159 F. 339 | 6th Cir. | 1908
Lead Opinion
This is an action against Green county, Ky., brought by other parties upon other bonds and coupons of the same issue as those which were the subject of the suit in Quinlan v. Green County (recently decided by this court) 157 Fed. 33. The cause was tried by the court without a jury, and the findings of fact and of law were the same in all material respects as in the other case. And unless there are some fatal defects in the procedure peculiar to this case and of which we are bound to take notice, the .same judgment would be due.
The plaintiffs in the court below as well as the plaintiffs in this writ of error were and are quite numerous. They all claimed to be jointly interested in the bonds and coupons sued upon. In their amended petition they allege “that they are jointly the holders and ■owners of all the bonds and coupons” therein specified. If they were, they might properly join as plaintiffs in the suit, and the whole sum sued for would be the test of jurisdiction, and not the value of the interest of each. The rule is stated by Mr. Justice Bradley in Clay v. Field, 138 U. S. 464, 479, 11 Sup. Ct. 419, 34 L. Ed. 1044. Some of the original plaintiffs were representatives of deceased persons who had formerly been owners of some interest in the bonds and coupons, and some have died pending the suit, ■ and the suit has not been revived in the names of their representatives, if any have been appointed. And as to such plaintiffs, the defendant contends that the suit has abated. The facts of their deaths appear in the record. The original plaintiffs who have survived continued to be parties, and, although at first not plaintiffs in this writ of error, have been made such by amendment; and the finding of the court below was that at the beginning of this suit “the plaintiffs were then the bona fide holders for value of, the bonds and coupons sued on, and were fully entitled to sue the defendant thereon in this court.” In answer to the contention that the suit became defective and abated, it is urged that the plaintiffs were joint owners and holders of the title to the bonds and coupons, and that therefore upon the death of any of them, the right of action devolved upon the survivors, and, further, that the presence of the names of the deceased persons in the record was wholly indifferent matter and is harmless. In respect to this last proposition, we so held on a motion to dismiss this writ, to be mentioned later.
Although the fact of the death of those plaintiffs was apparent upon the record, there was no formal suggestion of it. Before the case came on for hearing in this court the defendant made a motion to dismiss the writ of error. The second and third grounds of the motion were “because certain persons named as plaintiffs in error were not parties below,” and “because one of the parties named as a plaintiff in error died more than a year before the judgment complained of, and that the action was never revived by her representa
“If in fact the plaintiffs were joint owners of the bonds and coupons in suit, it would seem, under section 956, Rev. St., that the .suit might proceed in the name of the survivors upon the suggestion of the death upon the record, and that the suit would not abate. The question as to whether they were such joint owners is one of mixed fact and law, and wo pretermit the present determination of that question. For the purposes of the present motion, we assume the fact to be as averred in the pleadings.”
It is now contended that the plaintiffs were not joint owners, because as matter of law they could not be such. This contention is grounded Upon the fact that several of the plaintiffs are corporations, Wabash College, Indianapolis Rolling Mills Company, Meridian National Bank, and could not therefore be “joint tenants” with natural persons, and 5 Bacon’s Abridgement, 240, Co. Litt. 296, and Telfair v. Howe, 3 Rich. Eq. 235, 55 Am. Dec. 637, are cited. This doctrine had its root in the common law relating to joint tenancies of real property as affected by the law of descents and of survivorship in joint tenancies, and we should have supposed that the rule had application only to real estate wherein alone the peculiar character of joint tenancy exists. But it was held in the South Carolina case that it applied also to a joint estate in personal property. That was a case where there was nominally a bequest to two incorporated religious societies, one of which was found to be nonexistent. And the question was whether the other was entitled to the whole of the bequest by virtue of the jus accrescendi, or whether a moiety was distributable to the next ,of kin. The court held upon the analogy of the rule in case of joint tenancies that such an estate was not created, and that the existing society took only one moiety as a separate estate upon the similitude of a tenancy in common. And it was shown in the passage cited from Lord Coke that in the case of a devise to two bishops, although they could not take as joint tenants, yet that they would take as tenants in common. This conclusion was the foundation of the decree of the South Carolina court; for if no estate at all was vested in the existing society the decree would not have been justified; and Chancellor Bunkin, whose de'cree was affirmed, said that “the joint words used in this bequest must therefore be construed to make several estates.” Now, we cannot think that two or more owners of undivided interests in a negotiable note or bond indorsed to them, or payable to them as the bearers, sustain toward each other any such relation as joint tenants of real property at the common law. Their position is more nearly that of tenants in common, and in Indiana, where the holders of these bonds resided, there is a statute which provides that:
*343 “Tho survivor of persons lidding personal property in joint ienancy shall have the same rights only as ihe. survivors of tenants in common, unless otherwise expressed, in (lie instrument.” Section 8136, Burns’ Ann. St. 1894.
Other states have similar statutes, and in still others it is a rule of the common law. If this be so, there can be no doubt, upon any authority, that a corporation may be one of several joint indorsees or bearers of a negotiable instrument, using the term “joint” in its general sense, and not in the restricted sense when applied to a tenancy of real property, and it may sue thereon as one of several coobligees joined as plaintiffs. Upon the death of a joint obligee the right to maintain the action survives to his co-obligee; and all such survivors must join in a suit at law on the obligation. It would be erroneous to join the personal representative of the deceased. Jackson v. The People, 6 Mich. 154. And if one dies pending an action the suit may be prosecuted in the name of the survivor, and, if he recovers, he recovers the whole sum due on the obligation, and thereupon he holds that part of the recovery which represents the interest of his deceased co-obligee in trust for those entitled to have it. The obligor has no concern with the proportions in which the recovery is distributed; that is a matter entirely between the other parties, the surviving plaintiff and the representatives. The cause of action is entire and cannot be split up. And the defendant is protected by the judgment. The right to maintain the action on a negotiable, instrument and the ultimate disposition of the proceeds are different things, and statutes which protect the interests of deceased tenants in common and practice codes which require the action to be brought in the names of parties in interest have not confounded the distinction. Morrison v. Winn, Hardin (Ky.) 480; Brown v. King, 1 Bibb. (Ky.) 462; McIntosh v. Zaring, 150 Ind. 309, 49 N. E. 161; Webster v. King’s Co. Trust Co., 145 N. Y. 275, 39 N. E. 964; Sessions v. Peay, 19 Ark. 267; Pomeroy, Code Rem. § 143 (4-th Ed.). These and other authorities would seem to show that the personal representatives of deceased plaintiffs were not necessary or even proper parties to the action. Donnell v. Manson, 109 Mass. 576. Jackson v. The People, supra. But as their presence has harmed no one (Quinton v. Neville, 152 Fed. 879, 883, 81 C. C. A. 673, 677), we think the formal error may he corrected by direction to the court below. If a survivor of several obligees may maintain an action without joining the representatives of a deceased co-obligee, as must be conceded, it is difficult to see why he might not continue an action after the death of a coplaintiff, the result of the action being precisely the same. It is obvious that the revivor is a matter of form only. As a matter of procedure it is usual to suggest the death of the coplaintiff, and obtain an order that the cause proceed in the name of the survivor. In the several states there are generally statutes indicating such a procedure. The Civil Code of Practice of Kentucky, § 500, provides that, “if the right of action survive to or against the remaining parties, the action may proceed without revivor, after statement on the record of such death or cessation of power”; and sec: tiou 507 provides that “an order to revive an action in the name of the representative or a successor of a plaintiff may be made forthwith,
“So too in judicial proceedings for tlie furtherance of public justice, and the discouragement of dilatory pleas and teelmieal objections, parties who do not seasonably avail themselves of their legal rights are held by the courts lo have conclusively waived them.”
And see Frisbie v. United States, 157 U. S. 160, 15 Sup. Ct. 586, 39 L. Ed. 657; Thomas v. Wooldridge, 23 Wall. (U. S.) 283, 23 L. Ed. 135; Campbell v. Haverhill, 155 U. S. 610, 15 Sup. Ct. 217, 39 L. Ed. 280. Objections to the jurisdiction are fundamental and cannot be waived. But, short of that, most objections may be waived, and this may be done by the conduct of the party in not insisting upon a formality which he had a legal right to have observed.
It is true that on the 14th day of March, 1904, defendant’s counsel moved for “a rule on the surviving plaintiffs named in the petition and amended petitions herein to furnish the dates of the deaths of the parties plaintiffs named in said pleadings who have died since the institution of this action, and to show cause why this action should not be dismissed for failure to revive within the times prescribed by law.” The court made no' order in that behalf, but the plaintiffs in response to the rule proposed stated that they had “no knowledge of the death of any of the plaintiffs except such as shown in the rec
Some of the personal representatives were appointed by probate courts in another state than Kentucky. The statute of that state also provides that a personal representative of a foreign state may sue in the courts of Kentucky upon giving a bond for costs. Hut it war, held by the Court of Appeals that the giving the bond was waived by not demanding it. Swift v. Donahue, 104 Ky. 137, 46 S. W. 683. In the earlier case of Marrett v. Babb, 91 Ky. 93, 15 S. W. 4, cited by defendant in error, there was a demurrer to the petition which we suppose (though this is not clear) raised the question of the status of the plaintiff. At all events the case of Swift v. Donahue is the latest decision, and must be taken as the law of Kentucky. But all this is immaterial if, as we think, the right of action survived to the survivors.
There are no other questions which merit consideration. The conclusion must be that the judgment should be reversed, with direction
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting). I dissent from the opinion
and judgment in this case for the reasons stated in my dissent in Quinlan v. Green County. Every one of the objections to the judgment in that case apply here, including particularly the direction for a judgment upon the bonds in suit and upon the coupons sued upon. I think a new trial should be directed if the judgment in favor of the county is reversed, because the findings are not definite enough to justify and do not cover all the issues presented by the county. Neither do I agree that the plaintiffs were joint tenants of the bonds and coupons in suit. Joint tenancies are regarded with little favor, and in cases of doubt the construction favored is that the parties were tenants in common. See the authorities cited in 23 Cyc. 485. By statute, in many of the states, joint tenancies have been legislated against, and in the state of Indiana, where the owners of these bonds resided and where their alleged joint tenancy was created, it is provided that “the survivors of persons holding personal property in joint tenancy shall have the same rights only as the survivors of tenants in common unless otherwise expressed in the instrument.” The same statute, in substance, exists in Kentucky. The effect of this Indiana statute is to abolish survivorship unless otherwise provided for. This is the practical concession of the majority, for, upon that ground, they say that a corporation may be a joint tenant with natural persons, a thing unknown at the common law. There was no agreement in respect to survivorship. Therefore this suit must abate as to deceased persons where there has been no revival. The distinguishing feature of a joint tenancy is that the tenants hold by one title and one right. Then the survivors take the whole title and right. In such a tenancy there need be no revivor in the name of the representative of a deceased joint tenant. And so section 956, Rev. St., provides that a suit started in the name of a number of joint tenants shall not abate by the death of one, but that upon “the death being suggested upon the record, the action shall proceed at the suit of the surviving plaintiff.”
Under the regulation of the practice by statute there was no authority to proceed with the case by making a finding of facts until there was placed upon the record a suggestion of the death of such of the original joint tenants as had died, and the county of Green ought not to be concluded by a finding of facts made without compliance with this practice. In view of the fact that these findings do not cover some of the issues made by the defendant below, and are vague and insufficient in others, I think it a great injustice that a new trial is not awarded instead of a peremptory direction for a judgment against the county in opposition to the judgment for the county made by the trial judge.
