Thomas v. JPMorgan Chase & Co.

OPINION AND ORDER

SHIRA A. SCHEINDLIN, District Judge.

I. INTRODUCTION

Johny Thomas and Johnny Fields (together, “plaintiffs”) bring this action on behalf of themselves and a putative class of all others similarly situated against JPMorgan Chase & Co., Inc. (“JP Morgan”) and Chase Home Finance, LLC (“Chase”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of JP Morgan (together, “defendants”), seeking declaratory relief, injunctive relief, damages, and attorneys’ fees, alleging (1) breach of contract; (2) promissory estoppel; (3) breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing; (4) fraud; (5) negligent misrepresentation; (6) negligence; (7) violation of the New York Deceptive Practices Act; (8) violation of the New Jersey Consumer Fraud Act; and (9) violation of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act. Defendants now move to dismiss all claims pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) for lack of subject matter jurisdiction due to plaintiffs’ lack of standing and Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim.¹ For the reasons discussed herein, defendants’ motion is granted in part and denied in part.

II. BACKGROUND²

A. Home Affordable Mortgage Program

In response to the financial crisis Congress enacted the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, which in turn authorized the Secretary of the Treasury to establish the Troubled Asset Relief Program (“TARP”).³ TARP directed the Secretary of the Treasury to “implement a plan that seeks to maximize assistance for homeowners” and allowed the Secretary to “use loan guarantees and credit enhancements to facilitate loan modifications to prevent avoidable foreclosures.” ⁴ Under this authority, the Department of the Treasury announced the “Making- Home Affordable Program” in February 2009, which included the “Home Affordable Mortgage Program” (“HAMP”). HAMP was aimed at helping homeowners who were in, or were at immediate risk of being in, default on their home loans by reducing monthly payments to sustainable levels.

Under HAMP, JP Morgan entered into a Service Participation Agreement (“SPA”) with Fannie Mae in July 2009, acting as an agent of the U.S. Department of the Treasury.⁵ The SPA states that it “shall inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the parties to the Agreement and their permitted successors in interest.”⁶ In entering into the SPA, JP Morgan agreed to “perform the loan modification and other foreclosure prevention services”⁷ for “all mortgage loans it services, whether it services such mortgage loans for its own account or for the account of another party.”⁸

B. Loan Modification

To obtain a home loan modification under HAMP, the borrower applying for modification initially provides the lender with required documentation. If the borrower is eligible, the lender reduces the monthly mortgage payment to thirty-one percent of the homeowner’s gross monthly income. The homeowner participates in a three-month Trial Period Plan (“TPP”), based on the new mortgage payment. In executing the TPP agreement, which is labeled “Step One of a Two-Step Documentation Process,” the borrower represents that

I am unable to afford my mortgage payments for the reasons indicated in my Hardship Affidavit⁹ and as a result (i) I am either in default or believe that I will be in default under the Loan Documents in the near future, and (ii) I do not have the sufficient income or access to sufficient liquid assets to make the monthly mortgage payments now or in the near future.¹⁰

If the borrower does not provide all the required documentation required by the lender, or if the lender does not provide the borrower with an executed copy of a modification agreement, “the Loan Documents will not be modified ... and the lender will have all of the rights and remedies provided in the Loan Documents,” including instituting foreclosure proceedings.¹¹ The lender “will not be obligated or bound to make any modification of the Loan Documents if the lender determines that [the borrower does] not qualify.”¹² Payments made under the TPP do “not constitute a cure of [the borrower’s] default under the Loan Documents unless such payments are sufficient to completely cure [the borrower’s] entire default.”¹³ The borrower agrees that “all terms and provisions of the Loan Documents remain in full force and effect; nothing in [the TPP] shall be understood or construed to be a satisfaction or release in whole or in part of the obligations contained in the Loan Documents.”¹⁴ Following successful completion of the TPP, including final approval by the lender, the lender will permanently modify eligible mortgages.

C. Plaintiff Thomas

In November 2005, Chase granted Thomas and his wife (who is not a party to this action) a loan secured by a mortgage on their home. In October 2009, Thomas and his wife applied for a HAMP modification of their loan. By letter dated October 23, 2009, Chase informed Thomas that he and his wife were “eligible for the federal government’s Home Affordable Modification Program” and that to “accept this offer and enter into the Home Affordable Mortgage Program, [Mr. Thomas] must sign and return one copy of the enclosed Trial Period Plan — along with [the] first trial payment in the amount of $2,669.78— by no later than NOVEMBER 22, 2009.”¹⁵ Thomas and his wife executed the TPP on November 13, 2009, and timely forwarded the executed TPP to Chase.¹⁶

Thomas and his wife timely made all three trial payments. Following the third payment, due on February 1, 2010, Thomas contacted Chase regarding the status of his permanent modification and was informed by an agent that the application was still being reviewed and that Thomas should continue to make trial payments.¹⁷ Thomas and his wife continued to make payments of sums corresponding to those outlined in the TPP in March, April, and May of 2010. These subsequent payments have not been credited to Thomas’s account.¹⁸

By letter dated April 15, 2010, Chase informed Thomas and his wife that documentation pertaining to the application had been received, and instructed them to “continue making [their] trial period payments on time.” The letter states that although more documentation may be required, if that was not the case, Thomas would “be contacted by [Chase] in the near future with a decision on [their] modification request.”¹⁹ However, by letter dated April 14, 2010, the preceding day, Chase informed Thomas that their “request for modification has been declined” because the “[a]ccount does not meet investor requirements at this time. If you are able to increase income or reduce your expenses you may apply for a repayment plan.”²⁰ Chase never informed Thomas what specific requirements were not met, and Thomas believes all requirements were met.²¹ Thomas stopped making payments in June 2010 because Chase “refused to apply the payments.”²² On August 2, 2010, Thomas and his wife received a notice of intent to foreclose, “stating that their loan had been in default since March 1, 2010.”²³

D. Plaintiff Fields

In 2006, Fields took out a mortgage on his home with Washington Mutual. In 2008, that mortgage was assigned to Chase. In or about December 2009, Fields contacted Chase about obtaining a loan modification. A Chase agent informed Fields that he would be placed in a trial modification plan beginning in March 2010, and instructed Fields to miss his January and February payments in order to maintain eligibility for a modification.

By letter dated January 18, 2010, Chase informed Fields that “in order for [Chase] to continue processing this workout option, we need to confirm your acceptance of the terms and conditions outlined in [the TPP].”²⁴ To accept the TPP Fields had to return the agreement with additional documentation by February 18, 2009. Fields subsequently made trial payments for March, April, and May in accordance with the TPP.²⁵ After the third payment, a Chase agent told Field that his modification application was still being processed.

In May 2010, Chase sent Fields a letter stating that his modification application had been denied due to insufficient documentation.²⁶ Fields contacted Chase, explaining that he had indeed submitted the proper documentation, after which Chase sent him a new TPP for the period from June to August 2010.²⁷ Fields made all three trial payments under this second TPP, and called Chase after the third payment to inquire about his modification application. Chase informed Fields that his application was still being processed.²⁸

Fields subsequently called Chase a second time. During this second conversation, a Chase agent named Adams informed Fields that the modification application had been denied due to insufficient documentation, and that Fields was “permanently ineligible for a HAMP modification but could be eligible for [Chase’s] in-house modification.”²⁹ Although Fields had previously submitted a hardship affidavit and IRS form 4506-T, which would allow Chase to request copies of Fields’s tax records, Adams informed Fields that these were missing from his file. Adams also informed Fields that he “did not need to make additional payments because all of his previous payments would be capitalized back into the loan once he was approved.” ³⁰

By letter dated August 16, 2010, Chase informed Fields that the TPP offer had expired. The reason indicated in the letter was that Chase was “unable to offer you a Home Affordable Modification because you did not provide us with the documents we requested. A notice, which listed the specific documents we needed and the time frame required to provide them, was sent to you previously.”³¹ Fields had sent Chase all information Chase had requested.³²

On December 2, 2010, Chase sent Fields a notice of intent to foreclose, stating that Fields had been in default on his loan since January 1, 2010.³³ The correspondence included a letter advising Fields that Chase “believe[d] that [Fields’s] home loan may be eligible for a loan workout.”³⁴

On January 4, 2011, a Chase agent told Fields that Chase was, indeed, in possession of the hardship affidavit that Fields had previously sent to Chase. This agent told Fields that Chase had assigned the case to a representative who would contact Fields.³⁵ On January 6, 2011, a Chase agent named McRory informed Fields that Fields’s house “was in foreclosure, but that the documents had not been processed properly and that a Chase employee named LaToya Myers was reviewing Fields’s file, and that Fields should call her.”³⁶ On or about January 6, 2001, Fields called Myers, who stated that she was not assigned to Fields’s case and that Fields should not be calling her directly.³⁷

III. LEGAL STANDARD

A. Standing

Article III of the Constitution limits a federal court’s jurisdiction to actual “cases and controversies.”³⁸ Constitutional standing “is the threshold question in every federal case, determining the power of the court to entertain the suit.”³⁹ There are three constitutional requirements that a plaintiff must satisfy in order to establish standing: (1) injury-in-fact— an injury that is “concrete and particularized” and is “actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical,” (2) an injury that is fairly traceable to the challenged action, and (3) an injury that will likely be redressed by a favorable ruling of the court.⁴⁰ A putative class representative lacks standing to bring a claim if he or she did not suffer the injury that gives rise to that claim.⁴¹ Where multiple claims are brought, at “least one named plaintiff must have standing to pursue each claim alleged.”⁴²

B. Ripeness

“A claim is not ripe for adjudication if it rests upon contingent future events that may not occur as anticipated, or indeed may not occur at all.”⁴³ However, “[t]hat the liability may be contingent does not necessarily defeat jurisdiction of a declaratory judgment action. Rather, courts should focus on the practical likelihood that the contingencies will occur.”⁴⁴

C. Rule 12(b)(6) Motion to Dismiss

In deciding a motion to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), the court evaluates the sufficiency of the complaint under the “two-pronged approach” promulgated by the Supreme Court in Ashcroft v. Iqbal.⁴⁵ First, a court “ ‘can choose to begin by identifying pleadings that, because they are no more than conclusions, are not entitled to the assumption of truth.’ ”⁴⁶ “Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice” to withstand a motion to dismiss.⁴⁷ Second, “[w]hen there are well-pleaded factual allegations, a court should assume their veracity and then determine whether they plausibly give rise to an entitlement for relief.”⁴⁸ To survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, the allegations in the complaint must meet a standard of “plausibility.” ⁴⁹ A claim is facially plausible “when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.”⁵⁰ Plausibility “is not akin to a probability requirement;” rather, plausibility requires “more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.”⁵¹

D.Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b)

Rule 9(b) provides that “the circumstances constituting fraud ... shall be stated with particularity.” To satisfy the particularity requirement, “the complaint must: (1) specify the statements that the plaintiff contends were fraudulent, (2) identify the speaker, (3) state where and when the statements were made, and (4) explain why the statements were fraudulent.”⁵² “While traditionally associated with claims of securities fraud, Rule 9(b) has been applied to claims of consumer fraud as well as claims relating to consumer protection statutes.”⁵³

Although “[mjalice, intent, knowledge, and other conditions of a person’s mind may be alleged generally,”⁵⁴ this rule should not be “mistaken for license to base claims of fraud on speculation and conclusory allegations.”⁵⁵

[P]laintiffs must plead facts that give rise to a strong inference of intent. The requisite “strong inference” of fraud may be established either (a) by alleging facts to show that defendants had both motive and opportunity to commit fraud, or (b) by alleging facts that constitute strong circumstantial evidence of conscious misbehavior or recklessness.⁵⁶

E. Leave to Amend

Rule 15(a)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides that other than amendments as a matter of course, “a party may amend its pleading only with the opposing party’s written consent or with the court’s leave.”⁵⁷ Although “[t]he Court should freely give leave when justice so requires,”⁵⁸ it is “within the sound discretion of the district court to grant or deny leave to amend.”⁵⁹ “When a motion to dismiss is granted, the usual practice is to grant leave to amend the complaint.”⁶⁰ However, “it is well established that leave to amend a complaint need not be granted when amendment would be futile.”⁶¹

IV. APPLICABLE LAW⁶²

A. Breach of Contract

To survive a motion to dismiss a breach of contract claim, the complaint must allege “(1) a contract between the parties; (2) a breach of that contract; (3) damages flowing therefrom, and (4) that the party stating the claim performed its own contractual obligation.”⁶³ “Government contracts often benefit the public, but individual members of the public are treated as incidental beneficiaries unless a different intention is manifested.”⁶⁴

B. Promissory Estoppel

A claim for “[promissory estoppel is made up of four elements: (1) a clear and definite promise; (2) made with the expectation that the promisee will rely on it; (3) reasonable reliance; and (4) definite and substantial detriment.”⁶⁵

C. Breach of Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing

“Every party to a contract ... is bound by a duty of good faith and fair dealing in both the performance and enforcement of the contract.”⁶⁶ New Jersey has adopted the Uniform Commercial Code definition of “good faith,” defining it as “honesty in fact and the observance of reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing in the trade.”⁶⁷ The covenant of good faith and fair dealing therefore “ ‘requires that neither party do anything which will interfere with or destroy each party’s reasonable expectations under the contract.’ ”⁶⁸

D.Fraud

“To establish common-law fraud, a plaintiff must prove: (1) a material misrepresentation of a presently existing or past fact; (2) knowledge or belief by the defendant of its falsity; (3) an intention that the other person rely on it; (4) reasonable reliance thereon by the other person; and (5) resulting damages.”⁶⁹ “Under New Jersey law, a tort remedy does not arise from a contractual relationship unless the breaching party owes an independent duty imposed by law.”⁷⁰

“[Statements will not form the basis of a fraud claim when they are mere ‘puffery’ or are opinions as to future events.”⁷¹ Although an opinion can constitute a misrepresentation, there is “a marked difference between what constitutes justifiable reliance upon statements of the maker’s opinion and what constitutes justifiable reliance upon other representations.”⁷²

E. Negligent Misrepresentation

“To establish a claim of negligent misrepresentation, a plaintiff must prove that an incorrect statement was negligently made and justifiably relied upon to recover damages for economic loss or injury sustained as a consequence of that reliance.” ⁷³ “[N]egligence might be inferred from the falsity of the representation.”⁷⁴ “Because negligent misrepresentation does not require scienter as an element, it is easier to prove than fraud.”⁷⁵

F. Negligent Processing of Loan Modifications and Foreclosures

A common law cause of action for negligence has four elements: “(1) a duty of care, (2) a breach of that duty, (3) proximate cause, and (4) actual damages.”⁷⁶

G. Violation of the New York Deceptive Practices Act

The New York Deceptive Practices Act (the “DPA”)⁷⁷ makes “deceptive acts or practices in the conduct of any business, trade or commerce or in the furnishing or any service in this state” unlawful.⁷⁸ The DPA allows “any person who has been injured by reason of any violation of [the DPA]” to bring an action for damages. Under the statute, “[t]he court may, in its discretion, increase the award of damages to an amount not to exceed three times the actual damages up to one thousand dollars, if the court finds the defendant willfully or knowingly violated [the DPA].”⁷⁹ The court may also “award reasonable attorney’s fees to a prevailing plaintiff.”⁸⁰

To state a cause of action under the DPA a plaintiff must allege that “(1) the act or practice was consumer-oriented; (2) the act or practice was misleading in a material respect; and (3) the plaintiff was injured as a result.”⁸¹ A violation of the DPA does not require proof of the elements of common-law fraud and thus “an action under [section] 349 is not subject to the pleading-with-particularity requirements of Rule 9(b).”⁸²

H. Violation of the New Jersey Consumer Fraud Act

The New Jersey Consumer Fraud Act (the “CFA”) outlaws

The act, use or employment ... of any unconscionable commercial practice, deception, fraud, false pretense, false promise, misrepresentation, or the knowing, concealment, suppression, or omission of any material fact with the intent that others rely upon such concealment, suppression or omission, in connection with the sale or advertisement of any merchandise or real estate ⁸³

“To state a claim under the [CFA], a plaintiff must allege (1) a violation of the Act, (2) that he or she suffered an ascertainable loss as a result of the unlawful conduct, and (3) a causal relationship between the unlawful practice and the loss sustained by plaintiff.”⁸⁴ New Jersey courts have repeatedly held that a “mortgage loan [is] covered by the CFA’s definitions of merchandise and advertisement ... and that [a] claim that the lender had engaged in an unconscionable commercial practice in violation of N.J.S.A. 56:8-2 was for a jury to decide.”⁸⁵ “Claims under the CFA are required to meet the particularity requirement of [Rule] 9(b).”⁸⁶

I. Violation of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act

Congress passed the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (the “FDCPA”)⁸⁷ to “eliminate abusive debt collection practices by debt collectors....”⁸⁸ The FDCPA prohibits the “use of any false representation or deceptive means to collect or attempt to collect any debt ...,”⁸⁹ and of any “unfair or unconscionable means to collect or attempt to collect any debt.”⁹⁰ A debt collector, under the definition of the statute, is a person who collects or attempts to collect “debts owed or due or asserted to be owed or due another.”⁹¹ The FDCPA, however, provides a number of exceptions to this definition. One such exception is “any person collecting or attempting to collect any debt owed or due or asserted to be owed or due another to the extent such activity ... (iii) concerns a debt which was not in default at the time it was obtained by such person.”⁹² “Thus, under [section] 1692a(6)(F)(iii), the classification of debt collector depends upon the status of a debt, rather than the type of collection activities used.”⁹³

V. DISCUSSION

A. Article III Standing

Defendants’ argument that plaintiffs lack standing because their homes have not actually been foreclosed upon lacks merit.⁹⁴ “[T]he doctrine of standing serves to identify those disputes which are appropriately resolved through the judicial process.”⁹⁵ Plaintiffs here allege injury caused by defendants’ actions, that are capable of redress by a judgment by this court. Given, among other things, the contractual privity between plaintiffs and Chase, and Chase’s sending a notice of intent to foreclose on plaintiffs’ homes, plaintiffs clearly have standing to file this suit. Defendants argue that plaintiffs must wait until the completion of a foreclosure sale before having standing to seek relief in the courts, because until a foreclosure sale is completed, plaintiffs have not suffered any injury that is “not conjectural or hypothetical.”⁹⁶ This is an argument that plaintiffs’ claims are not ripe for adjudication, rather than that these plaintiffs do not have standing to sue.

Had plaintiffs merely been borrowers whose loans were not in default, and who had not yet applied for modification, there is little doubt that there would be no pending case or controversy between the parties. But this is not a case that rests on “contingent future events that may not occur as anticipated, or indeed may not occur at all.”⁹⁷ Chase has notified plaintiffs that it intends to pursue foreclosure of plaintiffs’ homes, and can initiate foreclosure proceedings immediately. The outcome of such proceedings would not change plaintiffs’ allegations of defendants’ wrongdoing. Accordingly, “[pjostponing consideration of the questions presented, until a more concrete controversy arises”⁹⁸ would not in any way aid the court. Plaintiffs, therefore, have standing to pursue their claims.

B. Breach of Contract

Plaintiffs claim that Chase breached the TPP, the SPA, and their original mortgage agreements.

1. Trial Period Plan

Plaintiffs argue that the TPP agreements constitute valid contracts for the permanent modification of plaintiffs’ home loans, and that defendants breached these contracts by not offering them permanent loan modifications. Plaintiffs’ claim, however, is contradicted by the express terms of the TPP agreements, which state that any permanent modification is subject to the subsequent approval of Chase, and the receipt of a signed modification agreement.

Although the TPP does use some misleading language in stating that Chase “will provide [the borrower] with a Home Affordable Modification Agreement”⁹⁹ if the borrower is in compliance with the TPP, it also unequivocally states that the TPP does not constitute a permanent modification of the original loan; by signing the TPP, plaintiffs attested that they

understand that this Plan is not a modification of the Loan Documents and that the Loan Documents will not be modified unless and until (i) [they] meet all of the conditions required for modification, (ii) [they] receive a fully executed copy of a Modification Agreement, and (iii) the Modification Effective Date has passed.¹⁰⁰

However, the TPP states that “[i]f prior to the Modification Effective Date ... the Lender does not provide [the borrower] with a fully executed copy of ... the Modification Agreement ... the Loan documents will not be modified ....”¹⁰¹ By signing the TPP, plaintiffs also “agree[d] that [Chase] will not be obligated or bound to make any modification of the Loan Documents if [Chase] determines that [plaintiff does] not qualify.”¹⁰² The Amended Complaint fails to plead that Thomas and Fields met “all of the conditions required for modification” and plaintiffs clearly never received a “fully executed copy of the Modification Agreement.”

Several courts have already held that the TPP does not constitute a binding contract for permanent modification.¹⁰³ The cases plaintiffs cite in opposition are not only limited to one district, but are easily distinguishable. In Bosque v. Wells Fargo, plaintiffs’ theory was “that the TPP is a contract governing the three-month trial period, and that compliance with its obligations entitles plaintiffs to either (1) a new contract with a permanent loan modification or (2) a decision on whether plaintiffs are entitled to the permanent modification by the modification effective date stated in the TPP.”¹⁰⁴ The Bosque court held that “modified mortgage payments standing alone would likely not constitute cognizable consideration under the TPP.”¹⁰⁵ However, the Bosque court held that because plaintiffs “were required to provide documentation of their current income, make legal representations about their personal circumstances, and agree to undergo credit counseling if requested to do so” they had suffered a “new legal detriment,” and that plaintiffs therefore had sufficiently alleged consideration.¹⁰⁶ Plaintiffs here do not allege that any such matters constituted consideration.

Under the TPP agreement¹⁰⁷ Chase would “suspend any scheduled foreclosure sale” while plaintiffs met their obligations under the TPP.¹⁰⁸ But plaintiffs do not allege that Chase foreclosed on their homes while the TPP was in effect, nor that Chase did so before it notified plaintiffs that their applications for permanent modification had been denied. Thus Chase fulfilled all of its obligations under the TPP. Accordingly, plaintiffs’ claim for breach of the TPP agreement is dismissed.

2. Service Provider Agreement

Plaintiffs cannot enforce the provisions of the SPA between JP Morgan and Fannie Mae. Several district courts have held that borrowers have no third-party right to enforce the SPA.¹⁰⁹ Contrary to plaintiffs’ assertion that “the SPA and the incorporated Program Documentation constitute a contract for which [plaintiffs and the Class are intended beneficiaries,” ¹¹⁰ the SPA specifically states that it “shall inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the parties to the Agreement,”¹¹¹ JP Morgan and Fannie Mae. Allowing plaintiffs to enforce the SPA would contra-diet the express terms of the agreement and would “open the door to potentially 3-4 million homeowners filing individual claims.” ¹¹² Plaintiffs’ claim for breach of the SPA is therefore dismissed.

3. Mortgage Agreement

Plaintiffs allege that Chase breached the terms of the original loan documents by “foreclosing on loans that were not in default.”¹¹³ Although the mortgage agreements between plaintiffs and Chase constitute enforceable contracts, the claim fails. The TPP agreement states that making TPP payments “does not constitute a cure of [borrower’s] default under the Loan Documents ....”¹¹⁴ Thus, “by alleging that [they] paid reduced monthly payments under the [TPP], Plaintiff[s] admit[ ] that [they were] not current on [their] mortgage^].”¹¹⁵ Plaintiffs do not contend that, after learning of Chase’s rejection of their applications, they -cured any payment shortfall under their original mortgages. As a result, plaintiffs fail to allege that they have performed their own contractual obligations and are therefore estopped from seeking damages for breach by the other party. Plaintiffs’ claim for breach of the terms of the original loan documents is therefore dismissed.

C. Promissory Estoppel

In the alternative, plaintiffs seek to recovér damages based on promissory estoppel, alleging that plaintiffs “forewent other remedies” such as bankruptcy or selling their homes, because defendants “by way of the TPP agreements, made representation^] to [plaintiffs ... that if they executed and returned the TPP agreements with supporting documentation, they would receive a permanent HAMP modification.”¹¹⁶ Plaintiffs’ claim fails. As discussed above, the language of the TPP agreements was unequivocal in stating that they did not constitute a permanent modification of plaintiffs’ loans.¹¹⁷ Accordingly, plaintiffs’ promissory estoppel claim is dismissed.

D. Breach of Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing

Plaintiffs also claim that JP Morgan, by entering into the SPA and receiving funds under TARP from the Department of the Treasury, covenanted on behalf of itself and its subsidiaries to administer its usual contractual obligations with principles of good faith and fair dealing.¹¹⁸ Plaintiffs further claim that JP Morgan had an “implied duty to insure that its loan modification and foreclosure procedures were not fraudulent or unconscionable with respect to borrowers.” ¹¹⁹ Plaintiffs claim that these covenants were breached by defendants because Chase, among other things, failed to ensure that it collected or attempted to collect the proper sums from borrowers.¹²⁰

As discussed above, plaintiffs were neither parties to the SPA nor intended third-party beneficiaries of that agreement. As such, they cannot enforce any covenant of that agreement, express or implied. The only agreement to which the plaintiffs were parties are the original loan documents. But plaintiffs’ allegations of breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing concern JP Morgan’s obligations under the SPA, not under the original loan documents.

The only alleged breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing concerning the original loan documents are that Chase failed to take reasonable measures to collect the proper sums from plaintiffs and initiated foreclosure proceedings without cause. But the sums collected from plaintiffs either were due under their original mortgages or represented lower sums paid in accordance with the TPP agreements. Further, as discussed earlier, plaintiffs breached the express terms of the original loan documents, and defendants therefore had reason to notify plaintiffs of their intent to foreclose. Plaintiffs’ claim for breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing is therefore dismissed.

E.Fraud and Negligent Misrepresentation

Plaintiffs assert claims for fraud and for negligent misrepresentation, alleging that defendants knowingly, recklessly, or negligently “misrepresented and/or failed to disclose material facts relating to [defendants’] loan modification and foreclosure processes.”¹²¹ Plaintiffs allege that due to their reliance on Chase’s misrepresentations they suffered injury in the form of late fees and charges, and that they paid attorneys’ fees as a result of challenging those costs.¹²²

Plaintiffs “may not recover from [defendants] under a tort theory alleging ‘malicious’ or ‘negligent’ breach” of contract.¹²³ However, the Amended Complaint alleges that in December 2010, a Chase agent falsely instructed Fields that he “should miss his January and February payments in order to maintain his eligibility for a modification”¹²⁴ — a non-contract-based claim. Although defendants argue that “vague and ill-defined opinions are not assurances of fact and thus” do not constitute a basis for a claim of fraud or negligent misrepresentation,¹²⁵ the issue is whether the statement made was so vague and ill-defined that it was unreasonable for a borrower to rely on it. Given the nature of the relationship between the parties, it cannot be said that reliance was unreasonable as a matter of law. “An instruction by a bank not to pay may reasonably be understood by a borrower as a representation that non-payment is acceptable to the bank and will not have negative consequences.” ¹²⁶ The Amended Complaint, therefore, pleads with sufficient particularity that Chase made a misrepresentation of a material fact, and that it induced reasonable reliance, to plaintiffs’ detriment.

Plaintiffs fail, however, to adequately plead that defendants acted with fraudulent intent. Plaintiffs fail to allege facts that show that “defendants had both motive and opportunity to commit fraud” or to point to any “strong circumstantial evidence of conscious misbehavior.”¹²⁷ The Amended Complaint contains only conclusory statements that defendants “knew that [their] misrepresentations ... were false”¹²⁸ and that defendants misrepresented the facts “with the intention that [plaintiffs and Class Members rely on their representations.”¹²⁹ Plaintiffs fail to plead any facts that would lead to a “strong inference” that Chase acted with fraudulent intent in making these misrepresentations. Plaintiffs’ fraud claim is therefore dismissed. Because negligent misrepresentation does not require scienter, however, plaintiffs have adequately pleaded all the elements of that claim. Accordingly, defendants’ motion to dismiss plaintiffs’ negligent misrepresentation claim is denied.

F. Negligent Processing of Loan Modifications and Foreclosures

Plaintiffs claim that defendants owe them “a duty of reasonable care in the processing and determination of the loan modification applications and the processing of their foreclosures”¹³⁰ and that defendants breached this duty by “failing to properly evaluate [plaintiffs’ and Class Members’ loan modification applications and foreclosures.”¹³¹ First, as discussed above, the SPA and the other terms of HAMP do not impose a duty on defendants with respect to borrowers. Second, it is well-established that “a bank does not owe a duty of care to a borrower, even if the borrower is a consumer.”¹³² Plaintiffs’ negligence claim is therefore dismissed.

G. Violation of the New York Deceptive Practices Act

Plaintiffs’ claim that defendants violated section 349 of New York’s General Business Law fails because plaintiffs do not allege that any consumer-oriented conduct took place in New York. Section 349(a) outlaws “deceptive acts or practices in the conduct of any business, trade or commerce or in the furnishing or any service in this state.”¹³³ Plaintiffs are residents of New Jersey, and the mortgages at issue in this case are (i) for homes located in New Jersey, and (ii) were loaned by branches located in New Jersey. Plaintiffs do not allege that defendants committed any acts that caused injury to plaintiffs in New York.

To the extent that plaintiffs allege that they were injured in New Jersey by allegedly deceptive practices devised or originating in New York, plaintiffs’ claim under section 349 also fails. “The phrase ‘deceptive acts or practices’ under the statute is not the mere invention of a scheme or marketing strategy, but the actual misrepresentation or omission to a consumer.” ¹³⁴ The statute “was not intended to police the out-of-state transactions of New York companies.”¹³⁵ Instead, the legislative history of the statute makes clear that it was intended to protect consumers in the state of New York.¹³⁶ To expand this protection to consumers in other states would subject New York businesses to almost unlimited liability. Not only is this a burden on the courts, but would undermine other states’ initiatives to protect their consumers in a way they think most appropriate. Plaintiffs’ claim for violation of the DPA is therefore dismissed.

H.Violation of the New Jersey Consumer Fraud Act

Plaintiffs allege that “the acts and practices of Defendants” as set forth elsewhere in the Amended Complaint, violate the CFA.¹³⁷ As discussed earlier, plaintiffs have alleged that defendants made a material misrepresentation with sufficient particularity to satisfy Rule 9(b). Unlike a common-law fraud claim, a claim for violation of the CFA does not require intent because the statute imposes strict liability if the claimed CFA violation is the result of an affirmative act.¹³⁸

Defendants’ argument that plaintiffs’ claim fails because “it is essentially a breach of contract claim”¹³⁹ clearly contradicts the facts of this case. As discussed above, plaintiffs do not state a prima facie case for breach of contract. Plaintiffs do allege that (1) Chase made a false representation that borrowers must default on their loans to be eligible for modification, (2) that plaintiffs suffered ascertainable injury in the form of late fees, interest, and attorney’s fees to challenge imposition of such costs, and that (3) that defendants’ behavior caused them to incur these costs.¹⁴⁰ Accordingly, defendants’ motion to dismiss this claim is denied.

I. Violation of the Federal Debt Collection Practices Act

Plaintiffs allege that defendants violated the FDCPA by engaging “in a pattern and practice of filing false, deceptive, misleading, and perjured affidavits in connection with foreclosure proceedings.” ¹⁴¹ But the FDCPA does not cover the facts of this case. A “debt collector” under the statute means anyone who collects “debts owed ... another” and excludes collecting a debt to the extent the collection “concerns a debt which was not in default at the time it was obtained by such person.”¹⁴² With regards to Thomas, Chase is attempting to collect the debt on its own behalf. Moreover, the FAC does not allege that the loans of the named plaintiffs were in default at the time Chase “obtained” those loans.¹⁴³ As a result, Chase is excluded from the definition of “debt collector” under the statute.

Furthermore, defendants’ allegedly “filing false, deceptive, misleading, and perjured affidavits in connection with foreclosure proceedings” is irrelevant to plaintiffs in this case. Plaintiffs do not allege that such affidavits were used in foreclosure proceedings in which any plaintiff was a party. Indeed, no plaintiff was a party to any foreclosure proceedings. As plaintiffs concede, any alleged injuries must pertain to the named plaintiffs.¹⁴⁴ Plaintiffs’ claim under the FDCPA is therefore dismissed.

J. Leave to Replead

Leave to replead is generally granted unless it would be futile to permit plaintiffs to amend. Here, plaintiffs may be able to allege additional facts that would support a strong inference of fraudulent intent. Likewise, plaintiffs could allege additional facts that would allow them to state a claim for breach of the original loan agreements.

However, repleading plaintiffs’ other claims would be futile. Plaintiffs have no standing to enforce the SPA, rendering futile any attempt to replead their claims for breach of the SPA or for breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing. Given that the TPPs unequivocally did not grant plaintiffs a permanent modification, repleading plaintiffs’ claim for breach of the TPP and for promissory estoppel likewise would be futile. New Jersey law holds that defendants do not owe a duty of care to borrowers beyond the terms of their contract, defeating any negligence claim. And because plaintiffs are New Jersey residents who conducted all of their transactions with defendants in New Jersey repleading their claim under the DPA would also be futile. Additionally, defendants are explicitly excluded from the statutory language of the FDCPA. Accordingly, these claims are dismissed with prejudice. Plaintiffs may within thirty (30) days of the date of this Order file a second amended complaint with respect to their claims for (i) breach of the original mortgage agreements and (ii) fraud. If plaintiffs fail to do so, all claims dismissed herein will be dismissed with prejudice.

VI. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, defendants’ motion to dismiss is granted without prejudice as to plaintiffs’ claims for (i) breach of contract of the original mortgage agreements and (ii) fraud. Defendants’ motion to dismiss is granted with prejudice as to plaintiffs’ claims for (i) breach of the SPA and the TPP agreements, (ii) promissory estoppel, (iii) breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing, (iv) negligence, (v) violation of the DPA, and (vi) violation of the FDCPA. Defendants’ motion is denied as to plaintiffs’ claims for (i) negligent misrepresentation and (ii) violation of the CFA. The Clerk of the Court is directed to close this motion [docket # 25] as well as defendants’ earlier motion [docket # 11] which was withdrawn pursuant to the parties’ stipulation but not closed. A conference is scheduled for September 12, 2011, at 4:00 p.m.

SO ORDERED.

Notes

1 . See Memorandum of Law in Support of JPMorgan Chase & Co. and Chase Home Finance, LLC’s Motion to Dismiss Amended Complaint ("Def. Mem.”) at 1.

2 . All alleged facts are drawn from the relevant portions of the Amended Complaint, and are taken to be true for the purposes of this motion. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1943, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009).

3 . Pub.L. No. 110-343, 122 Stat. 3765 (codified as amended at 12 U.S.C. §§ 5201-5261).

4 . 12U.S.C. § 5219(a)(1).

5 . See Commitment to Purchase Financial Instrument and Service Participation Agreement for the Home Affordable Mortgage Program under the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2009 ("SPA”), Ex. E to 3/28/11 Declaration of Defendants’ Attorney Jessica L. Kaufman in Support of JPMorgan Chase & Co. and Chase Home Finance, LLC's Motion to Dismiss Amended Complaint (“Kaufman Decl.”), at 11. Although neither the SPA nor plaintiffs’ original mortgage agreements were attached to the Amended Complaint, the Court may consider these documents because the Amended Complaint "relies heavily on [their] terms and effects,” rendering them "integral” to the Amended Complaint. Chambers v. Time Warner, Inc., 282 F.3d 147, 153 (2d Cir.2002).

6 . SPA § 10.F.

7 . Id. § l.A.

8 . Id. § 2.A.

9 . The Hardship Affidavit is used to verify the borrower's financial hardship in connection with an application for a loan modification.

10 . SPA § l.A.

11 . Id. § 2.F.

12 . Id. § 2.G.

13 . Id. § 2.E.

14 . Id. § 4.D.

15 . Amended Complaint (“FAC”) ¶¶ 183-184 (modifications and emphasis in original).

16 . See id. ¶ 185. See also Thomas Home Affordable Modification Trial Period Plan ("Thomas TPP”), Ex. E to FAC, at 1.

17 . See FAC ¶ 190.

18 . See id. ¶ 191.

19 . 4/15/10 Document Receipt Confirmation Letter from Chase to Thomas, Ex. F to FAC.

20 . 4/14/10 Workout Request Declined Letter from Chase to Thomas, Ex. G to FAC.

21 . See FAC ¶ 194.

22 . Id. ¶ 195.

23 . Id. ¶ 196. The notice of intent to foreclose that Chase allegedly sent to Thomas has not been included as an exhibit to the Amended Complaint.

24 . 1/18/10 Trial Period Agreement Letter from Chase to Fields ("Fields TPP Letter"), Ex. H to FAC, at 1.

25 . See FAC ¶ 207.

26 . See id. V 208. The original letter has not been attached as an exhibit to the Amended Complaint.

27 . See id. n 209, 211.

28 . See id. ¶ 212.

29 . Id. ¶ 214.

30 . Id. ¶ 215.

31 . Making Home Affordable Trial Period Plan Offer — Notice of Expiration, Ex. I to FAC, at 1.

32 . See FAC ¶ 217.

33 . See id. The notice of intent to foreclose is not included as an exhibit.

34 . 12/2/10 Letter from Chase to Fields, Ex. J to FAC, at 1.

35 . See FAC ¶ 220.

36 . Id. ¶ 221.

37 . See id. ¶ 222.

38 . See Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560, 112 S.Ct. 2130, 119 L.Ed.2d 351 (1992).

39 . Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 498, 95 S.Ct. 2197, 45 L.Ed.2d 343 (1975).

40 . Lujan, 504 U.S. at 561, 112 S.Ct. 2130. Accord Denney v. Deutsche Bank AG, 443 F.3d 253, 263 (2d Cir.2006); New York Pub. Interest Research Grp. v. Whitman, 321 F.3d 316, 325 (2d Cir.2003). See also Allen v. Wright, 468 U.S. 737, 751-52, 104 S.Ct. 3315, 82 L.Ed.2d 556 (1984) (noting that the three standing requirements share a common goal — to ensure that the judiciary, and not another branch of government, is the appropriate forum in which to address a plaintiff's complaint).

41 . See Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 358 n. 6, 116 S.Ct. 2174, 135 L.Ed.2d 606 (1996) (dismissing claims because plaintiffs with one type of injury lack standing to challenge a different, though perhaps related, injury, because "standing is not dispensed in gross”).

42 . In re Salomon Analyst Level 3 Litig., 350 F.Supp.2d 477, 496 (S.D.N.Y.2004). Accord Griffin v. Dugger, 823 F.2d 1476, 1483 (11th Cir.1987) ("a claim cannot be asserted on behalf of a class unless at least one named plaintiff has suffered the injury that gives rise to that claim”); In re Global Crossing, Ltd. Sec. Litig., 313 F.Supp.2d 189, 205 (S.D.N.Y. 2003) (same).

43 . Texas v. United States, 523 U.S. 296, 300, 118 S.Ct. 1257, 140 L.Ed.2d 406 (1998) (quotation marks omitted).

44 . E.R. Squibb & Sons, Inc. v. Lloyd’s & Cos., 241 F.3d 154, 177 (2d Cir.2001).

45 . 129 S.Ct. at 1950.

46 . Hayden v. Paterson, 594 F.3d 150, 161 (2d Cir.2010) (quoting Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1950). Accord Ruston v. Town Bd. for Town of Skaneateles, 610 F.3d 55, 59 (2d Cir.2010).

47 . Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1949 (citing Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007)).

48 . Id. at 1950. Accord Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co., 621 F.3d 111, 124 (2d Cir.2010).

49 . Twombly, 550 U.S. at 564, 127 S.Ct. 1955.

50 . Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1949 (quotation marks omitted).

51 . Id. (quotation marks omitted).

52 . Lerner v. Fleet Bank N.A., 459 F.3d 273, 290 (2d Cir.2006) (quotation marks omitted).

53 . Meserole v. Sony Corp. of America, No. 08 Civ. 8987, 2009 WL 1403933, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. May 19, 2009).

54 . Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b).

55 . Shields v. Citytrust Bancorp, Inc., 25 F.3d 1124, 1128 (2d Cir.1994).

56 . Lerner, 459 F.3d at 290-91 (quotation marks and citations omitted).

57 . Slayton v. American Express Co., 460 F.3d 215, 226 n. 10 (2d Cir.2006) (quotation marks omitted).

58 . Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(a)(2).

59 . McCarthy v. Dun & Bradstreet Corp., 482 F.3d 184, 200 (2d Cir.2007).

60 . Hayden v. County of Nassau, 180 F.3d 42, 53 (2d Cir.1999).

61 . Ellis v. Chao, 336 F.3d 114, 127 (2d Cir.2003).

62 . With the exception of plaintiffs’ claim under the New York Deceptive Practices Act, New Jersey law applies to all of the claims at issue in this motion.

63 . Frederico v. Home Depot, 507 F.3d 188, 203 (3d Cir.2007) (citing Video Pipeline, Inc. v. Buena Vista Home Entm’t, Inc., 210 F.Supp.2d 552, 561 (D.N.J.2002)).

64 . Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 313(2) cmt. a (1981).

65 . Toll Bros. v. Board of Chosen Freeholders of Burlington, 194 N.J. 223, 253, 944 A.2d 1 (2008).

66 . Elliott & Frantz, Inc. v. Ingersoll-Rand Co., 457 F.3d 312, 328 (3d Cir.2006) (quoting Brunswick Hills Racquet Club, Inc. v. Route 18 Shopping Ctr. Assocs., 182 N.J. 210, 224, 864 A.2d 387 (2005)).

67 . N.J. Stat. Ann. § 12A:2-103(l)(b) (West 2004). See also U.C.C. § 2-103(l)(c) (2005).

68 . Lekki Capital Corp. v. Automatic Data Processing, Inc., No. 01 Civ. 7421, 2002 WL 987147, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. May 14, 2002) (quoting Atlantic City Racing Assoc. v. Sonic Fin. Corp., 90 F.Supp.2d 497, 510 (D.N.J.2000)).

69 . Banco Popular North Am. v. Gandi, 184 N.J. 161, 172-73, 876 A.2d 253 (2005) (quotation marks omitted).

70 . Saltiel v. GSI Consultants, Inc., 170 N.J. 297, 316, 788 A.2d 268, 280 (2002).

71 . Cohen v. Koenig, 25 F.3d 1168, 1172 (2d Cir.1994) (applying New York law).

72 . Restatement (Second) of Torts § 525 cmt. d.

73 . In re Schering-Plough Corp. Intron/Temodar Consumer Class Action, No. 06-cv-5774, 2009 WL 2043604, at *32 (D.N.J. July 10, 2009) (citing H. Rosenblum, Inc. v. Adler, 93 N.J. 324, 334, 461 A.2d 138 (1983)).

74 . Rosenblum, 93 N.J. at 334, 461 A.2d 138.

75 . Kaufman v. i-Stat Corp., 165 N.J. 94, 110, 754 A.2d 1188 (2000).

76 . Polzo v. County of Essex, 196 N.J. 569, 584, 960 A.2d 375 (2008).

77 . N.Y. Gen. Bus. Law § 349 (McKinney 2004).

78 . Id. § 349(a).

79 . Id. § 349(h).

80 . Id.

81 . Spagnola v. Chubb Corp., 574 F.3d 64, 74 (2d Cir.2009) (citation omitted).

82 . Pelman v. McDonald’s Corp., 396 F.3d 508, 511 (2d Cir.2005).

83 . N.J. Stat. Ann. §§ 56:8-1 to -109 (West 2004).

84 . Meadowlands Invs., LLC v. CIBC World Mkts. Corp., No. 04 Civ. 7328, 2005 WL 2347856, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 22, 2005).

85 . Gonzalez v. Wilshire Credit Corp., 411 N.J.Super. 582, 988 A.2d 567, 573 (N.J.Super.Ct.App.Div.2010) (citing Associates Home Equity Servs. v. Troup, 343 N.J.Super. 254, 778 A.2d 529 (N.J.Super.Ct.App.Div.2001)).

86 . Daloisio v. Liberty Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 754 F.Supp.2d 707, 709 (D.N.J.2010). Accord Meadowlands, 2005 WL 2347856, at *3.

87 . 15 U.S.C. §§ 1692-1692p (2009).

88 . Id. § 1692(e).

89 . Id. § 1692e(10).

90 . Id. § 1692f.

91 . Id. § 1692a(6).

92 . Id. § 1692a(6)(F). See also Kesselman v. The Rawlings Co., LLC, 668 F.Supp.2d 604, 611-12 (S.D.N.Y.2009).

93 . Alibrandi v. Financial Outsourcing Servs., 333 F.3d 82, 86 (2d Cir.2003).

94 . See Def. Mem. at 6-10.

95 . Whitmore v. Arkansas, 495 U.S. 149, 155, 110 S.Ct 1717, 109 L.Ed.2d 135 (1990).

96 . Defendants cite Waite v. Dunn, No. 94 Civ. 07013, 1994 WL 714296, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 22, 1994), in support of their position that notice of intent to foreclose does not constitute imminent harm. In Waite, however, the court denied a preliminary injunction because plaintiff failed to submit evidence of foreclosure, and because a monetary award could provide adequate relief. In any event, defendants conflate standing with the evidence necessary to obtain a preliminary injunction. “A preliminary injunction is an extraordinary remedy,” Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, 555 U.S. 7, 9, 129 S.Ct. 365, 172 L.Ed.2d 249 (2008), requiring a much higher showing than that required to establish standing to sue. Waite is therefore inapposite.

97 . Texas v. United States, 523 U.S. at 300, 118 S.Ct. 1257.

98 . Renne v. Geary, 501 U.S. 312, 323, 111 S.Ct. 2331, 115 L.Ed.2d 288 (1991).

99 . Thomas TPP, preamble.

100 . Id. § 2.G.

101 . Id. § 2.F.

102 . Id.

103 . See, e.g., Lund v. CitiMortgage, Inc., No. 10-CV-1167, 2011 WL 1873690, at *2 (D.Utah May 17, 2011); Grill, 2011 WL 127891, at *4; Brown v. Bank of N.Y. Mellon, No. 10-CV-550, 2011 WL 206124, at *3 (W.D.Mich. Jan. 21, 2011); Vida v. OneWest Bank, No. 10-987, 2010 WL 5148473, at *15 (D.Or. Dec. 13, 2010).

104 . 762 F.Supp.2d 342, 352 (D.Mass.2011).

105 . Id.

106 . Id.

107 . I assume the truth of the Amended Complaint's allegation that Fields's TPP agreement is identical to Thomas's. See FAC II 205.

108 . Thomas TPP § 2.B.

109 . Edwards v. Aurora Loan Servs., LLC, 791 F.Supp.2d 144, 150-53, 2011 WL 2340939, at *4-*6 (D.D.C. June 14, 2011). Accord Grill v. BAC Home Loans Servicing, No. 10-CV-03057, 2011 WL 127891, at *5-*7 (E.D.Cal. Jan. 14, 2011) (collecting cases).

110 . FAC ¶ 241.

111 . SPA § 10.F.

112 . Marks v. Bank of Am., N.A., No. 10-cv-08039, 2010 WL 2572988, at *4 (D.Ariz. June 22, 2010).

113 . FAC ¶ 239.

114 . Ex. E to FAC, at 2.

115 . Davis v. Citimortgage, Inc., No. 10-12136, 2011 WL 891209, at *3 (E.D.Mich. Mar. 11, 2011).

116 . FAC ¶ 258.

117 . I note that none of the cases relied on by plaintiffs discusses the relevant language quoted from the TPP in part V.B.3, supra. See Jackson v. Ocwen Loan Servicing, LLC, No. 10-cv-00711, 2011 WL 587587, at *3 (E.D.Cal. Feb. 9, 2011); Bosque, 762 F.Supp.2d at 351-53; Durmic v. J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, NA, No. 10-CV-10380, 2010 WL 4825632, at *5 (D.Mass. Nov. 24, 2010); Hanson v. Wells Fargo Home Mortg., No. 10CV00318, 2010 WL 3310615, at *2-3 (E.D.Ark. Aug. 18, 2010).

118 . See FAC ¶ 267.

119 . Id. ¶ 266.

120 . See id. ¶ 270

121 . Id. ¶¶ 275, 285.

122 . See id. ¶ 299.

123 . International Minerals and Mining Corp. v. Citicorp N. Am., 736 F.Supp. 587, 597 (D.N.J.1990).

124 . FAC ¶203. Plaintiffs also allege that Chase misrepresented the time frame within which modification applications would be processed and erroneously instructed plaintiffs to submit documents Chase already had in its possession. However, the Amended Complaint fails to plead how plaintiffs relied on either of these two misrepresentations and fails to plead any injury suffered by plaintiffs as a result. All other allegations of misrepresentations seem to relate only to putative class members, but not to plaintiffs.

125 . Def. Mem. at 24 (quoting Alexander v. CIGNA Corp., 991 F.Supp. 427, 435 (D.N.J.1998)).

126 . Fitzgerald v. Chase Home Finance, LLC, No. 10 Civ. 4148, at *10 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 28, 2011).

127 . Lerner, 459 F.3d at 290.

128 . FAC ¶ 277.

129 . Id. ¶ 278.

130 . Id. ¶ 290.

131 . Id. ¶ 291.

132 . Shinn v. Champion Mortgage Co., No. 09-cv-00013, 2010 WL 500410, at *4 (D.N.J. Feb. 5, 2010) (citing United Jersey Bank v. Kensey, 306 N.J.Super. 540, 553, 704 A.2d 38 (N.J.Super.Ct.App.Div. 1997)).

133 . N.Y. Gen. Bus. Law § 349(a) (emphasis added).

134 . Goshen v. Mutual Life Ins. Co. of New York, 98 N.Y.2d 314, 325, 746 N.Y.S.2d 858, 774 N.E.2d 1190 (2002) (dismissing Florida plaintiff from an action against New York insurer where policy was purchased and paid for in Florida). Accord Wiener v. Unumprovident Corp., 202 F.Supp.2d 116, 120 (S.D.N.Y.2002) (dismissing claim because "[w]hile it appears that plaintiff's application for the insurance policies was submitted in New York, she is a New Jersey resident and received her benefits in New Jersey”).

135 . Goshen, 98 N.Y.2d at 325, 746 N.Y.S.2d 858, 774 N.E.2d 1190.

136 . See id. (discussing legislative history and underlying public policy rationale of section 349).

137 .FAC ¶¶ 298-301. Defendants seek to dismiss this claim on the ground that "where, as here 'the factual allegations of the cause of action are ... scattered throughout the complaint ... ’ dismissal for failure to satisfy Rule 8(a)(2) is proper.” Def. Mem. at 22 (quoting San Diego Home Solutions v. Recontrust Co., No. 08 cv 1970, 2008 WL 5209972, at *2 (S.D.Cal. Dec. 10, 2008)). "A statement in a pleading may be adopted by reference elsewhere in the same pleading or in any other pleading or motion.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 10(c). This rule is not made void by the TwomblyIqbal "plausibility" requirement, or by Rule 9(b)'s particularity requirement. Plaintiffs are not required to restate the same facts outlined in the section for common-law fraud for each subsequent claim, and the court will not dismiss the claim simply because plaintiffs incorporate by reference facts stated elsewhere in the Amended Complaint. The particularity requirement of Rule 9(b) has three purposes: (1) to put the defendant on notice of the details of the claims against him, (2) to protect a defendant's reputation and goodwill from unfounded allegations, and (3) to prevent strike suits. See Rombach v. Chang, 355 F.3d 164, 171 (2d Cir.2004). The Amended Complaint states facts with sufficient particularity to accomplish these goals.

138 . See Bosland v. Warnock Dodge, Inc., 197 N.J. 543, 556, 964 A.2d 741 (2009).

139 . Def. Mem. at 26 (incorporating by reference Memorandum in Support of Citimortgage, Inc.'s Motion to Dismiss, Costigan v. Citimortgage, Inc., No. 10 Civ. 8776, at 22 (quoting Carmen v. Metrocities Mortg., No. 08-cv-2729, 2010 WL 421115, at *7 n. 7 (D.N.J. Feb. 1, 2010))).

140 . See Banco Popular, 184 N.J. at 172-73, 876 A.2d 253 (outlining the elements of a claim under the CFA). See also Morris v. BAC Home Loans Servicing, L.P., 775 F.Supp.2d 255, 256-57 (D.Mass.2011) (holding that HAMP violations can give rise to a claim under a similar Massachusetts statute).

141 . FAC ¶ 305.

142 . 15 U.S.C. § 1692a(6)(F) (emphasis added).

143 . Id. § 1692a(6)(F)(iii).

144 . See Lewis, 518 U.S. at 358, 116 S.Ct. 2174.

Case Details

Case Name: Thomas v. JPMorgan Chase & Co.

Court Name: District Court, S.D. New York

Date Published: Jul 29, 2011

Citation: 811 F. Supp. 2d 781

Docket Number: No. 10 Civ. 8993 (SAS)

Court Abbreviation: S.D.N.Y.