36 N.E.2d 235 | Ill. | 1941
Lead Opinion
The criminal court of Cook county quashed an indictment returned against Ernest W. Mau and the People have sued out this writ of error to review that judgment under the authority given them by paragraph 747 of the Criminal Code. Ill. Rev. Stat. 1939, chap. 38, par. 747.
The sole question is, did this indictment charge the crime of forgery? The allegations of the indictment were that on April 12, 1937, and for some time prior thereto, defendant was the comptroller of the city of Berwyn. As such he had general supervision of all the accounting which related to the fiscal affairs of that city. In his official capacity he had custody and control of the city's account books and records of its several funds, including the special assessment fund. It was also alleged that when a special assessment bond was presented for payment by the holder thereof, defendant had the duty to examine the account books in his office in reference to the fund from which such a bond was payable and to determine whether the fund was sufficient to pay the bond either in whole or in part; that if the fund was sufficient, defendant had the duty to prepare in triplicate a special assessment disbursement sheet. He was required to enter on it the name and address of the bondholder who presented the bond, the serial number, the amount of money in the fund available for payment, and if there was not enough to pay the bond in full, the amount remaining due after the partial payment had been made. The original white disbursement sheet was to be delivered together with the remittance to the person who presented the bond. A yellow second copy or disbursement sheet was retained, filed in the office of the comptroller as a part of the official records of that office and constituted the original record of the disbursement. In the execution of the warrant and authorization for payment, *201 the mayor and treasurer of the city relied on the information contained in this duplicate disbursement sheet.
The charge is that on said date the defendant "did unlawfully, feloniously, fraudulently, wilfully and falsely make, forge and counterfeit a certain `duplicate' special assessment disbursement sheet of said city of Berwyn, which said false, forged, fraudulent and counterfeit `duplicate' special assessment disbursement sheet then and there bore the signature of said Ernest W. Mau as such comptroller and then and there purported to be a record and authentic matter of a public nature of said city of Berwyn and then and there was in the words, letters and figures following:
"(Duplicate) CITY OF BERWYN, ILLINOIS OFFICE OF COMPTROLLER Berwyn, Ill. Apr. 12, 1937
To Joseph Busac When writing please 5013 W. 27 Place give this number Cicero, Ill. S.A. No. 2865
------------------------------------------------------- We enclose herewith City of Berwyn Warrant No. 2924 for $381.00 in settlement of the following:
1 2 3 4 5 Bond Warrant Bond Amount Amount Cpn No. No. Inst. Paid Returned B 451 8898 10 76.00 624.00 B 508 9122 6 273.00 477.00 C 508 9122 6 32.00 14.00 -------- $381.00 ------------------------------------------------------- No funds being at this time available, items shown in column 5 above is herewith returned.
CITY OF BERWYN by Ernest W. Mau Comptroller."
It was alleged such duplicate sheet was false, fraudulent, forged and counterfeited in that it purported to state *202 that Joseph Busac, residing at a certain address in the city of Cicero, had presented bonds of the serial number stated while in truth and in fact the bonds specified in said sheet had not been presented for payment, that they were held by persons not named in said sheet, and that Joseph Busac and the purported address were fictitious, all of which the defendant well knew; that the mayor and treasurer of the city, relying upon such statements as true, executed a warrant to the order of Joseph Busac for the amount of $381 and the treasurer executed an authorization of payment directing the depositary of the fund to pay said amount from the special assessment fund of the city and that, by reason thereof, the said Ernest W. Mau made, forged and counterfeited said duplicate special assessment disbursement sheet with the intent thereby then and there to prejudice, damage and defraud the city of Berwyn and that by reason of the premises he is deemed guilty of forgery.
The pertinent provisions of section 105 of division 1 of the Criminal Code (paragraph 277) are: "Every person who shall falsely make, alter, forge or counterfeit any record or other authentic matter of a public nature * * * or shall utter, publish, pass or attempt to pass as true and genuine * * * any of the above named false, altered, forged or counterfeited matters * * * knowing the same to be false, altered, forged or counterfeited, with intent to prejudice, damage or defraud any * * * body politic * * * shall be deemed guilty of forgery," etc.
Common law forgery is defined in Bishop's New Criminal Law, volume 2, paragraph 523, as follows: "Forgery, at the common law, is the false making or materially altering, with intent to defraud of any writing which, if genuine, might apparently be of legal efficacy or the foundation of a legal liability. * * * Reduced to the briefer expression, `Forgery is the fraudulent making of a false writing, which, if genuine, would be apparently of some *203 legal efficacy.'" But in paragraph 584 the learned author, under the title "Making in one's own name a false writing to defraud," says: "1. How in England. — Coke says that forgery `is properly taken when the act is done in the name of another person.' Yet he also lays down the further doctrine, which seems to rest on ancient adjudication, and which the English commissioners affirmed in their report of 1840, that, as expressed by the latter, `An offender may be guilty of a false making of an instrument although he sign and execute it in his own name, in case it be false in any material part, and calculated to induce another to give credit to it as genuine and authentic, when it is false and deceptive. This happens where one, having conveyed land, afterwards for the purpose of fraud executes an instrument purporting to be a prior conveyance of the same land. Here the instrument is designed to obtain credit by deception, as purporting to have been made at a time earlier than the true time of its execution.'" (Regina v. Ritson, L.R. 1 Cr. Cas. 200 (1859).) This is found in paragraph 585: "2. In just principle, — this sort of writing is as distinctly false as any falsely purporting to be signed by a third person. In the illustrative case before us, it is in genuine legal form, and it falsely professes to have created a title which ousts the true owner. Thus is covered the whole idea of forgery. Therefore there is no ground for rejecting the doctrine of the English books as it appeared in them when our country was settled. Looking into them for authority we find it all one way. Said Blackburn, J., in the English case just cited: `There is no definition of "forge" in the statute, and we must therefore inquire what is the meaning of the word. The definition in Comyns (Dig. tit. Forgery, A, I) is, `Forgery is where a man fraudulently writes or publishes a false deed or writing to the prejudice of the right of another,' — not making an instrument containing that which is false, which, I agree with Mr. Torr, would not be forgery, but making an instrument which *204 purports to be that which it is not. Bacon's Abr. (tit. Forgery, A.), which, it is well known, was compiled from the manuscript of Chief Baron Gilbert, explains forgery thus: `The notion of forgery doth not so much consist in the counterfeiting of a man's hand and seal, . . . but in the endeavoring to give an appearance of truth to a mere deceit and falsity, and either to impose that upon the world as the solemn act of another which he is in no way privy to, or at least to make a man's own act appear to have been done at a time when it was not done, and by force of such a falsity to give it an operation which in truth and justice it ought not to have.' The material words, as applicable to the facts of the present case, are, `to make a man's own act appear to have been done at a time when it was not done.' When an instrument professes to be executed at a date different from that at which it really was executed, and the false date is material to the operation of the deed, if the false date is inserted knowingly and with a fraudulent intent, it is a forgery at the common law. . . . All the text-books agree, and there is no single authority against the definition I have stated. Mr. Torr, however, says that the definition is old. I think that this gives it all the greater weight. Plainly, —
"3. Altering Own. — The broad doctrine is not maintainable that a man cannot commit forgery of an instrument executed by himself. If, for example, after he had signed, sealed, and delivered a deed, he should surreptitiously, getting it into his temporary possession, alter it to accomplish some fraud, this would be forgery. And if one alters a document which he has previously forged, he commits a new offense."
In the case of Ex Parte Hibbs, 26 Fed. 421, Hibbs, the postmaster at Lewiston, Idaho, issued a postal money order on the application of a fictitious person, without consideration therefor, payable to a bank. He wrote, at the same time, in the name of the fictitious person and directed the bank to collect the money and send it in a registered package *205 to the fictitious person at Pierce City. He then intercepted the package when it passed through his post-office and converted the contents to his own use. It was held that his act constituted forgery under the common law and under the statute of the United States. After discussing the case of Regina v. Ritson, supra, the court said: "But in my judgment there is no difference in law or morals in making a deed with a false date for the purpose of defrauding another, and falsely making and issuing a money order, as postmaster, without consideration or authority for the same purpose. In either case, the party does, by force of his falsity and deceit, give the instrument, in the language of the authority above cited, `an operation which in truth and justice it ought not to have.' This case also comes within the well-known rule, long since established, that it is forgery for an agent, who has authority to fill, with a particular sum, a blank in a paper signed by his principal, to fill it with a larger one; or to fill it at all without authority. (1 Wharton on Criminal Law, pars. 671, 672.) In my judgment, the filling the blank in each of these orders with the sum of $100 by the prisoner, when acting as the agent of the United States, contrary to his authority and the positive directions of his principal, being done with intent to defraud was a false making and forgery thereof."
In the case before us Mau was the agent of the city and only had authority to make true, genuine, correct and valid special assessment disbursement sheets. In People v. Kubanek,
"2. Wrongly filling Blank. — If a person signs and delivers to his clerk a blank check on a bank, or a blank bill of exchange with direction to fill the blank with a sum named, the clerk by fraudulently filling it with a larger sum commits forgery. And it is forgery fraudulently to fill a blank for the name of the grantee in an executed deed of land."
In People v. Kubanek, supra, we pointed out that experience has shown that no generic definition of forgery can be comprehensive enough to include all the crimes and cheats that may be committed by the simple use of pen and ink. For this reason legislatures have found it necessary to enact statutes broad enough to include in the category of forgeries many acts criminal in their effect that would not fall within the earlier definitions of that crime. Our statute provides that whosoever shall "falsely make, alter, forge or counterfeit any record or other authentic matter of a public nature" shall be guilty of forgery.
What did the General Assembly mean by the phrase "falsely make * * * authentic matter of a public nature"? It could not have meant to limit the case to the forgery of the name of the person who was authorized to make the authentic matter of a public nature, or a record, for such an instrument or record would not be "authentic." It would have no legal effect. If the statutory provision is to be given effect it follows that anyone authorized to make up the record or to execute the authentic matter of a *207 public nature, will be guilty of forgery if he makes such record or executes such authentic matter, knowing that its contents are false and untrue, and if by so doing he intends to defraud either an individual or the body politic by which he was employed. This construction is supported by the later provision of the section to the effect that whoever shall "utter, publish, pass * * * any of the above named false, altered, forged or counterfeited matters" shall be guilty of forgery. It is to be noted that in this part of the section, "false" and not "falsely made" is the term used.
The allegations of this indictment charge an offense against this section of our Criminal Code. It charges that Mau exceeded his authority as comptroller. If he made the false special assessment disbursement sheet he was not authorized to make, with intent to defraud the city, knowing that it was a false record, although authentic in the sense that he was the person authorized to make special assessment disbursement sheets, he subjected himself to prosecution for forgery as defined in our statute.
For the reasons stated the judgment of the criminal court of Cook county is reversed and this cause is remanded, with directions to that court to overrule the motion to quash.
Reversed and remanded, with directions.
Mr. JUSTICE MURPHY, dissenting.
Addendum
Counsel for defendant in error have called to our attention on petition for re-hearing the case of People v. Pfeiffer,