47 Fla. 99 | Fla. | 1904
— At the spring term, 1903, oj. the Circuit Court for Columbia county, the plaintiff in error was tried upon an indictment found at that term charging him with the crime- of murder in the first degree. He was convicted of the crime of murder in the second degree, and from the sentence imposed sued out this writ of error.
The first and second assignments of error are based upon a ruling denying defendant’s motion to quash the indictment. The assignments are not argued by plaintiff in error, he saying merely, “These are submitted on the face of the record, and the assignments.” They must, therefore, be treated as abandoned, as there is no error in the rulings complained of so glaring or patent that argument is not needed to demonstrate it. Williams v. State, 46 Fla. 80, 34 South. Rep. 279, and other cases therein cited; Hoodless v. Jernigan, 46 Fla. 213, 35 South. Rep. 656.
The third, fourth and fifth assignments of error question the propriety of the ruling denying defendant’s motion for a.new trial. This motion contains thirty-six grounds, the first six of which contend that the evidence is not sufficient to support the verdict. The court has carefully considered the evidence, and is of opinion that it supports the verdict.
The seventh ground of the motion is a general objection to the entire charge of the court. Where a general exception to the entire charge is taken, it will not avail if the charge contains a single correct proposition. Carter v. State, 20 Fla. 754. Many of the propositions asserted in this charge are correct, and their correctness is not questioned by plaintiff in error.
' The eighth and tenth grounds of the motion claim error in certain instructions given by the court, which asserted that there was no evidence before the jury author
The ninth and thirty-sixth grounds of the motion question the propriety of instructions applicable only and confined entirely to murder in the first degree. The verdict here rendered is for murder in the second degree, the instructions complained of had no relevancy to, nor bearing upon, and could not have contributed to the conviction of murder in that degree, and consequently it is now immaterial to defendant whether they were or were not correct. McCoy v. State, 40 Fla. 494, 24 South. Rep. 485; Richard v. State, 42 Fla. 528, 29 South. Rep. 413; Mathis v. State, 45 Fla. 46, 34 South. Rep. 287.
The eleventh and twelfth grounds of the motion are based upon alleged irregularities in calling and excusing jurors in defendant’s absence. It appears that the case was set for trial on Monday, May 4th, 1903, upon which day
The thirteenth ground of the motion is based upon an alleged remark of the State Attorney in his argument to the jury. The bill of exceptions does not show that the remark was made, otherwise than by an affidavit made by defendant’s counsel filed with the motion for a new trial. This alleged remark being a matter in pais occurring during the trial should have been set out in the bill of exceptions as having been made, and it is very doubtful if an appellate court can consider it when evidenced to it only by an affidavit filed with the motion for a new trial, but however this may be, it is clear that we can not consider the propriety of the alleged remark in this case, as it does not appear to have been objected to and a ruling of the court obtained thereon. It is true the affidavit alleges that defendant’s counsel heard the remark “and then and there excepted to same,” but an exception alone is insufficient. The matter must be brought to the attention of the court, a ruling obtained thereon and an exception taken to the ruling in order to require an appellate court to consider it. Willingham v. State, 21 Fla. 761; Michael v. State, 40 Fla. 265, 23 South. Rep. 944. In this case it does not appear that the matter was in any way brought to the attention of the court until the motion for a new trial was made, and it was then too late to obtain the ruling necessary to enable this court to consider it.
The fourteenth and fifteenth grounds of the motion and the twenty-first assignment of error are not argued, counsel saying that they are covered by the discussion of the exceptions to the proceedings elsewhere in the brief.
The sixteenth, seventeenth, twenty-first, twenty second, twenty-third, twenty-seventh, twenty-eighth, twenty-ninth, thirtieth and thirty-second grounds of the motion complain
The eighteenth ground of the' motion complains that the court erred in refusing an instruction to the effect that if defendant made no attempt to escape, or conceal himself, but readily and willingly surrendered to the officers these were circumstances in his favor which should be considered by the jury in arriving at a verdict.
Testimony offered by an accused that he refused to flee, made no attempt to escape, or that he voluntarily surrendered to an officer, where such acts constitute no part of the res gestae of the offense, and where the State has introduced no testimony that he fled or attempted to escape or resisted arrest, is not admissible. People v. Montgomery, 53 Cal. 576; Oliver v. State, 17 Ala. 587; Commonwealth v. Hersey, 2 Allen (Mass.) 173; People v. Rathbun, 21 Wend. (N. Y.) 509; Walker v. State, 13 Tex. App. 618; State v. Smith, 114 Mo. 406, 21 S. W. Rep. 827; Kennedy v. State, 101 Ga. 559, 28 S. E. Rep. 979; People v. Cleveland, 107 Mich. 367, 65 N. W. Rep. 216; Pate v. State, 94 Ala. 14, 10 South. Rep. 665; Underhill on Crim. Ev. sec. 120. In this case, however, some testimony was introduced by defendant without objection, tending to show that he made no effort to flee and that he did not resist the officers sent to arrest him, and upon that testimony the charge above referred to was requested. The fact that the accused made no attempt to escape or conceal himself, and that he readily and willingly surrendered to the officers does not in law constitute a circumstance in his favor, which the jury should consider in arriving at a verdict. If such were the rule of law the testimony could not be excluded. The jury in the present case might have concluded that the conduct of the defendant in this respect was not actuated by a consciousness of innocence, but that it proceeded from the purpose of a consciously guilty man to make it appear
The nineteenth, twentieth and twenty-fourth grounds of the motion complain that the court erred in refusing certain requested instructions. These instructions all relate to murder in the first degree, and have no relevancy to any other degree. As the defendant was convicted of murder in the second degree it is now immaterial to consider whether these instructions were properly refused or not.
The twenty-fifth ground of the motion is based upon the refusal of the court to give an instruction to the effect that if at the time of the homicide, and without the purpose of nerving himself therefor the defendant from intoxication or other cause was utterly unable and incapable of forming, having or entertaining any specific or fixed intent, or of premeditating his acts or contemplating their effects, the jury should return a verdict of not guilty. This instruction was correctly refused, because it gave to intoxication an effect greater than the law warrants, viz: an absolute acquittal of every degree of unlawful homicide. Intoxication does not excuse or mitigate any degree of unlawful homicide except murder in the first degree, unless as a result of such intoxication there be a fixed or settled frenzy or insanity either permanent or intermittent, of which there was no evidence in the present case. Garner v. State, 28 Fla. 113, 9 South. Rep. 835; Davis v. State, 44 Fla. 32, 32 South. Rep. 822. This discussion also disposes of the thirty-fifth ground of the motion which asserts error in the following instruction given by the court, viz: “Voluntary intoxication will not excuse the commission of any grade of unlawful homicide below murder in the first degree, and, you will consider the evidence with reference to determining the defendant’s guilt or innocence as to all grades of un
The twenty-sixth ground of the motion relates to the refusal of- an instruction which plaintiff in ferror admits in his brief was correctly refused, because embraced in the general charge of the court.
The ■ thirty-first ground of the motion relates to the refusal of an instruction requested as follows: “Evidence of bad character of the deceased, of bad disposition and overbearing manner may be considered by the jury in connection with the other evidence if the defendant knew of it, as putting him upon his guard and impelling him to a commission of the act alleged in defense of his personal life under apprehension aroused by such character.” This instruction was properly refused because it is so framed as to impress the jury with the view that defendant might have been justified if the bad character of the deceased aroused in his mind an apprehension of danger to his life or person. Bad character of the deceased can only be considered in connection with and as illustrating or explaining some overt act on his part, and is never sufficient standing alone to justify the accused in striking the fatal blow. Hart v. State, 38 Fla. 39, 20 South. Rep. 805; Bond v. State, 21 Fla. 738.
The thirty-third and thirty-fourth grounds of the motion are based * upon instructions given by the court. These instructions assert well settled propositions of law applicable to the case, and there was no error in giving them.
The sixth assignment of error is based upon the exclusion of a question put by defendant upon cross-examination to the State’s witness Barnes. This question was but a repetition of a previous question put by defendant to the same witness, which had been fully and particularly answered. If we concede that the question was properly
Assignments of error from number seven to number twenty inclusive relate to rulings upon the admission and exclusion of testimony. These assignments are not argued. The brief merely asserts that some are erroneous, without stating any reason, and that others are erroneous because they admitted testimony out of its regular order, by permitting evidence that should have been given in chief to be introduced in rebuttal, and by permitting defendant’s witnesses to he recalled for further cross-examination in order to lay the foundation for impeaching them by testimony as to their previous contradictory statements. The court has examined the rulings complained of, and finds no glaring or patent error in any of them. It was within the discretion of the court to admit testimony of the nature stated out of its regular order, and it does not appear from this record that there was any abuse of that discretion. Davis v. State, supra; Brown v. State, 40 Fla. 459, 25 South. Rep. 63.
This disposes of all the assignments of error, and finding no reversible error the judgment will be affirmed.
PIocker, Shackleford and Cockrell, JJ., concur.
Taylor, C. J., absent on account of sickness.
Whitfield, J., disqualified, took no part in the consideration of this case.