Theophile Carty v. John Ashcroft, Attorney General
395 F.3d 1081
9th Cir.
2005
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Theophile CARTY, Petitioner, v. John ASHCROFT, Attorney General, Respondent.

No. 03-71392

United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit

Filed Jan. 19, 2005.

395 F.3d 1081

Argued and Submitted Nov. 4, 2004.

defendant‘s interest in acting as his own lawyer.”

.

The state court‘s decision was not “contrary to”

or
. As Cooks concedes, neither of those cases, nor any other Supreme Court decision, “holds that the right to an attorney or the right to represent oneself prevents a joinder of two separate cases.” The state court therefore did not “appl[y] a rule that contradicts the governing law set forth in [the Supreme Court‘s] cases.”
, quoting
.

The next issue is whether the California Court of Appeal decision rejecting Cooks’ claim was an “unreasonable application” of

or
. Cooks concedes that if the two charges had been brought initially in a single case, he would have no unqualified right to compel severance so that he could represent himself on one count and have counsel on the other. He also does not argue that the consolidation caused him prejudice. However, he contends that once the state chose to proceed against him in two separate cases, and he invoked
in one case and
in the other, it was objectively unreasonable for the state court to conclude that
and
did not preclude consolidation, regardless of prejudice.

That Cooks could not exercise his

right in the Fleming Case without giving up his
right in the Suarez Case, and vice versa, does not render the state court‘s action constitutionally impermissible. As we stated in the context of a challenge to the voluntariness of a waiver of the right to counsel, “there is no authority for the proposition that [a defendant] is entitled to an absolutely unconditional choice between exercising his right to counsel and his right to self-representation.”
.

Indeed, Cooks recognizes as much. At oral argument, Cooks’ counsel conceded that if the state, instead of moving to consolidate, had voluntarily dismissed both cases without prejudice and filed a new indictment including both counts, no

or
problem would have arisen. Cooks’ argument, then, is not that the state could not seek to combine the two cases, but just that it could not do so through a consolidation motion. The California Court of Appeal was not objectively unreasonable in concluding that the principles established in
and
do not turn on such procedural niceties.

AFFIRMED.

Matthew G. Ball (briefed and argued), Kirkpatrick & Lockhart, San Francisco, CA, for the petitioner.

Edward C. Durant (argued) and David E. Dauenheimer (briefed), Office of Immigration Litigation, Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for the respondent.

Before: CANBY, JR., RYMER, and HAWKINS, Circuit Judges.

MICHAEL DALY HAWKINS, Circuit Judge.

We must decide whether “intent to evade” is synonymous with “intent to defraud” within the meaning of the removal provisions of the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA“). Because we conclude the terms are synonymous, we dismiss the petition for review of Dr. Theophile Carty (“Carty“). Carty, a native of Anguilla, petitioned this court for relief from a Board of Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA“) decision affirming an Immigration Judge‘s (“IJ“) determination that willful failure to file state income taxes under California Revenue and Taxation Code § 19406 (1992) (“Section 19406“) is a crime involving moral turpitude, thereby subjecting Carty to removal pursuant to INA § 237(a)(2)(A)(ii) for conviction of two or more crimes involving moral turpitude.

While we generally do not have jurisdiction to consider challenges to removal orders brought by aliens removable pursuant to INA § 237(a)(2)(A)(ii), see 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C), we can determine whether we have jurisdiction. See

. As part of this jurisdictional inquiry, we may examine whether Section 19406 tax evasion constitutes a crime of moral turpitude.
.

I. BACKGROUND

Carty immigrated to the United States in 1965 and became a lawful permanent resident in 1975. Working as a licensed physician in Los Angeles, Carty made a comfortable and, it turns out, largely unreported income.1 The State of California charged Carty with the willful failure to file a state income tax return in 1991 and 1992, in violation of Section 19406. Carty pled nolo contendere to both counts, and was sentenced to ninety days house arrest, payment of all past taxes due, and probation for three years. In 2001, Carty pled guilty to attempted bribery of a government official, admitting that he offered money to obtain a U.S. passport for a non-citizen. He was sentenced to eighteen months imprisonment and three years probation.

The INS thereafter commenced removal proceedings against Carty pursuant to INA § 237(a)(2)(A)(ii)2 for conviction of two or more crimes involving moral turpitude. In the face of Carty‘s argument that failure to file a tax return is not a crime involving moral turpitude,3 the IJ ruled that Carty‘s willful failure to file a return with the intent to evade taxes constitutes a crime involving moral turpitude. The BIA affirmed, specifically concurring with the IJ‘s moral turpitude determination.

II. DISCUSSION

Whether a state statutory crime necessarily involves moral turpitude is a question of law, subject to de novo review.

. Crimes of moral turpitude are of basically two types, those involving fraud and those involving grave acts of baseness or depravity.
. For analytical purposes, tax evasion falls within the first category.

Section 19406 provided in pertinent part:

Any person who . . . willfully fails to file any return or to supply any information with intent to evade any tax imposed by this part, or who, willfully and with like intent, makes, renders, signs, or verifies any false or fraudulent return or statement or supplies any false or fraudulent information, is punishable . . . .4

Section 19406 is a divisible statute, constituting (1) willful failure to file a return or to supply information with the intent to evade taxes, and (2) willful making of a false or fraudulent return or statement or supplying any false or fraudulent information.

When a statute is divisible into several crimes, some of which may involve moral turpitude and some not, it is appropriate to examine the “record of conviction” to determine which part applies to the defendant. See

,
. Here, Carty was convicted of “willfully and unlawfully fail[ing] to file any return or to supply any information with intent to evade any tax imposed by this part.”

To involve moral turpitude, intent to defraud must be an “essential element” of Carty‘s conviction. See

. Looking to the language of Section 19406, the willful failure to file section does not specifically list intent to defraud as an element, nor is it alleged in Carty‘s indictment. However, Section 19406 does list intent to evade taxes as an element, and the government must prove “specific intent to evade a tax” under the substantially identical Section 19706. See California Jury Instructions, Criminal, 7th Ed. § 7.66 (2004).5

We have held that “[e]ven if intent to defraud is not explicit in the statutory definition, a crime nevertheless may involve moral turpitude if such intent is ‘implicit in the nature of the crime.’ ”

(quoting
).6 Intent to defraud is implicit in willfully failing to file a tax return with the intent to evade taxes. Unlike
, where the court found that willfully structuring transactions did not inherently involve fraud because it only deprived the government of information and did not obtain anything from the government,
, here Carty deprived state government of more than mere information. By willfully failing to file his tax returns, he attempted to deprive the government of revenue—or, in other words, to obtain a free pass on taxes.

The closest analog to Section 19406 is 18 U.S.C. § 145(b) (1939), which prohibits the willful attempt “in any manner to evade or defeat any tax.” See

, aff‘d,
.
held that § 145(b) is a crime of moral turpitude,
, as did
. Courts had consistently interpreted tax evasion under § 145(b) as requiring “an intent to defraud the government.”
. As
explained,

[T]he Courts have, with apparent unanimity, held that in order for a conviction under § 145(b) to stand, the government is required to prove that the evading taxpayer had a specific intent to evade taxation amounting to an intent to defraud the United States.

Fraud is so inextricably woven into the term willfully, as it is employed in § 145(b), that it is clearly an ingredient of the offense proscribed by that section. Only by creating unwarranted semantic distinctions could a contrary conclusion be reached.

(quoting
). The reasoning of
and
—that fraud is clearly an ingredient of § 145(b)—applies with equal force to Section 19406‘s intent to evade requirement.7 This leads us to determine that intent to evade under Section 19406 is tantamount and equivalent to an intent to defraud for deportation purposes.

Moreover, the terms “evasion” and “fraud” have been treated interchangeably by California and the federal government. In California, the penalty for tax “fraud or intent to evade” is the same. Cal. Rev. & Tax.Code § 6485. Similarly, the federal tax fraud penalty statute, while not specifically denoting “intent to evade,” requires proof that “the taxpayer has engaged in conduct with the intent to evade taxes that he knew or believed to be owing.”

; 26 U.S.C. § 6653(b).

Just as fraud has been defined to mean intent to evade, intent to evade has generally been held to require proof of fraud.8

Federal tax statutes with an “intent to evade” element, and no specific fraud requirement, have still been interpreted as requiring an intent to defraud. See

(interpreting 18 U.S.C. § 145(b));
(interpreting 26 U.S.C. § 7201). Thus, it cannot be said that willful evasion of taxes under Section 19406 does not implicitly involve fraud.

III. CONCLUSION

Having determined that willful failure to file a tax return, with the intent to evade taxes, involves fraud, and thus constitutes a crime of moral turpitude, we dismiss the petition for lack of jurisdiction.

DISMISSED.

CANBY, Circuit Judge, dissenting:

As a matter of first impression, I would be willing to accept the majority‘s position that willful failure to file a tax return with intent to evade a tax is necessarily a crime of moral turpitude. It is not a matter of first impression, however, and in my view our precedent requires a contrary result.

In

, we addressed the question whether a violation of 26 U.S.C. § 145(b) was a crime of moral turpitude. Section 145(b), as it then existed, proscribed willful attempts to evade a tax. We held that a violation of section 145(b) was a crime of moral turpitude, but we did not arrive at that conclusion from the face of the statute itself or from the mere fact of conviction. We relied on earlier case law holding that proof of fraud was required to sustain a conviction under section 145(b). We then said of
:

He was here charged with making in each of four years “a false and fraudulent income tax return.” Fraud may not be an essential element of the crime of wilful attempt to defeat or evade the income tax, but it can be an essential part of that crime. Here fraud was charged as part and parcel of the crime, and to that crime so involving appellant‘s alleged fraudulent acts, appellant plead nolo.

(internal citation omitted). Thus in
we relied on a specific allegation of fraud in order to arrive at the conclusion that the crime involved moral turpitude. There was no such allegation in Carty‘s conviction; he pleaded nolo contendere to two counts alleging only that he “did willfully and unlawfully fail to file any return or to supply any information with intent to evade any tax imposed by this part.”1
reasoning makes it clear that such an allegation is not enough to establish moral turpitude.

Indeed,

elsewhere makes the point even more specifically than it did in the passage I have quoted above. Anticipating this court‘s adverse approach,
had managed to have his earlier conviction modified, so that the judgment‘s description of the charge no longer referred to “false and fraudulent income tax returns,” but only to “wilful attempts to evade or defeat an income tax.” We responded to that maneuver as follows:

The “order correcting clerical error in Judgement” eliminating the description of the offense charged as “making false and fraudulent income tax returns” may technically take the judgment out of Class One [“crimes necessarily involving moral turpitude“] described by Judge Chambers in the Twentieth Century-Fox Film classifications, but it does not take the crime as charged out of Class One.

(emphasis in original). Finally, we summed up our decision as follows:

We follow the rule laid down in the De George case supra, and

, that an intent to defraud the government is a prerequisite to conviction under section 145(b) and hence, a conviction thereof where such fraud is charged in the indictment, is conviction of a crime involving moral turpitude.

(emphasis added).

We reiterated the rationale of

in
. In that appeal, the first question presented was whether a conviction for violating section 145(b) involved moral turpitude. We stated:

This court has already answered the first question affirmatively where, as here, intent to defraud the government is charged in the indictment and found by the jury.

(emphasis added). A quotation from
immediately followed.

In my view, the rationale of

, reaffirmed in
, is fatally inconsistent with any notion that the bare crime of failing to file a tax return with intent to evade taxes is ipso facto a crime of moral turpitude. If intent to evade were sufficient to establish moral turpitude, there would have been no need for us to examine the indictments in
and
to make certain that they charged fraud. The charges to which Carty pleaded nolo contendere included no such allegation.

We did not diverge from the rationale of

in our later decision of
,

discussed in the majority opinion here. In

we held that the crime of structuring financial transactions in order to avoid currency reports was not a crime of moral turpitude. It is true that we based our decision in
partly on the ground that nothing had been taken from the government, but we also based our decision on the absence of fraud or deception. We pointed out that all of the cases upon which the government relied involved “some false or deceitful conduct through which the alien obtained something from the government.”
(emphasis added). We then held that
crime did not share this necessary characteristic for a crime of moral turpitude:

The offense of structuring financial transactions to avoid currency reports, in contrast, does not involve the use of false statements or counterfeit documents, nor does the defendant obtain anything from the government.

(emphasis added).

Finally, I note the implications of the Supreme Court‘s decision in

, which held that the longer, six-year statute of limitations for “offenses involving the defrauding or attempting to defraud the United States” did not apply to a conviction for willfully attempting to evade payment of taxes. It is true, as the majority opinion here recites, that
result depended in part on a strict standard of construction applicable to the extended limitations provision. Nevertheless,
expressly rejected the arguments presented by the government that “fraud is implicit in the concept of evading or defeating” and that “[a]ny attempt to defeat or evade a tax is said to be tantamount to and to possess every element of an attempt to defraud the taxing body.”
. Although I agree with the majority that
is sufficiently distinguishable that it does not directly control the outcome of Carty‘s case,
certainly leans in the same direction as
.

For these reasons, I respectfully dissent from the majority‘s opinion. I would grant the petition for review and reverse the decision of the BIA.

Notes

1
1. The record shows Carty made, on average, $3,000 per week from 1984 to 1996. 1. As the majority opinion here notes, California does not require proof of fraud for conviction on this charge. Majority opinion, supra, note 8.
2
2. INA § 237(a)(2)(A)(ii) states, “Any alien who at any time after admission is convicted of two or more crimes involving moral turpitude, not arising out of a single scheme of criminal misconduct, regardless of whether confined therefor and regardless of whether the convictions were in a single trial, is deportable.”
3
3. Carty did not raise the issue of whether attempted bribery of a government official is a crime of moral turpitude below, and does not raise it on appeal.
4
4. The California legislature repealed Section 19406 in 1994 and replaced it with a substantially identical Section 19706. See Cal. Rev. & Tax.Code § 19706 (2004).
5
5. Carty argues that intent to evade taxes is not necessarily the same as intent to defraud the government, citing
.
only held that a statute must explicitly include an intent to defraud for the government to avail itself of the six-year statute of limitations for fraud actions.
. The narrow construction applied to statute of limitations issues led to a holding that an income tax statute requiring willful attempt to evade or defeat taxes does not fall within the fraud exception.
6
6.
, in distinguishing Matter of Flores, 17 I. & N. Dec. 225 (BIA 1980), and other cases on which the government relied, noted that structuring financial transactions does not involve “some false or deceitful conduct through which the alien obtained something from the government.”
. While a useful guideline,
did not hold that such false or deceitful conduct was a necessary element in determining whether a crime involved moral turpitude.
7
7. Neither the holding in
, that “an intent to defraud the government is a prerequisite to conviction under section 145(b) and hence, a conviction thereof where such fraud is charged in the indictment, is conviction of a crime involving moral turpitude,”
, nor the identically worded holding in
,
, suggest that charging fraud in the indictment is the only situation in which moral turpitude may be found. As we said in
, another situation in which moral turpitude may be found is when fraud is implicit in the nature of the crime.
.
8
8. The willful failure to file section of Section 19406 does not require proof of fraud. See California Jury Instructions, Criminal, 7th Ed. § 7.66 (2004) (enumerating elements of substantially identical Cal. Rev. & Tax.Code § 19706).