond, Swain did not purport to be a party thereto, and we think as the justice had jurisdiction to hold the defendant to answer, that the obligors on the bond were liable upon a breach of the condition.

It is further contended by the appellants that the judgment entered was erroneous, in that it is in double the amount for which the obligors became liable. The judgment provides as follows: “Wherefore it is ordered, adjudged, and decreed that the plaintiff, territory of Arizona, do have and recover judgment against the defendant Colby N. Thomas for the sum of seven thousand dollars ($7,000.00); against the defendant C. R. Brown for the sum of seven thousand dollars ($7,000.00); against the defendant N. K. Noon, M. D. for the sum of two thousand dollars ($2,000.00), and against the defendant Henry Levin for the sum of two thousand dollars ($2,000.00), and against all of said defendants for the sum of forty-one 15-100 dollars ($41.15) plaintiff’s costs and disbursements herein expended, and for all of which sums let execution issue.” We think such judgment is improper in form. It should have provided that the plaintiff have and recover judgment against the defendants in the amount specified in the bond, — to wit, the sum of nine thousand dollars, — and that of such sum the plaintiff have and recover of each individual defendant the amount for which he is obligated in the bond; and that the plaintiff have and recover of the defendants the amount of its costs; payment of said sum of nine thousand dollars and costs, by any or all of the defendants, to operate as a satisfaction of the judgment. Counsel for the appellee contends that upon the incomplete record presented to us in this ease, we may not consider the questions urged by the appellants. The- record presented to us is defective and fails to comply in many respects with the statutory provisions or the rules of court. The objections, however, to the sufficiency of the complaint, and the action of the trial court in overruling the demurrers of the defendants, and as to the form of the judgment, appear on the face of the record, and we may properly consider them.

It is further urged that the appeal-bond is so defective as not to confer jurisdiction upon this court. It is claimed that inasmuch as the statute requires that the bond, shall be given “in a sum at least double the probable amount of the costs of the suit of both the appellate court and the court below, to he fixed by the clerk,” the clerk should make an order fixing the amount of such costs; and that, as no such order has been made, the bond is invalid. This objection is not well taken. It is not the duty of the clerk to make or enter an order in the premises. It is his duty to fix the amount of the bond. When, as in this instance, it appears that the clerk has duly approved the bond, by his indorsement thereon to that effect, such approval covers the form of the bond, the amount thereof, and the sufficiency of the sureties. To approve the amount of the bond, is to fix the amount within the meaning of the statute.

It is further objected that The record does not show that an appeal-bond was filed within twenty days after the date of the adjournment of the trial court for the term, as required by law. The transcript should contain a copy of the order of the adjournment of the term, in order that it may appear whether the appeal-bond was filed in time to perfect the appeal. The record is silent in this respect. Rule 6 of the rules adopted by us (71 Pac. viii) provides: “For the purpose of correcting any error or defect in the transcript, either party may suggest the same in writing, and upon good cause being shown, obtain an order that the proper clerk certify to this court the whole or any part of the record required, or he may produce the same duly certified, without such order.” Taking advantage of the permission accorded by this rule, the appellants have provided a certificate of the clerk, showing the date of the adjournment of the term, and that the bond in question was filed within the time allowed. The defect having been thus cured, we may disregard it.

We find no error in the record which requires a reversal of the judgment. As we have pointed out, the form of the judgment, however, is improper, and it should be modified in accordance with the views we have expressed. The cause is remanded to the district court, with instructions to modify the judgment in accordance with this opinion; and as so modified, the judgment is affirmed.

SLOAN, J, CAMPBELL, J., and NAVE, J., concur.