9 F.2d 887 | 2d Cir. | 1925
The appellant shipped onions in crated packages from Valencia, Spain, on October 16, 1923, for New York, on the steamship Skipsea. The Skipsea was a steel cargo steamer of 8,150 tons dead weight. There were four holds and two decks, and she was fitted with cargo facilities and two 18-inch cowl type ventilators. Other cargo consisted of raisins, skins and rags. The vessel was only partly loaded, carrying 2,825 tons of cargo, leaving 14 feet of freeboard, and due to this there was ample ventilation. The onions were in good condition when put on board. Bills of lading were issued for the onions, which did not recite the condition; but the officers of the ship, as well as the appellants’ witnesses, testified to their apparent good condition. During the voyage, the ship encountered rough weather for about six days. However, whenever the weather permitted, the hatches were off. When the cargo arrived in New York on November 12th, it was found to be decayed and spoiled.
The chief officer of the ship testified that, when he went into the hold after the discharge was completed, he found the bottom of hold No. 2 a “bit juicy,” and he noticed that the piles in between deeks 2 and 3 were broken down, and that the cargo shifted in holds 2 and 3. The captain stated that he noticed some of the cases had fallen down on the shoulder deck and some were broken. The master, in his protest under date of November 13th, stated that the cargo “had shifted and broken adrift, and a number of paekáges had become broken and lost contents, and others had been damaged by contact with contents of the packages broken up, and by sea water, which found its way below.” A city inspector testified that, of appellants’ onions, 2,025 crates, 700 half eases and 120 cases were seized by the board of health as unfit for consumption, due to spoiling, and that there was coal dust damage.
There is testimony to justify the appellants in their claim that a large quantity of onions was smashed and covered with coal dust, and some covered with slime and muck. There was coal dust in No. 2 hold, and' many smashed and empty crates, and. there is no doubt but that the onions in the ’tween deeks and in hold No. 2 were spoiled by leakage of water. The coal dust was evidently mixed with the water. No doubt some onions standing in water were damaged. The contents of other crates, upon which the water had either seeped through or come through from the bilges, were decayed or rotted. Testimony is quite unanimous in indicating black stain. We are satisfied that there was a leak in hold No. 2 and damages to the onions there stowed. It is also sufficiently proven that the onions were damaged by the bilge water. There was considerable breakage in the ’tween deeks. Here the cargo was not shored in place, and some of the boxes fell off and were broken. The ship has not satisfactorily explained the cause of the damage here, and we are satisfied that the cargo stowed was not properly secured.
The onions having been received by the 'Ship at Valencia in good condition and having been delivered in New York in damaged condition, the burden rests upon the ship to explain this injury and condition, and to excuse itself as an accepted peril of the sea, or that it was free from fault or neglect. The appellee must assume and bear the burden of establishing that the vessel was seaworthy. The Southwark, 191 U. S. 1, 24 S. Ct. 1, 48 L. Ed. 65; Kaufer Co. v. Luekenbach S. S. Co. (D. C.) 284 F. 160. The onions stowed in No. 2 hold were next to a wooden bulkhead separating it from the eoál bunker. This bulkhead was apparently not water-tight. Sea water, running out either through the bilge, or through the seams of the bulkhead, or both, found its way into hold No. 2. The result of this combination of water mixed with coal dust explains the damage to the onions found in this hold. Hills v. Mackill (D. C.) 36 F. 703. Although the vessel was seaworthy as respects navigation, the ship would be liable for damages resulting from this cause. The Carib Prince, 170 U. S. 655, 18 S. Ct. 753, 42 L. Ed. 1181. There is testimony that piles of crated onions were broken down. The tiers should have been properly shored up from the start of the voyage, particularly since the vessel was loaded lightly, and carried but one quarter of her dead weight capacity. This explains breakage that took place in between deeks, and such breakage as did occur in holds 2 and 3. There was no extraordinary weather or seas, such as might have been reasonably expected at this time of year. Weather of the character encountered would not have caused destruction to the cargo, if it had been well loaded, and a well balanced ship was shown. The loss through breakage was due to the shifting of the cargo, and this is attributable to the negligent manner of shoring the cargo. The Frey (D. C.) 92 F. 667; The Mississippi (D. C.) 113 F. 985.
There was stamped on the bill of lading : “The shippers, being satisfied with the stowage and with the conditions of carriage, release the ship from all responsibility for deterioration of the said goods.” This would not prevent recovery in view of section 3 of the Harter Act (Comp. St. § 8031). The Southwark, 191 U. S. 1, 24 S. Ct. 1, 48 L. Ed. 65; Andean Trading Co. v. Pacific Steam Nav. Co. (C. C. A.) 263 F. 559. A stipulation that undertakes to exempt the ship from loss or damage arising from its negligence is void as against public policy. It is an effort to indirectly exempt itself from liability which it cannot stipulate directly. Calderon v. Atlas S. S. Co., 170 U. S. 272, 18 S. Ct. 588, 42 L. Ed. 1033; The Turret Crown (C. C. A.) 297 F. 766; The Hadji (C. C.) 20 F. 875. The appellants should have recovered below for damage to the cargo in hold No. 2, due to the mixture of coal dust and water. They should also have recovered for such breakage as took place in tbe between decks and such breakage as occurred in holds 2 and 3. The measure of damages is the limit, fixed as 300 francs per package, in the bill of lading, less the salvage value of the onions, if any, which were damaged.
Decree reversed.