908 F.2d 267 | 8th Cir. | 1990
Lead Opinion
At issue on this appeal is whether a state prisoner may bring a section 1983 action in federal court to challenge a decision of prison officials prohibiting him from serving as a jailhouse lawyer without first exhausting state judicial relief under Offet v. Solem, 823 F.2d 1256 (8th Cir.1987). The district court held that exhaustion was required. We reverse.
BACKGROUND
Thomas Munz is a prisoner at the Iowa State Penitentiary (ISP), where he has functioned as a jailhouse lawyer. On April 20, 1988, he sent a letter to his brother, also an inmate at the same institution, marked “legal mail.” The four-page letter discussed the law as related to prisoners’ rights and remedies generally. The last page of the letter contained what has been construed as a threat against Thomas Munz’s former lawyer. During a prison shakedown, a guard noticed an envelope in Munz’s brother’s cell containing matches and the letter. The guard opened the letter, read it, and turned it over to prison officials. A prison tribunal found Munz guilty of making physical threats in the letter. As punishment for writing the letter, he was sentenced to solitary confinement for fifteen days, confinement in administrative segregation for an additional six months, loss of 180 days of earned good-time credit, and loss of jailhouse lawyer rights for one year.
Munz simultaneously filed pro se complaints in state and federal court. His federal civil rights action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 sought injunctive relief and damages from the decision to suspend his right to function as a jailhouse lawyer.
THE DISTRICT COURT’S ORDER IS APPEALABLE
Initially, the State argues that the district court’s order is not appealable. We disagree. The stay is a collateral order and therefore appealable under Cohen v. Beneficial Indus. Loan Corp., 337 U.S. 541, 546-47, 69 S.Ct. 1221, 1225-26, 93 L.Ed. 1528 (1949), and its progeny. The requirements of a collateral order are that (1) it conclusively determine the disputed question, (2) the issue must be separate and distinct from the merits, and (3) the decision must be effectively unreviewable on appeal. Nixon v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 731, 742, 102 S.Ct. 2690, 2697, 73 L.Ed.2d 349 (1982); Johnson-El v. Schoemehl, 878 F.2d 1043, 1046 (8th Cir.1989). The district court’s interpretation of Offet is separate from the merits of Munz’s claims and conclusively determines the issue of the court’s jurisdiction. Offet creates a limited exception to a citizen’s right to have his or her civil rights claim heard in federal court. Forcing a prisoner to bring his claim in state court first can effectively sacrifice that right. See Idlewild Liquor Corp. v. Epstein, 370 U.S. 713, 82 S.Ct. 1294, 8 L.Ed.2d 794 (1962) (per curiam) (stay in favor of state proceedings to determine constitutionality of state statute is an ap-pealable order); see also Moses H. Cone Hosp. v. Mercury Constr., 460 U.S. 1, 9-10, 103 S.Ct. 927, 933-34, 74 L.Ed.2d 765 (1983) (discussing Idlewild). We thus consider whether the stay was appropriate.
OFFET DOES NOT REQUIRE A STAY
Offet requires that section 1983 actions must be stayed pending state exhaustion if the 1983 action would necessarily have a preclusive effect in subsequent state proceedings considering the duration of a prisoner’s sentence. 823 F.2d at 1258. Offet does not require that challenges to confinement conditions be stayed. Bressman v. Farrier, 900 F.2d 1305, 1307 (8th Cir.1990).
Munz’s complaint sought a determination of whether his right to communicate with other prisoners regarding legal problems could be restricted. The district court erred in not deciding this claim. Accordingly, the district court should have assumed that Munz violated prison rules and decided whether the prison authorities had a right to deprive Munz of his jailhouse lawyer rights. It also should have considered whether it had jurisdiction under
THE EFFECT OF MUNZ’S STATE COURT PETITION
Munz’s state post-conviction petition challenged the search of his brother’s cell, the disciplinary procedures, and the sanctions imposed. In one sentence of his state petition, Munz challenged the loss of his jailhouse lawyer rights. Munz v. Iowa, No. PCR 1833(N)0288, Petition at 6 (Lee Co. Dist. Ct. Sept. 7, 1988). He also asked for the nullification of all sanctions imposed. The state court did not mention the suspension of his jailhouse lawyer rights in listing Munz’s contentions, in listing the sanctions Munz had received, or in rejecting Munz’s petition. The state court indicated, however, that it had reviewed all his claims. Munz timely appealed to the Iowa Supreme Court. He failed to file a brief, however, and his appeal was dismissed on October 3, 1989 for failure to prosecute. Munz v. Iowa, No. 89-721 (Iowa Oct. 3, 1989) (dismissed pursuant to Iowa Appellate Procedure Rule 19(a)).
If the district court's jurisdiction is triggered under Gavin v. Ray, then res judicata may not be available for allegations relating to the Gavin decree to any defendant in privity with the defendants in Gavin
The Court will retain jurisdiction to consider compliance with this Agreement and decree, as well as to consider modifications deemed necessary by the parties but not otherwise provided for herein.
It is the express intent of the parties that the Court will have authority to consider the purposes of the Agreement, recommendations of the parties, the security and order needs of the institution, and prisoner rights in reviewing disputes as to the Agreement and its development and implementation as well as subsequent modifications.
The Court shall require the parties to attempt to work out any differences of opinion in the interpretation of the Agreement and decree or in the development and implementation of such or in efforts to modify the Agreement prior to filing requests for modification or applications for an order to show cause on a class-wide basis.
Settlement Agreement at 3. Were it otherwise, Offet would-deprive the district court of jurisdiction in clear conflict with the parties’ agreement. Res judicata is an affirmative defense which can be waived by state authorities.
If the district court does not have independent jurisdiction under Gavin or does not interpret the decree as waiving any rights, and if Munz has received a full and fair hearing, then the district court must give the same preclusive effect to state court judgments as a court in the same state would. 28 U.S.C. § 1738 (1966); Allen v. McCurry, 449 U.S. 90, 99, 101, 101 S.Ct. 411, 417, 418, 66 L.Ed.2d 308 (1980).
CONCLUSION
Accordingly, we reverse and remand to the district court. On remand, the district court must review all the issues raised in the complaint to determine the scope of the action in light of this opinion and any changes in Munz’s condition. Next, the district court should consider whether this matter implicates the consent decree of Gavin v. Ray, and may transfer this case to the judge who presided over Gavin v. Ray for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
. In light of Munz's sparse disciplinary record, ISP regulations permitted only a loss of eight days good-time credit for this offense. Munz appealed the disciplinary committee's decision. Defendant Welder denied relief in all respects, telling Munz that if he did not agree, "[y]ou may explain all of your views to some judge.” After Munz brought suit, however, ISP officials unilaterally reduced his loss of good-time credit to the eight-day maximum.
. Under the heading, "Relief,” one sentence of Munz’s complaint requests a declaratory judgment "that the Defendants’ acts, policies and practices described herein violate Plaintiff's rights as well as other prisoners, under the U.S. Constitution.” Complaint at 4. The following paragraphs ask for injunctive relief and contempt orders relating to the loss of his jailhouse lawyer rights and his ability to prosecute this suit. Because the "Fact” section of Munz’s complaint recites all the events leading up to Munz's loss of his jailhouse lawyer rights—including the search of his cell, the hearing procedures, and the other sanctions—and the complaint includes legal arguments connected with each, the requests for declaratory relief and damages might be construed to pertain to the entire disciplinary incident and decision. Yet, Munz did not name any of the prison guards who conducted the search as defendants. We leave construction of the complaint to the district court and focus, as do the parties, on Munz’s challenge to the suspension of his jailhouse lawyer rights.
.We consider whether the action with respect to the jailhouse lawyer issue may be frivolous. While there is no personal right to be a jailhouse lawyer, to assure access to the courts, a prison must allow prisoners to assist one another unless there is available to prisoners a reasonable, alternative means of legal assistance. Johnson v. Avery, 393 U.S. 483, 490, 89 S.Ct. 747, 751, 21 L.Ed.2d 718 (1969); Gassier v. Rayl, 862 F.2d 706, 707 (8th Cir.1988); Ervin v. Ciccone, 557 F.2d 1260, 1262 (8th Cir.1977) (retaliation claim). Munz’s complaint may state a claim in
. The Amended Complaint described Gavin’s allegations of mistreatment over a six-month period, made possible by the denial of access to legal process.
On or about July 31, 1977 Plaintiff Gavin was subjected to gassing in his cell.... After he was gassed, Plaintiff Gavin was moved to a "strip cell” which was unfurnished except for a toilet, sink and concrete slab and was confined without a mattress or blanket, running water or a toilet which he could flush from within the cell for a period of 48 hours. Plaintiff Gavin was confined in this "strip cell" for approximately six more consecutive days, during which he was fed only one meal daily; was not given toilet paper, toothbrush, or toothpaste; was not allowed to shower; was permitted no running water; was not allowed to have his toilet flushed; and was told to drink from his unflushed toilet bowl.
... Defendants ... threatened to tear gas Plaintiff Gavin and then entered his cell, stripped him of all his clothing, placed him in leg irons, and cuffed his hands behind his back. Defendants ... then forced Plaintiff Gavin to bend over a table, and Defendant ... sexually abused him with a nightstick. Defendant ... then jerked Plaintiff Gavin’s head up by his hair and sprayed either chemical mace or tear gas in his face, severely burning his left eye. Plaintiff Gavin was then placed in a belly chain. His handcuffs were locked to the belly chain, a football helmet was strapped on his head and he was returned to the “strip cell” from which he had been removed.
... Defendants ... then used chains to truss Plaintiff Gavin in essentially the following manner: a. A length of chain was draped over each shoulder; b. The chains were then crossed and padlocked just below his larynx in front and at the base of his neck in back; c. The front ends of the chains were brought through his crotch and padlocked together with the back ends behind his back; d. His hands were manacled behind his back and padlocked to the knot to chains there; e. A belly chain was then woven through the other chains and padlocked with the others at his back; f. Leg irons were shackled to the biceps of his arms and the attached chain was woven through the back chains and padlocked into the knot of chains at his lower back. When shackled in this manner, Plaintiff Gavin's head was forced back and he was unable to move his head without choking himself, and he was unable to sit or lie down. Plaintiff Gavin was restrained in this manner for approximately six hours despite his repeated requests for relief. After six hours the front chains were loosened and Plaintiff Gavin was taken to a different cell in CH20. The restraints ... were not removed until approximately 24 hours after they were first imposed. .... This confinement was continued through January 18, 1978, during which time Plaintiff Gavin received no hot meals.... During this period, Defendant ... directed Plaintiff Gavin’s counselor, Rick Barry, to refuse his requests to telephone his attorneys.
Amended Complaint at 3-4 (April 2, 1979) (paragraph breaks omitted).
. The Gavin decree incorporates by reference the provisions of Parrot v. Ray, No. 78-154-2 (S.D.Iowa March 6, 1981) (rights of protective custody inmates). The Parrot consent decree provides that: "[a]ny PCI shall be allowed to receive ... legal assistance ... from an ISP inmate of the PCI’s choice.... The PCI inmate providing legal assistance shall be permitted to receive and respond to any request for legal assistance from a PCI within a reasonable time.” Id. at 12. The Gavin decree provides for access to a law library but does not require that the State provide lawyers for inmates.
. Munz also appeals the denial of his preliminary injunction. The denial of a preliminary injunction is an interlocutory decision reviewable under 28 U.S.C. § 1292. Reversal is limited to those decisions that are based on erroneous interpretations of the law or involve an abuse of discretion. Rittmiller v. Blex Oil, 624 F.2d 857, 859 (8th Cir.1980). We elect not to consider the district court’s decision to deny a preliminary injunction because the facts of the case are insufficiently developed and the current status of Munz is uncertain. Munz’s request for in-junctive relief may now be moot because more than one year has passed since the sanction was first imposed and his claims may be exhausted. We decide the other issues presented because, regardless of Munz’s status, they are capable of repetition without effective review. Nebraska Press Assoc. v. Stuart, 427 U.S. 539, 546-47, 96 S.Ct. 2791, 2796-97, 49 L.Ed.2d 683 (1976). An erroneous stay order may prejudice a prisoner’s right to a federal hearing before we are able to review the district court’s decision.
. We also have not required that hybrid suits challenging both the conditions and duration of confinement be stayed in their entirety if the claims not controlled by Offet are severable. Bressman, 900 F.2d at 1307-08 (Bressman v. Farrier).
. To the extent it is necessary to bring a contempt action to trigger jurisdiction under the decree, the rule in this circuit is that pro se petitions are to be liberally construed. See Ruiz v. Administrator of Corrections, 599 F.2d 485 (1st Cir.1979) (prisoner action to enforce decree).
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting.
I respectfully dissent. Thomas A. Munz has presented to the district court a miscel
The loss of good-time credits directly affects the period of Munz’s confinement and, under Offet v. Solem, 823 F.2d 1256, 1258 (8th Cir.1987), is an issue which must be exhausted in state court. I read our opinion in Bressman v. Farrier, 900 F.2d 1305 (8th Cir.1990), to hold that, in mixed cases such as this, involving both habeas corpus and 42 U.S.C. § 1983, a stay is required for the state court to consider the confinement issues. See Bressman, 900 F.2d at 1308-09 (discussing Mahers v. Nix. In addition to stare decisis, the desire to conserve judicial resources supports such a holding. After this issue is determined and the case is ripe for consideration by the district court, the issues involving Munz’s jailhouse lawyer rights could conceivably require consideration by the Gavin court. It seems that the most orderly way to proceed would be to have the state issue decided first and then permit the district court to determine the best way to proceed from that point.
Concerning the jailhouse lawyer issue, the entire thrust of Munz’s claim is that he was deprived of the right to serve as jailhouse lawyer for other prisoners. In Gassler v. Rayl, 862 F.2d 706 (8th Cir.1988), we held that “an inmate simply does not have the right to provide his fellow inmates with legal assistance.” Id. at 708. Gassler answers in full Munz’s jailhouse lawyer claim. We need not consider today whether the Gavin decree may be contrary to the later decisions of this court.
Because remanding this case to the district court at this point essentially involves an exercise in futility, I would affirm the stay, and after state procedures have been exhausted, allow the district court to consider the remaining issues.