Thе first of these two consolidated appeals is of Appellant’s claims that the Massillon Board of Education (and certain individuals not parties here) discriminatorily denied her promotional appointment to two positions on the basis of her age and her sex. The second consolidated appeal concerns attorney fees. For the reasons discussed below, we reverse and remand for further proceedings consistent herewith.
Appellant, who was born in 1930 and holds a Master’s Degree in educational administratiоn, taught in several parochial schools, was principal of a parochial school for six years, and holds numerous certificates including those of teacher and provisional elementary principal, as well as numerous commendations for her teaching skills. She began teaching in the Massillon school district in 1972. By 1978 Appellant had a total of 27 years of experience in teaching grades 1-8, the last six of which were in the Massillon system. She also coordinated, directed, and taught in the Massillon Adult Basic Education Program (ABE).
In 1978, Appеllant applied for the newly vacant combined position of Principal of *1395 Lincoln Elementary, Director of ABE, and Director of the Title I Remedial Reading Program. Superintendent Louis Young rejected her application in favor of Robert Otte, a male teacher, and Appellant thereafter filed a complaint of sex discrimination with the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).
Superintendent Young resigned because of illness in 1980. Darnell Cheyney, Director of Instruction, was appointed Interim Superintendent and was therefore requirеd to fill the vacancy he had left in the Director’s post. Of at least thirty-two candidates for that job, only two were female and one of those was Appellant. She became one of four finalists in the competition, but ultimately lost to a younger male; James Gides.
Appellant filed another complaint with EEOC, alleging sex and age discrimination. In due course, EEOC issued Right-To-Sue Letters, and Appellant filed this action. Her complaint below charged two counts of sex discrimination in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq.; two counts of sex discriminatiоn in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983; and one count under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, 29 U.S.C. § 621 et seq. Other claims were included, but subsequently withdrawn.
The trial court dismissed Appellant’s two § 1983 claims prior to trial, for having been filed beyond the statute of limitations. It then tried the Age Discrimination Act claim to a jury, which awarded Appellant damages of $76,383.00. After trial, the court remitted the damage award to $38,817.36, on Appellee’s motion, and denied Appellant’s motion for either front pay or appointment to the position wrongfully denied. Thereafter, it held a bench trial on Appellant’s two Title VII claims and rendered judgment оn both for defendants. This appeal is from each of those rulings, and the second appeal complains of the amount of attorney fees awarded Appellant for her successful prosecution of the ADEA claim.
Remittitur
The district court granted Appellee’s post-trial motion to remit the jury verdict for Appellant’s ADEA back pay loss, finding the evidence insufficient to support the jury’s award. Appellant was given no opportunity, moreover, to opt for a new trial in lieu of the remittitur. She contends that both the remittitur itself, as well as the fаilure to offer an alternative thereto were erroneous, and we agree.
As a general rule, this court has held that “a jury verdict will not be set aside or reduced as excessive unless it is beyond the maximum damages that the jury reasonably could find to be compensatory for a party’s loss.”
Green v. Francis,
A trial court is within its discretion in remitting a verdict only when, after reviewing all evidence in the light most favorable to the awardee, it is convinced that the verdict is clearly excessive, resulted from passion, bias or prejudice; or is so excessive or inаdequate as to shock the conscience of the court.
Jones v. Wittenberg University, supra; Hines v. Smith,
When examined in light of the settled law outlined above, the remittitur in this case will not pass muster. The damages which the jury awarded were the exact amount which Appеllant had testified were
*1396
the maximum due her. Under such circumstances, they should not be disturbed by the court.
U.S. v. 329.73 Acres,
Moreover, even if remittitur had been appropriate here, a forced remittitur without the offer of the option of a new trial on the issue of damages cоnstitutes error, requiring this court to reverse and reinstate the verdict.
Brewer v. Uniroyal, Inc.,
Appointment or Front Pay
After Appellant’s success before the jury on her ADEA legal claim, she applied to the district court for equitable relief as authorized by § 7(b) of that statute, 29 U.S.C. § 626(b). The courts have been charged by that section to be mindful of the statutory intent of “... recreating the circumstances that would have existed but for the illegal discrimination.”
Gibson v. Mohawk Rubber Co.,
The basis upon which reinstatements, or an appointment in this case, may be denied must be more compelling than the personal preferences and distrusts which accompanied the initial discriminatory activity. “It is not enough that reinstatement might have ‘disturbing consequences,’ that it might revive old antagonisms, or that it could ‘breed difficult working conditions’ [because] [r]elief is not restricted to that which will be pleasing and free of irritation.”
In re Lewis v. Sears, Roebuck & Co.,
Such exceptional circumstances as would justify denial of Appellant’s petition should be found only upon the facts presently obtaining and not based upon historical circumstances which may no longer be present when the proposed reinstatement occurs.
Dickerson v. Deluxe Check Printers, Inc.,
Here the district court offered the following rationale for denial of appointment, approximately two years after the close of evidence:
"... the evidence ... clearly established that there has been an atmosphere of distrust, suspicion and hostility existing in the relationship between the plaintiff *1397 and the administrators ... such that the granting of plaintiff’s motion ... would have a negative effect upon the operation of that office and would be inappropriate.”
The court has failed to provide the “carefully articulate(d) ... rationale” required by Dickerson, supra, and the reasons given are unsupported by such meagre material evidence as the record contains, despite Appellant’s two requests for an evidentiary hearing on appointment. The trial record does not support a finding that distrust and hostility were established, and the “administrators” are not named. The position of Director had been filled for yet a second time during the pendency of Appellant’s case (and without her being granted an interview). Not only had Superintendent Young resigned, but so had his successor, Cheyney, by the time of the ruling. The determination against appointment must be reversed and remanded for proceedings consonant herewith.
Front Pay
Appellant’s request for front pay as an alternative to appointment, either until she could be appointed to the next available administrative position to become vacant, or to the next vacancy in the Director of Instruction position, was held to be inappropriate and speculative, “... particularly in light of the lack of evidence that any central office contract to which plaintiff might have been a party would have been for any period in excess of a year.” The court further found that the jury’s damage award had sufficed to make plaintiff whole, although it remitted that award by half. The basis of the denial is not further explained, although front pay is a remedy presumed appropriate unless record evidence clearly demonstrates the contrary.
Davis v. Combustion Engineering,
Title VII Claim re 1978 Appointment
It must be stated at the outset, with regard to Title VII, that the district court correctly determined that Appellant had failed to prove her claim of systemic sex discrimination, there having been no evidence of the size of the pool of eligible female candidates for the positions sought.
Appellant, whose qualifications are described supra, began submitting annual written requests for promotion to the Massillon system administration in 1973. Notices were not posted of the several vacancies which occurred through 1976, and they were filled by the Superintendent’s suggestion that the person whom hе desired, always male, submit an application. In 1977, Appellant learned that Superintendent Young planned to interview Robert Otte, a 30-year-old male teacher, for appointment to an unposted vacancy as Interim Principal of Lincoln Elementary (which included the additional duties of Director of Title I and of ABE). Appellant then applied and was also interviewed by Superintendent and Director of Instruction Cheyney. By a later agreement, Appellant accepted the position of Interim Director of ABE, and Otte was givеn the Interim Principalship.
In the summer of 1978 it became clear that the former Lincoln Principal would not return to duty, and that a permanent replacement must be made.
The parties stipulated at trial that the Board’s minimum qualifications applicable in 1978 for the Lincoln Principalship (et al.) position were stated at § 2.370 of the Board Policy Handbook as revised in 1977. The Handbook announced a minimum requirement of ten years of prior teaching experience, and no requirement of seniority within the system, whatsoever. Appellant was fully qualified.
Mr. Otte hаd a total of eight years of teaching experience, all in the sixth grade within the Massillon system. He also possessed the one year of administrative experience obtained through his interim appointment, but had no prior experience in ABE, Title I, or any other federal program. He failed to meet the minimum qualifications of the Board Handbook.
On May 23, 1978, the administration posted a notice of the vacancy in the Lin- *1398 coin Principalship, including a set of minimum qualifications which differed from the Board Handbook in requiring only four years of teaching experience. This was the first vacancy posted since 1972.
Superintendent Young later said that he had chosen Otte for the combined position because, although he found both candidates relatively equal in qualification, Otte had greater seniority in the system. The trial court, on bench trial of the Title VII claims, also found that both candidates met the minimum qualifications (those posted in May of 1978), and that Appellee’s explanation concerning Otte’s greater system seniority rebutted any presumption of discrimination. The court later found the record “devoid of evidence” in support of Appellant’s claim of sex discrimination in the 1978 promotion.
Pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 52(a), a district court’s “[fjindings of fact shall not be set aside unless clearly erroneous, and due regard shall be given to the opportunity of the trial court to judge the credibility of the witnesses.”
See also, Anderson v. Bessemer City,
In a Title VII action, plaintiff bears the initial burden of proving, by a preponderance of the evidence, a prima facie case of discrimination. The defendant must then come forward with a legitimate non-discriminatory reason for its action, after which the plaintiff bears the burden of proving that the proffered reason is pretextual.
Texas Dep’t of Community Affairs v. Burdine,
The district court in this case has clearly erred in its finding that Appellant failed to prove that the reasons proffered for selecting Otte оver her were pretextual. Those reasons were that the parties both met minimum qualifications and that Otte was more highly qualified because of his seniority.
On the stipulated evidence, Otte lacked the minimal qualifications for the position (for lack of ten years of teaching), and was only rendered qualified by the reduced qualifications posted by the administration when the vacancy was announced. This was done knowing that Otte and Appellant were the candidates, and after Otte had already been chosen interim incumbent. Moreover, system seniority was not a qualification announced either by the Board Handbook or the administration’s posting. It was, however, the only possible measure, however irrelevant, by which Otte might outdistance Appellant, and was cited by the Superintendent after the fact when his decision was challenged. The reasons offered are transparently pretextual, and appear to have been tailored to the needs of the occasion. Neither Appellee nor the district court has presented any examination of the validity of those putative criteria upon which the decision allegedly was made, and no rational basis presents itself from the record. They cannot, on their face, be called legitimate non-discriminatory reasons for an otherwise discriminatory decision.
It appears, therefore, that clear error has occurred, and the decision against Appellant’s Title VII claim concerning the 1978 promotion must be reversed.
Title VII Claim re 1980 Appointment
In 1980, appellant sought a promotion to the position of Director of Instruction when Director Cheynеy became Superintendent. She was again denied appointment in favor of a young man, James Gides. According to the Board and Super? intendent Cheyney, Gides was selected “because of subjective reasons” and because *1399 he “met the minimum established qualifications.” The district court accepted these reasons as legitimate and non-discriminatory and determined that Appellant had failed to make out a prima facie case of sex discrimination with regard to the Director’s position. Because the district court’s findings of fact were clearly erroneous, we reverse and remand with instructions that such relief as appropriate under Title VII which has not otherwise been awarded, be awarded.
The Board’s written policy regarding the Director’s position undisputedly required that the appointee possess a minimum of five years of teaching experience and two years of administrative experience. Appellant easily met those requirements, and Gides did not. Gides had only three years of teaching experience prior to his appointment as an Assistant Principal at Lorin Andrews Junior High School in 1974.
Appellee successfully argued below that, even though Gides may not have met the stated requirements for the position, he was nevertheless more qualified than Appellant. The reasoning was that Superintendent Cheyney had felt that Gides’ administrative experience (which had been gained because of his rapid advancement under Young and Cheyney) more than compensated for his lack of teaching experience and that there was a “chemistry” between himself and Gidеs which would be beneficial to their working relationship. The Board voted to hire Gides on the recommendation of Superintendent Cheyney. Furthermore, Board members Thomas Capíes and Janice Crofut testified that neither they nor any other member of the Board were aware of the requirements for the Director’s position nor did they consciously decide to ignore them. They simply accepted the Superintendent’s recommendation.
The district court’s finding that Gides met the minimum stated requirements for the position, and that the Board had waived its stаnding qualifications was clearly erroneous. Appellant established a prima facie case which the Board could not rebut with a legitimate non-discriminatory reason for its decision. The use of subjective criteria is permissible in the selection of management positions. However, “[t]he ultimate issue in each case is whether the subjective criteria were used to disguise discriminatory action.”
Grano v. Department of Development of the City of Columbus,
First, as has already been shown, Gides failed to meet the minimum stated qualifications for the position. The subjective criteria were not utilized to distinguish among peers, but to favor an unqualified person, discriminatorily.
Secondly, although Appellant’s evidence was insufficient to prove systemic sex discrimination, certainly part of Gides’ favorable “chemistry” was the fact that no female administrator had ever been appointed in the Massillon system. Implicit in Gides’ selection by the Superintendent was the unacceptable preference for maintaining the continuity of an all-male administration. No other non-discriminatory explanation of the subjective reasons or desired chemistry was offered, and no closer scrutiny given by the court below.
The decision of Appellant’s Title VII claim on the 1980 promotion fails to meet this court’s standards requiring close analysis of subjective criteria as enunciated in
Shacke v. Southworth,
Claims Under 42 U.S.C. § 1983
Appellant’s section 1983 claims were dismissed by the trial court as having been filed outside of the applicable statute of limitations. This is a matter оf law subject to
de novo
review by this court.
*1400
Taylor and Gaskin, Inc. v. Chris-Craft Industries,
Appellee concedes that the Supreme Court’s recent decision in
Owens v. Okure,
In essence, the Board’s argument is that even if the section 1983 claim was timely filed, its dismissal by the district court is harmless error because Appellant is now precluded by the improper dismissal from bringing the claim by the doctrine of collateral estoppel. 1 The Board contends that the issues involved in Appellant’s section 1983 claim were addressed and resolved during the Title VII action tried to the court, and that therefore Appellant is now bound by the district court’s findings in that action. Those findings, of course, have now been reversed.
The Board’s argument raises the question of whether the district court’s erroneous findings in the Title VII action can preclude Appellant from a'subsequent jury trial on her section 1983 claim. It is beyond purview that a judge hearing a Title VII claim based upon the same operative facts as previously tried by a jury in an identiсal section 1983 action would be bound by the jury’s determination of liability.
Gutzwiller v. Fenik,
Until recently, there had been differing views among the federal circuits as to the effect of collateral estoppel in this situation.
See e.g., Ritter v. Mount. St. Mary’s College,
The Board urges us to adopt the reasoning of the Fourth Circuit in
Ritter
and apply collateral estoppel to Appellant’s section 1983 claim whereas Appellant argues that the Seventh Circuit’s decision in
Volk
should be our guide. The Supreme Court’s recent decision, however, in
Lytle v. Household Manufacturing, Inc.,
— U.S. -,
The factual situation in
Lytle
is similar to that presented in this case. The trial court erroneously dismissed the plaintiff’s legal claims prior to trial and then denied her Title VII claims in a bench trial. On appeal, the Fourth Circuit reversed the dismissal of the legal claims but held that plaintiff was estopped from retrying them and was bound by the trial court’s factual determinations. In reversing the Fourth Circuit and remanding for further proceedings, the Supreme Court said that “[o]ur conclusion is consistent with this court’s
*1401
approach m cases involving a wrongful denial of a petitioner’s right to a jury trial on legal issues. In such cases, we have never accorded collateral-estoppel effect to thе trial court’s factual determinations. Instead, we have reversed and remanded each case in its entirety for a trial before a jury.
See Meeker v. Ambassador Oil Corp.,
The court went on to say further that “[w]e decline to extend
Parklane Hosiery Co., supra,
and to accord collateral-estoppel effect to a district court’s determinations of issues common to equitable and legal claims where the court resolved the equitable claims first solely because it erroneously dismissed the legal claims. To hold otherwise would seriously undermine a plaintiff’s right to a jury trial under the Seventh Amendment.”
Id.
at -,
For these reasons, we hold that Appellant is not barred from trying her section 1983 claim to a jury. That claim is therefore remanded for trial.
Prejudgment Interest on Verdict
Pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 54(c), prejudgment interest will be allowed as part of the final judgment where a request for same is made in the complaint.
Shearson/American Express, Inc. v. Mann,
The jury returned a verdict in favor of Appellant on December 13, 1985, and it was reduced to judgment on the same day. The bench trial regarding the Title VII claim was then held at the end of that month. On January 10, 1986, ten days after the conclusion of the Title VII trial, Appellant filed several motions seeking further relief, among them a motion for prejudgment interest. In denying the requests, the trial court stated that:
[because it had] been filed more than ten (10) days after the entry of judgment in the ADEA action, (it) is barred by Rule 59(e) of the Fed.R.Civ.P. and is therefоre denied. Goodman v. Hueblein,682 F.2d 44 (2nd Cir.1982).
The trial court’s finding that the request was untimely is erroneous. The request for prejudgment interest was made in the complaint in accordance with Mann, supra. Moreover, it appears that the judgment on the ADEA claim was not contemplated by the parties or the court to be the final judgment. In its September 8, 1986 opinion, the district court noted that both the court and counsel had agreed that a single judgment covering both the ADEA and Title VII claims would be issued when both had been decided. Appellant was entitled to rely upon that agreement and understаnding. Moreover, the request had been made in the complaint, as required.
Appellant’s claim for prejudgment interest is remanded for recalculation after entry of final judgment on all claims of this case.
Attorney Fees
Appellant complains that the district court abused its discretion by reducing her requested attorney’s fees. The district court correctly noted, however, that “[t]here are repeated instances in the time summaries in which the entire amount of time expended is attributed to each or at least several of the categories of claims.” The allocation of the full two hours of the initial consultation to each of the three categories to which Appellant has apportioned her time is but one example of several repetitive billings.
Based on these facts and our reversal on the other issues in this matter, we order that the issue of attorney’s fees be remanded to the district court for recalculation.
Finally, it was brought to our attention during oral argument that Appellant had filed an emergency petition for interim at *1402 torney’s fees, on the basis of counsel’s extreme personal hardship, which the district court has yet to set for a hearing. In light of this successful appeal, the petition shall be amended accordingly, and on remand the district court shall entertain and decide the petition for interim fees forthwith.
This matter is, for the reasons discussed above, REVERSED and REMANDED for further proceedings.
Notes
. "Under collateral estoppel, once an issue is actually and necessarily determined by a court of competent jurisdiction, that determination is conclusive in subsequent suits based on a different cause of action involving a party to the prior litigation.”
Montana v. United States,