539 N.E.2d 1035
Mass.
1989
Abrams, J.

Thе plaintiff (buyer) brought this suit to obtain specific performance of a contract for the sale of some thirty-four acres of land in Mashpee. During trial the parties (both lawyers) reached agreement and the judge entered a consent judgment. The judgment provided that the conveyance was to take plaсe on or before March 9, 1987; that time was of the essence; and that if the conveyance did not take place by March 9, title would remain in the defendant (seller) free and clear of all claims of the plaintiff. When the attempted conveyance on March 9 failed to go through, the plaintiff obtained an еx parte order extending the deadline to March 23, 1987. The defendant conveyed the property to the plaintiff on March 23, 1987, for $1,250,000. At issue is the judge’s authority to modify or amend the consent judgment between the parties. 3 The defendant argues that the judge exceeded his authority in modifying the consent judgment by extending the deadline. The dеfendant concludes that, in accordance with the original judgment, title should have remained in the defendant free and clear. We transferred the case to this court on our own motion. We agree that the judge had no authority to modify the consent judgment. We therefore vacate the amended judgment and remand tо the Superior Court for reconveyance of the property and for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

1. Timeliness of the appeal. Before we reach the main issue, we address the plaintiff’s argument that the case is not properly before us because the appeal is not timely.

Judgment entered by assent of the partiеs on January 8, 1987, as detailed supra. The parties met on March 9, 1987, to consummate the sale. At that meeting, the attorney for the plaintiff ’ s bank refused to advance money unless the defendant agreed to place $140,000 in escrow to cover disputed broker’s fees for which the defendant might be liable. The bank feared that if the defendant did not pay the broker, the plaintiff or the bank might be held liable. The attorney for the bank cited an Idaho case to this effect. The defendant offered to indemnify the bank, but the bank’s attorney was not satisfied. The defendant would not agree to place funds in escrow, and the transaction foundered.

The plaintiff wеnt to court the same day and, on motion, and without notice to the defendant or an opportunity for hearing, obtained an extension of the deadline from March 9 to March 23, 1987. The plaintiff alleged in his motion that the defendant’s refusal to make provision for potential broker’s fees contravened paragrаph 6 of the consent judgment, which provided, in relevant part, that “[a]ll closing adjustments (taxes, etc.) shall be made in the manner customary in real estate conveyancing.”

On March 12, 1987, the defendant moved for execution of the consent judgment. The defendant asserted that the judgment made no provision for broker’s fees and that the breakdown of the sale on March 9 was not the defendant’s fault. Thus, because the sale was not completed on or before March 9, title should have remained in the defendant free and clear of the plaintiff’s claims, in accordance with the terms of the consent judgment.

The judge held a hearing on Marсh 17, 1987. He told the parties to work out an agreement on the broker’s fees. The defendant’s attorney began to ask the judge to enter an order, but the judge interrupted him. There was no other discussion of the defendant’s motion. 4 The judge did not explicitly rule on the defendant’s pending motion for execution. On March 23,1987, the defendant сonveyed the property to the plaintiff.

Thereafter, the defendant twice attempted to appeal. The first notice of appeal was struck on the ground that the docket sheet reflected no order of the court on the motion for execution. A different judge then denied the defendant’s motion fоr execution, but a second notice of appeal was struck because it was filed more than thirty days following the entry of the consent judgment. 5 The defendant then moved a single justice of the Appeals ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​​​‌‌‌‌​​​‌‌​​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌​‍Court, pursuant to Mass. R. A. P. 8 (e), as appearing in 378 Mass. 932 (1979), for an order that the clerk of the Superior Court enter an amеnded final judgment reflecting the March 9 changes in the consent judgment. 6 The amended judgment duly entered on April 13, 1988, and the defendant promptly appealed. The delay of over one year from the date of the modification is thus attributable in part to the plaintiff’s own opposition to the efforts of the defendant to perfect an appeal, and in any event not to the defendant’s actions. 7 This appeal is therefore timely.

2. Authority of the judge to amend or modify a consent judgment. The plaintiff asserts that the judge amended the consent judgment in accordance with Mass. R. Civ. P. 60 (b) (5) or (6), 365 Mass. 828 (1974). 8 Rule 60 (b) (5) and (6) provides: “On motion and upon such terms as are just, the court may relieve a party or his legal representative from a final judgment ... for the following reasons ... (5) ... it is no longer equitable that the judgment should have prospective application; or (6) any other reason justifying relief from the operation of the judgment.” “[I]t is settled that such relief is extraordinary and may be granted only upon a showing of ‘exceptional circumstances.’” United States Steel Corp. v. Fraternal Ass’n of Steel Haulers, 601 F.2d 1269, 1274 (3d Cir. 1979), quoting Mayberry v. Maroney, 558 F.2d 1159, 1163 (3d Cir. 1977).

The plaintiff contends that the defendant’s conduct was inequitable, and that modification was therefore justified under rule 60 (b) (5). The plaintiff argues that the failure of the transaction was attributable to the defendant’s breach of the “adjustments” clause, which, the plaintiff asserts, included broker’s fees. The dеfendant rebuts this argument in his brief; he had no opportunity to be heard on this matter on March 9 or March 17. All the evidence in the record before us, including statements of the plaintiff and the judge at the hearing on March 17, indicates that it was the plaintiff’s bank which refused to go forward, not the defendant.

It was an error to modify the consеnt judgment. A consent judgment is essentially a settlement agreement that is entered as a judgment. Bryan v. Reynolds, 143 Conn. 456, 460 (1956). “We are aware of no sound theory upon which it can be held that the court has jurisdiction to modify the terms of a valid existing contract which arose solely through the voluntary act of the parties.” Moore v. Moore, 389 Mass. 21, 24 (1983), quoting Schillander v. Schillander, 307 Mass. 96, 98 (1940). “And when, as in this case, the [plaintiff] madе a free, calculated and deliberate choice to submit to an agreed upon decree rather than seek a more favorable litigated judgment, [his] burden under Rule 60(b) is perhaps even more formidable than had [he] litigated and lost.” United States Steel Corp. v. Fraternal Ass’n of Steel Haulers, supra. Altering the material terms of such an agreement at the behest of one pаrty, without the consent of the other, does violence to the second party’s expectations and to the very concept of judgment by consent. The “time is of the essence” clause was a material term and part of the consideration for which the defendant gave his consent to the judgment. See Porter v. Harrington, 262 Mass. 203, 207 (1928). The “time is of the essence” clause is entitled to enforcement.

“A court is powerless to enlarge or contract the dimensions of a true consent decree except ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​​​‌‌‌‌​​​‌‌​​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌​‍upon (i) the parties’ further agreement or (ii) litigation of newly-emergent issues.” Pearson v. Fair, 808 F.2d 163, 166 (1st Cir. 1986). See generally 46 Am. Jur. 2d Judgments § 688, at 840 (1969 & 1989 Supp.). An ex parte hearing is not an adequate substitute for agreement or litigation, nor could the hearing on March 17 cure the deficiencies of the March 9 hearing. Thus, it is error to “dispose[ ] of the merits of the controversy without affording the litigants an opportunity to present evidence . . . .” Id. at 165. 9

The cases that the plaintiff cites do not support his position. In Parrell v. Keenan, 389 Mass. 809 (1983), we affirmed relief under rule 60 (b) where the plaintiff’s insurer had assented to the judgment without authority from the plaintiff to do so. Cf. Klimas v. Mitrano, 17 Mass. App. Ct. 1004 (1984) (denial of rule 60 [b] relief affirmed despite plaintiff’s attorney’s lack of authority to assent where motion for relief not brought within reasonable time). Lack of consent is not at issue in the present case. In Bowers v. Board of Appeals of Marshfield, 16 Mass. App. Ct. 29, 33 (1983), the town sеlectmen “offered as their part of an agreement for judgment a restriction that they lacked the power to impose.” The Appeals Court concluded that rule 60 (b) relief was appropriate in such a case. No such inability to perform was present in the case at bar. Cf. King v. Allen, 9 Mass. App. Ct. 821, 822 (1980) (no abuse of discretion in аmending judgment to extend time for specific performance where plaintiff was prepared to perform but for newly discovered flaws in title caused by defendant’s representatives, and where defendant’s counsel would not be available for hearing until after time set for performance had expired). In Zimmerman v. Quinn, 744 F.2d 81, 83 (10th Cir. 1984), the modification (under Fed. R. Civ. P. 60 [b]) of the consent judgment for specific performance merely allocated costs that arose because of unforeseeable delay. It did not have the effect of abrogating a major provision of the agreement.

The plaintiff also cites to Federal cases in which rule 60 (b) was used to modify consent decrees in situations of complex, on-going injunctive relief. See Philadelphia Welfare Rights Org. v. Shapp, 602 F.2d 1114, 1120-1121 (3d Cir. 1979); King-Seeley Thermos Co. v. Aladdin Indus., 418 F.2d 31, 35 (2d Cir. 1969). These cases do not apply to the instant case, which involves only specific performance of a discrete transaction.

3. Waiver or estoppel. The plaintiff argues that by going through with the conveyance on March 23, the defendant waived his objections. The рlaintiff also asserts that the defendant induced him to rely on the conveyance, and that the defendant is now estopped to assert objections to the conveyance. We do not agree.

Had the defendant refused to convey the property on March 23, he would have risked contempt and perhаps lost the right to appeal. “We do not encourage disregard of court orders.” Cohen v. Murphy, 368 Mass. 144, 146 (1975). “It is plain that the [defendant] cannot have [his] appeal [ ] heard ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​​​‌‌‌‌​​​‌‌​​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌​‍here as of right while [he] persists] in flouting the decree of the court. Henderson v. Henderson, 329 Mass. 257 [1952].” Ellis v. Doherty, 334 Mass. 466, 468 (1956). See Trupiano v. Trupiano, 13 Mass. App. Ct. 1010, 1011 (1982). In the circumstances, the conveyance was not voluntary. See McRae v. Pope, 311 Mass. 500, 508 (1942). The defendant never аbandoned his position or acquiesced in that of the plaintiff. Johnson v. Brockton, 8 Mass. App. Ct. 80, 82-83 (1979). Because the defendant did not act voluntarily, he did not waive his objection. Cohen v. Murphy, supra. Perry v. Perry, 329 Mass. 771 (1953). Johnson v. Brockton, supra.

The doctrine of estoppel is equally inapplicable. “[T]he doctrine of estoppel is not applied except when to refuse it would be inequitable.” Corea v. Board of Assessors of Bedford, 384 Mass. 809 (1981), quoting Boston & A. R.R. v. Reardon, 226 Mass. 286, 291 (1917). “A party whо has knowledge of the facts cannot rely upon estoppel because he has not been misled to his harm.” Schiller v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 295 Mass. 169, 175 (1936). In the present case, the plaintiff knew that the defendant only acted under the compulsion of a court order, obtained at an ex parte hearing; that the defendant had not acquiesced in thе modification of the consent judgment; and that he could still pursue judicial review. The plaintiff’s reliance on the conveyance in these circumstances was not reasonable and not attributable to inequitable conduct on the defendant’s part.

We conclude that the modification of the consent judgment wаs error and must be set aside. “Since land is unique, and the [plaintiff] failed to show any special circumstances warranting damages [instead], reconveyance is the . . . appropriate remedy.” Kozdras v. Land/Vest Properties, Inc., 382 Mass. 34, 45 n. 13 (1980). The judge may make such allowances for the passage of time and the plaintiff’s improvements in the property as thе judge deems equitable. Roy v. George W. Greene, Inc., 404 Mass. 67, 72 (1989). The amended judgment is vacated and the case remanded to the Superior Court for reconveyance of the property in accordance with the terms of the consent judgment and for such other proceedings, consistent with this opinion, as are necessary.

So ordered.

Notes

3

The issue whether the judge could refuse to enter the consent judgment was not raised on appeal, and therefore is not before us.

4

The plaintiff points out a reference in the motion transcript to “what Your Honor has said this morning,” i.e., prior to the transcribed hearing. However, there is nothing in the record to show what was said earlier.

5

The ruling wаs erroneous. The defendant’s objection was not to the consent judgment, which he was prepared to carry out on March 9, but to the modification. ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​​​‌‌‌‌​​​‌‌​​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌​‍Moreover, “a decree made by consent of counsel, without fraud or collusion, cannot be set aside by rehearing, appeal, or review.” Walsh v. Walsh, 116 Mass. 377, 383 (1874). See Kacouris v. Loukas, 333 Mass. 44, 49 (1955); Fishman v. Alberts, 321 Mass. 280, 281 (1947); United States v. Swift & Co., 286 U.S. 106, 114-115 (1932); Pearson v. Fair, 808 F.2d 163, 166 (1st Cir. 1986). Consequently, thе thirty days specified in Mass. R. A. P. 4 (a), as amended, 393 Mass. 1239 (1985), did not begin to run on January 8, 1987.

The plaintiff correctly refrains from arguing that the defendant should have filed an interlocutory appeal pursuant to G. L. c. 231, § 118, as appearing in St. 1982, c. 65, to challenge the March 9 amendment. While it may have been possible for the defendant to do so, see Berube v. McKesson Wine & Spirits Co., 7 Mass. App. Ct. 426, 429 (1979), such appеals are not mandatory, nor are they favored. See Pollack v. Kelly, 372 Mass. 469, 470-471 (1977).

6

The plaintiff argues that the motion under Mass. R. A. P. 8 (e) was not appropriate. Rule 8 (e) provides in part: “If anything material to either party is omitted from the record by error or accident or is misstated therein . . . the appellate court, or a single justice, оn proper suggestion or on its own motion, may direct that the omission or misstatement be corrected ....’’ The purpose of the rule is to obtain a record that “truly discloses what occurred in the lower court.” Id. The record in this case failed to disclose the undisputed facts that the consent judgment had been modified аnd that the defendant’s motion for execution had been denied. These omissions frustrated the defendant’s attempts to appeal.

7

In addition to his two unsuccessful attempts to appeal, the defendant also twice attempted to obtain an amended final judgment from which he could appeal. The first of these was on October 13,1987, when the defendant moved pursuant to rule 8 (e) to correct the record to reflect the implicit denial of his motion for execution or, in the alternative, for an explicit decision on the motion. The second was in conjunction with his second notice of appeal. Thus, the defendant wеnt to court five times in attempts to perfect his appeal.

8

The judge did not specify the basis of his decision to extend the original deadline. We assume for the sake of argument that the plaintiff’s assertion is correct.

9

The plaintiff also argues that the defendant’s refusal to pay the real estate commission wаs a “ ‘newly-emergent’ issue” justifying the modification under rule 60 (b) (6). See Pearson v. Fair, supra. The parties’ attorneys met before March 9 to draft a purchase and sale agreement acceptable to both parties. There was ample opportunity to explore the question of broker’s fees if the plaintiff was concerned about it. Brоkers’ fees are ordinarily a matter of agreement between the seller and the broker. They are not adjusted and usually do not concern the buyer directly. See, e.g., Lewis v. Emerson, 391 Mass. 517, 524-525 (1984). The plaintiff does not allege that the defendant misled him or misrepresented his position on the disputed commissions. Indeed, at the March 17 hearing, the рlaintiff disclaimed any concern about the broker’s fees. See second paragraph, below. We conclude that there was no newly emergent issue nor any basis to charge the defendant with inequitable behavior.

The claim that the broker’s fees were “adjustments” covered in paragraph 6 of the consеnt judgment is without merit. “Adjustments” are certain ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​​​‌‌‌‌​​​‌‌​​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌​‍costs such as taxes and insurance that are allocated between the parties as of the date the property is transferred. See, e.g., Massachusetts Gen. Hosp. v. Boston, 212 Mass. 20, 22(1912). “The usual matters for adjustment between the parties to a purchase and sale agreement at the time for performance are real estate taxes for the current year, fuel bills, water charges, sewer use charges, prepaid insurance premiums where the insurance is to be assigned, rents, and anything else, such as operating expenses, that has been made subject to adjustment by agreement of the parties.” M.E. Park, Real Estate Law § 961 (1981).