13 F.2d 538 | 2d Cir. | 1926
(after stating the facts as above). The natural meaning of the clause, “on taking delivery,” would be taking possession, and would only involve a conscious acceptance — some assumption of control or custody of the goods. But to construe the clause literally in that way might endanger its validity; that is, if it were applied without allowing the consignee some preliminary opportunity to examine. So long as such documents are not controlled by statute, we must treat them as genuine contracts, and their terms as seriously intended; in the case at bar this is easier, because the bill of lading is eommendably free from verbiage. At any rate, the clause, though subject to the canon contra proferentem, is to be honestly construed to effect its purpose, and, when possible, so as to retain its prima facie validity. Therefore we think that it was not intended to conclude the consignee, who might find
We have often enough held valid a clause which concluded the consignee, if the claim were not made before removal from the pier. The San Guglielmo, 249 F. 588, 161 C. C. A. 514; The Gen. Geo. W. Goethals (C. C. A.) 298 F. 935; Anchor Line v. Jackson (C. C. A.) 9 F.(2d) 543; The Bencleuch (C. C. A.) 10 F.(2d) 49; Grace & Co. v. Panama R. Co. (C. C. A.) 12 F.(2d) 338. While such limitations must be reasonable (The Queen of the Pacific, 180 U. S. 49, 21 S. Ct. 278, 45 L. Ed. 419), there seems.to us no substantial difference between making claim before removal and before accepting delivery. When the ship unlades upon her own pier, a consignee will not ordinarily accept delivery until he is ready to remove, and, if he chooses to leave the goods on the pier after acceptance, he does not need the intervening period for his reasonable protection. When the discharge is upon his own pier, as here, it may be that the consignee at once gets possession; that we regard as an irrelevant question. If construed to bar him at that moment, the clause would hardly be valid; it would require all consignees to put in a caveat before accepting any cargo whatever. But, construed so as to conclude the consignee only when he has had a reasonable opportunity, we see no greater objection to it than to the more usual form, which, so far as we know, has been universally upheld.
It may be argued that so to construe the clause is to import into it a meaning which the words will not bear, that the intent was clear absolutely to conclude the consignee, once he had accepted possession, and that, as no chance for examination was expressed, none may be implied. But it would be altogether out of accord with usual canons to give to language an interpretation which the parties presumably would not have accepted, and it is patent that an interpretation which would make the clause invalid the owner would have rejected, and the consignee could not have insisted upon. The “delivery” intended was almost certainly one which gave the consignee that privilege which reasonable men would have agreed that he should have. Therefore we think that the clause meant to conclude the consignee only after he had had his chance to make a claim, and that it is valid.
So understood, it is plain that the notice which arrived only on December 10th was too late. We need not decide whether the discharge upon the pier hired by the libelants to receive the sugar, and made in the presence of weighers and samplers employed by them, put it into their possession, strictly speaking. It is enough that Harris, who on any view was dressed with full authority, saw the goods and accepted delivery, if he was either advised of the damage, or put upon adequate inquiry as to its existence. This we think the facts prove. The sugar lay for a week upon the pier, within the exclusive control of the libelants, except as the United States should retain it for the payment of customs, an irrelevant factor as between the parties. The ship had no lien, because the bill of lading acknowledged the prepayment of freight, an admission conclusive in the hands of the libel-ants, who were buyers c. i. f. Assuming, as ■we do, that Harris might still have rejected delivery of the sugar as it lay, his acquiescence in the possession so created for a week after the ship had left was all that was needed to bring the clause into operation.
It is argued that his talk with Carlin was such a rejection. If forced to a decision, we should on this issue sustain the finding of the District Judge, not only because he saw Harris, but because Carlin’s recollection, founded upon a memorandum made within a fortnight, was presumptively better than Harris’, who was examined more than four years after the event. Furthermore, Carlin’s. testimony reads to. us as especially impartial— his principal apparently was unwilling to examine him — and the libelants’ strictures upon it are not substantial. But it is not necessary to adopt Carlin’s version of what was said at the time. On his own story it is patent that Harris had not the slightest intention of refusing delivery. All he claims to have said was that the bags were unmerchantable and could not be shipped as sugar. This might by a somewhat strained construction be argued to be the assertion of an oral claim for damage, though even that we think it will not bear; but by no possibility can it be twisted to mean that he declined delivery, even for the time being and until he might communicate with his principals. He let the ship leave for New York without suggestion that the sugar was not within his actual, as it plainly was in his apparent, control, and with her disappeared the owner’s last vestige of authority to enter the pier except at his will. Indeed, this increases the probability that what Carlin said was true, and that Harris
That was apparently the libelants’ belief for nearly a week afterwards, because it was not until the 9th that they even put themselves in train for a protest. So far as we can find, during that time no communications passed between the parties of any sort. Perhaps they were misled into supposing that the dust had not penetrated; but it is plain that they had not decided to make any claim, and, if they are to escape the effect of the contract, it must be because the appearance of the hags did not advise them of the probability that the dust had penetrated the bags. If Harris is to be believed, that question is answered. But we need not believe him. Clark, the weigher, thought the stains suspicious, and in any event they led to an investigation at once. The dust is represented as a substantial coating-; the bags wore presumably of tbe usual porous kind. That the appearance put the consignee on inquiry, and that that inquiry need not have taken a week, seems to us beyond argument.
The supposed estoppel, or “waiver,” or whatever else it may be called, we have recently passed on in Grace & Co. v. Panama R. Co., 12 F.(2d) 338.
It is quito true that there is authority for the position that a carrier may become bound by rejecting a claim on one ground and ignoring tho failure to present it in season. Where the result of this or any other conduct of his has been to mislead the shipper into letting the time pass within which he might give the notice, there is good ground for the doctrine; hut it seems to us to be inapplicable when the supposed “waiver” takes place after the time has expired. A man does not create obligations by even the most formal admission of their validity. Besides, the doctrine has generally been applied when the supposed obligor has rejected the claim on a specific ground other than the failure to give tho notice. But on this we do not rely. The doctrine in this circuit is that, except as the obligor’s conduct has in substance affected the obligee’s compliance with the condition, no recognition of tho obligation, express or implied, is of any consequence.
Decree affirmed.
through illness, was unable to take part in the decision of this case.
