24 N.J.L. 697 | N.J. | 1853
The point most pressed on the argument, and. the one involving the merits of this case, is whether the judge before whom this cause was tried was bound to charge the jury, “that although the defendants were guilty of negligence in not securing their vessel more safely, so as to prevent her injury or destruction by striking against the bulkhead or being washed by the sea, if that was their only negligence, and the vessel or cargo received no injury from either of these causes, that negligence will not render them liable for another injury to the cargo which can be attributed to the act of God.”
It appears by the bill of exceptions, that the judge delivered a general charge to the jury, and was then requested by the counsel for the then defendants, the plaintiffs in error, further to charge and declare the law to be as is above stated. This he declined to do, as the bill states, because he did not consider the principles contained in the proposition, even if correctly stated, applicable to the case. The general charge is not included in the bill, as I think it ought to be, and we have no means of knowing what it was. As no part of it was excepted to, we must presume it to have been correct; and the question now before us is Avhether the judge was bound to charge the jury as he was requested to do.
The action was against common carriers, as such, and it is admitted that the plaintiffs made out a prima facie case, entitling them to recover, unless the defendants succeeded in excusing themselves, by evidence offered on their part. The goods were on board the defendants’ barge, called the Albany, which may be assumed to have been in all respects a good and sufficient vessel, suitable to the business in which she was employed. They were received by the defendants’ agents, without objection, and put on board some time during .the sixteenth day of November, eighteen hundred and
It is assumed by the charge as proposed, that the defendants’ agents may have been guilty of negligence in not securing the barge more safely, so as to prevent her from being injured or destroyed by striking against the bulkhead, or being washed by the sea; and there was certainly much evidence to induce the jury so to decide. But the point of the charge requested is, that admitting this to be so, if that was their only negligence, and neither the vessel nor the cargo received any injury from either of these causes — that is, by striking against the bulkhead, or being washed by the sea — that negligence would not render them liable for another injury to the cargo, which could be attributed to the act of God. The applicability of the charge to the case, and therefore its propriety, depended upon the assumption that there was in point of fact some other injury to the cargo, which was of such a character as might be considered as properly an act of God, and which by law would excuse the carrier. If there was no such injury, as admitting the negligence stated could be legally so considered, the court committed no error in refusing the charge as prayed. It has not been insisted, and could not bo with success, that the judge is bound to state mere hypothetical points of law, however correct. The omission to charge which will be held to be or- ‘ roneous, is an omission that was prejudicial to the party desiring it.
What is or is not an act of God that will excuse a com
Admitting that the loss in this case was occasioned not by any negligence in leaving the barge in a situation where she was liable to strike against the bulkhead, instead of securing her better, but that in point of fact the loss was occasioned by the low tide bringing her in contact with a timber projecting a foot or more in the bulkhead, and that without the concurrence of the low tide, produced by a violent storm, itself strictly an act of God, and the projecting timber which ■was left to project by the agency of man, was it a loss by the act of God, for which the carrier is not responsible ? I am clearly of opinion it was not. The immediate or proximate cause of the loss was the projecting timber. The defendants
It is the duty of the carriers to provide good and sufficient docks, boats, and other implements necessary and proper for their business, and although these instruments need not bo absolutely perfect, they must be free from defects seen or unseen. If defects do in point of fact exist, the carriers are not excused, even if if be shown that they have exercised extraordinary diligence to prevent them. In the case of Backhouse v. Snead, 1 Murphy N. C. R., 173, it was held that where a carrier hired his vessel to be repaired by a skillful workman, who made a rudder apparently sound, but internally rotten, and the loss happened by reason of its breaking, he was responsible, though he was ignorant of the defect. This decision was in accordance with the general principle, which holds the carrier responsible for every loss produced by an accident not coming within the definition of an act of God, as for a loss occasioned by a fire which happened without any negligence on his part, or by robbers, or by the misconduct or negligence of third parties. The question in such cases is not whether there has been any degree of negligence on the part of the carrier, but whether he has shown that the proximate cause of the loss was an act of God or of public enemies. Against all other causes of loss, he undertakes to insure; and if the accident which occasioned it was not an act of God or of enemies, but was wholly without his fault, it was, at all events, his misfortune, and not the misfortune of the owner.
In the case of the Trent Nav. Co. v. Wood, 3 Esp. 127, 4 Doug. 287, the carrier’s vessel sank by driving against a concealed anchor in the river, which belonged to another vessel, to which no buoy was attached, as there ought to have been. The plaintiffs recovered, and although it seems to have been considered that there was some negligence on the part of the master, it appears from the remarks of the judges, whose opinions are but shortly reported, that it was
A later case of Smith v. Shepherd, Abbott on Ship. pt. 3, ch. 4, sec. 1, was a ease where the loss happened al the entrance of the harbor of Hull. There had formerly been a shelving bank, which was rendered precipitous by a recent flood, and a vessel had sunk there which had a floating mast tied to her. The defendant’s vessel struck this mast, and was thereby forced on the bank, and in consequence of the change that had taken place by means of the flood,' the loss occurred. Evidence offered to show that there had been no actual negligence was overruled, and it was held that the loss having been in part produced by the floating mast which was placed there by human agency, the fact that the act of God in changing the bank was also instrumental, could not be considered as making that act the immediate cause of the loss, and therefore formed no excuse.
In the case of the Camden & Amboy Co. v. Burke, 13 Wend. 611, baggage of one of the passengers, the transportation of which was paid for, was injured by the breaking of a rope, by means of which it was being hoisted from the steamboat to the wharf at Bordentown, and it was held that the company were answerable as common carriers, although the defect was unknown to their agents and was not discoverable on inspection, and the loss happened without any culpable negligence or want of care. The same principle Avas decided in the case of De Mott v. Laraway, 14 Wend. 225.
On behalf of the defendants, the now plaintiffs in error, much reliance has been placed on the case of Amies v. Stevens, shortly reported, (1 Strange, 128,) as folloAvs : “The plaintiff put goods on board the defendant’s hoy, Avho was a common carrier. Coming through a bridge, by a sudden gust of Avind the hoy sunk, and the goods Avere spoiled. The plaintiff insisted that the defendant should be liable, it being his carelessness in going through at such a time, and offered some evidence that if the hoy had been in good order, it Avould not have sunk with the stroke it received, and from
It having been held as a matter of fact, that the hoy was in proper order and fit for the business in which it was employed, this case decides that a sudden gust of wind which sunk it while in the act of passing through a bridge," against which, as it would seem, the wind drove it, was to be regarded as an act of God, for which the carrier was not responsible, and there can be no doubt of the correctness of the decision. It being necessary for the hoy to pass through the bridge to make the contemplated voyage, if a prbper time was taken to do it, a sudden storm driving it against the bridge, was just as clearly the proximate cause of the loss as a sudden storm at sea which should drive a ship upon a rock. The application of it to the present case, which counsel seek to make, is that the bridge being the work of man, there was here the intervention of human agency, and that the striking of the hoy against it was therefore as much the immediate or proximate cause of the loss, as the striking of the barge, in the case before us, against the timber projecting out of the bulkhead. Had there been no negligence on the part of the defendants in this case, and a sudden storm had driven their barge against a properly constructed bulkhead, and thus occasioned the loss, the cases would have been alike. But the defendants, admitting such negligence as if the damage had been occasioned by the vessel being driven against the bulkhead where it was perfect, would have rendered them liable, insist that the loss did not thus happen, but that it happened
It is, however, urged for the defendants that this was a public dock, over which they had no control, but which belonged to the city of Hew York, and was regulated by the public authorities thereof; and also that if they are to be held responsible for its efficiency, it ought not to be taken for granted that the projecting timber was of such a character as to be considered a defect, for the consequences of which they are to suffer. Whether it was a public or private dock, it seems to me, can make no difference. When the defendants rented it, or obtained leave from the city to use it for the purposes of their private business, it became as much their private property, so far as persons transacting business with them were concerned, as if they had owned it. That a timber projecting nearly a foot from the face of the bulkhead, and capable of making a hole through a well built vessel at one blow, as defendants say this did, was a defect, even although it was below the ordinary low water mark and not capable of doing injury at common tides, seems to me too obvious to be a subject of doubt. But taking it for granted that the dock was in all respects sufficient for the business in which it was employed, I am of opinion that there was such evidence of negligence on the part of the defendants, and of the connection of that negligence with the injury that happened, as to forbid the court and jury from
In the case of Siordet v. Hall, 4 Bingh. 607, it was held, that although a hard frost may be considered an act of God, yet a damage to goods on board a steam vessel, produced by the leaking of a pipe, which was cracked by the frost, was a loss by negligence, the master being bound to guard against the known effects of frost by keeping out the water at a time when it was liable to freeze, although the water was let in according to the usual .practice. In the case of Davis v. Garrett, 6 Bingh. 716, where a master had deviated from the usual course of his voyage, and damage was occasioned by tempestuous weather, in itself the act of God, the court held that the proximate cause of the loss was the wrongful act of the master in deviating from his proper course, for which he was responsible. And the same principle has been applied to a case of carriage by land. Powers v. Davenport, 7 Blackf. Ind. R. 497.
The evidence ih this case was that the gale commenced on the fifteenth, and continued through the sixteenth day of November, on which last day the goods were received and put on board the barge. An experienced captain navigated the vessel, but while laying at the bulkhead she was not in his charge. According to the testimony of the defendant’s agent and witness, Henry H. Green, she was in his charge, and for the reason, it would seem, that the captain, although a good seaman, could not write his name. Notwitstauding the gale, this agent received the'goods and had them placed on board of her, and neglected to remove her and place her in a more secure position, although advised to do so and warned of her danger. To one of the -witnesses who spoke
The American editor of Smith’s Leading Cases, in a valuable note to the case of Coggs v. Bernard, which seems very fairly to give the result of the cases, states the law as follows: “If the carrier prove that the injury or loss was occasioned by one of those occurrences which are termed the acts of God, prima faeie he discharges himself, and the onus of proving that the alleged cause or agency would not have produced the loss or injury without his negligence or defective means, is thrown upon the plaintiff. But if the plaintiff can prove such negligence or defective means on his part as that without their co-operation the violence of nature might not have resulted in occasioning a loss, he shall recover.
The natural effect of the storm which occurred in this case, and which was not sudden, but of the approach of which there Avas full warning, was, as all the witnesses testify, to produce a very low tide; and this effect it Avas as much the duty of the carriers to guard against by all proper precautions, as any other. Negligence, indeed, of such a description as that without its co-operation the violence of nature might not have resulted in loss, Avas not only fully proved, but was admitted and made the basis of the charge asked for.
Had the court been requested to say that if the jury Avere of opinion the loss would have certainly happened had there been no defect and no negligence — or as the court put it in the case of Davis v. Garrett, “ not only that the same loss might have happened, but that it must have happened,” then they might attribute it to such an act of God as Avould excuse, the charge Avould have been probably correct. If a stroke of lightning had occurred and done the injury, the negligence might be considered as having had no influence in producing it. Judge Breekenridge held in the case of Bell v. Reed, 4 Binn. 130, that if goods Avere laden on board an unseaworthy ship even a stroke of lightning would not excuse. This Avas going further than sound principle Avill justify. 2 Watts 114; 8 Ib. 480 ; Story on Bailm., § 414, c.; Ang. on Car. §§ 203 to 209. But Avhere one of the natural results of the negligfence was to expose the goods to the very peril that occurred and proved the means of a loss, it Avill be very unsafe to speculate upon the possibility that the same peril might have produced the loss without any negligence. In such a ease the fact of negligence justly precludes the carrier from setting up the peril as an inevitable accident. To alloAV him to do this Avould Expose the OAvner to the very
Another error assigned is that the judge was requested to charge and declare the law to be, “ that the teas having been put on board the barge Albany while she was, as it is alleged, negligently exposed to the damage she received, if the jury consider that both parties were equally to blame in the loss of the teas, then the plaintiffs cannot recover;” whereupon he declared his opinion to be, that the law as to this point was, that where both parties were equally culpable, neither party could recover damages from the other for any injury sustained, but that he did not consider this principle of law applicable to the case then under consideration.
The teas in question were received by defendants’ agents without objection, and were delivered in the usual manner by cartmen, who were directed to take them by the agent of the plaintiffs. The moment they were received, they were at the risk of the carriers, who should have declined taking them, if not able properly to take care of them. There was no interference of the plaintiffs’ agent with the disposition of them when received, so that in point of fact there was no blame to be imputed to him, and the charge asked for was wholly aside from the case.
It was also objected that the judge erred in refusing to nonsuit the plaintiffs. The,action was brought in the name of John Dickson and others, “ lately trading under the name, style, and linn of Dickson & Tiers.” By the articles of co-partnership, it appeared that the partnership expired on the first day of January, and inasmuch as the suit was commenced by a summons returnable to February term of the same year, and of course tested of a term prior to January, it was insisted that the suit must be presumed to have been commenced before the partnership terminated, and the description “lately trading,” not being true, the' plaintiffs
I am of opinion that there was no error in the ruling of the judge, and'that the judgment ought to be affirmed.
The defendants in error brought their action against the plaintiffs in error, and thereby sought to charge them as common carriers, with the loss of a quantity of teas, delivered to them to be transported from the city of New York to Philadelphia.
When the plaintiffs below had rested their cause, the defendants below moved the court to non-suit, because it appeared in evidence that the co-partnership of the plaintiffs was to commence on the first day of January, 1841, and to continue for the space of three years; that the action was brought to the February term, 1844; and it was urged that inasmuch as the writ must have been tested in the November term next .preceding, and before the expiration of the partnership, the action should have been in the names of the partners, as members of an existing co-partnership, and not as late partners. The refusal of the court to non-suit the plaintiffs for this reason, is now assigned for error.
It is a sufficient answer to this objection, that the writ was not produced, and it did not appear how the plaintiffs were styled in it, or in what character they sued it out. If the writ was in their name, without any addition or description,
In the absence of proof, we cannot presume that the action was commenced improperly.
The next error assigned; is the refusal of the judge to charge the jury upon a point raised by the defendants’ counsel.
To determine the .weight of this objection, it will be necessary to examine the testimony, to see whether the point raised was material, and pertinent to the issue.
In November, 1841, the defendants below were the proprietors of several lines of transportation, whose business it was to carry goods and merchandize for freight and hire between the cities of New York and Philadelphia, for all persons who applied to them for that purpose, and who were willing to pay the freight. They were, therefore,' in the full and true sense of the term, common carriers, and subject to all the responsibilities of that class of persons.
On the fifteenth day of November, there arose over the city and harbor of New York a storm of wind, at first blowing moderately, then freshly, and increasing in violence till at noon of the sixteenth it became a perfect hurricane; and so continued until about sun-down, when it subsided. Commencing to blow from the north-west, it gradually veered westward until it blew directly into the slips on the west side of the city. The effects of this gale were an' unusually low tide, a heavy rolling sea, and great peril to the shipping exposed to its violence. During this time “ The Albany,’5 a barge owned by the defendants, and used by them in their business of transportation, was moored at the bulk-head between piers No. 2 and No. 3, on the North river, with her broad-side to the gale. She was fastened with breast and spring lines to the bulk-head, and by lines to pier No. 2, and to a Dutch ship lying at pier No. 3; and was protected by fore-and-aft fenders running along her side, and by perpendicular fenders outside of them. During most of the day
' The pumps were sounded from time to time during the day, and between .four and five o’clock in the afternoon the barge was found to be perfectly tight. The clerk of the company took the sole charge of her, and superseded the captain, who worked under his direction; and they continued to take in the cargo, using gang-planks for safety. The violence of the gale interrupted, in a measure, the lading of the heavier articles, but the lighter part of the cargo was taken in without great difficulty. It appeared in evidence that the barge would have been less exposed if she had been moored to the pier, or lain along side of the Dutch ship, with her stern or stem to the wind.
Some of the witnesses, the officers of the boat chiefly, testified that she was perfectly safe from the effects of the storm while lying at the bulk-head, and that they were not apprehensive of any dangei’, nor warned by any one of danger, or advised to move her; and that she could not have been moved with safety after the gale commenced. -Others testified, that the vessel was not in a place of safety, and that any person of ordinary skill and prudence would have changed her position, and that she could have been moved with safety to the pier after the gale commenced and the .danger became apparent ; and that the clerk was so advised, but that he rejected the advice, declaring that he knew his own business, and that the witness might mind his.
During this time, the teas of the plaintiff were taken on board, and towards evening, the’loading being completed, the captain laid on the upper deck hatch, secured the falls and sent a man below to get out the tow-lines, to be ready to go out with the steamer, which was expected to be along a little after six o’clock. The hand sent below came on deck and reported that he had been up to his knees in water.
The barge was now discovered to be settling, and every effort made to prevent it and to save the cargo; but in about an hour she sunk, and the teas were almost wholly lost.
The question was, whether the defendants, under these circumstances, are responsible to the plaintiffs for the loss of the teas ?
Common carriers are held responsible as insurers, and liable for the safe carriage of goods against all losses, except such as arise from the act of God or the public enemy. 1 Smith’s Leading Cases, 93, and cases there referred to; Angell on Carriers, § 46-67; Story on Bailment, § 490, 511; 2 Kent’s Com., 597; Mershon v. Hobensack, 2 Zab. 372; Smith on Contracts, 362. The policy of this rule has been too long settled and acted upon to be questioned at this day. The nature of the employment, the great confidence which is necessarily placed in the carrier, the vast amount of property committed to his care, the ease with which he might frame excuses for negligence, and the impossibility in most cases in proving his want of care or of skill, have rendered it necessary to establish such a rule. At first view, it may seem hard, and even .oppressive, yet the experience of ages has proved it to be both salutary and just. The carrier, acting upon this well known principle of law, and taking compensation adequate to the risk, as well as for the labor, has no canse of complaint.
The defence in the case was placed upon the ground that
The term has received a variety of definitions, differing rather in their mode of expression than in the substance of their signification. It is said to be that which is occasioned exclusively by the violence of nature — by that kind of force of the elements which human ability could not have foreseen or prevented, such as lightning, tornado, sudden squall of wiiid, and the like. Again, it is said to .be at least an aet of nature, which implies an entire exclusion of all human agency, whether of the carrier himself, or of third persons. It is called a disaster with which the agency of man has nothing to do.
Again, it is defined to be a natural necessity, which could not have been occasioned by the intervention of man, but proceeds from physical causes alone.
If, therefore, the loss arose exclusively from the violence of nature, the defendants are not liable. But if it were caused by that kind of force of the elements which could have been foreseen or prevented, or by the force of the elements combined with such aet of man as could have been avoided, the defendants are liable.
Such is the law of the land as applicable to this case, and as no exception was taken to the charge delivered by the , court, it is to be presumed that it was so declared to the julT-
The counsel of the defendápts, at the close of the charge, asked the judge further to charge and to declare the law upon the evidence given to be: “ That although the defendants were guilty of negligence in not securing tlieir vessel more safely, so as to prevent her injury or destruction by striking against the bulkhead, or being washed by the sea, if that was their only negligence, and the vessel or cargo received no injury from either of these causes, that negligence will not render them liable for another injury to the cargo which can be attributed to the aet of God.”
If by this proposition it is meant that if the loss were occasioned exclusively by the act of God, and not by any act
, That was, however, the very question in the cause, and it is not to be supposed that it was omitted in the charge, and that the jury was left without instruction upon it; or that if they were improperly instructed, exception would not have been taken to it. The state of the case does not contain the charge of the court nor show any error in it, and error is not to be presumed to exist. Quod non apparetnon ed.
If by the proposition the defendants meant that they are not responsible for an injury which can be attributed to the act of God, as distinguished from one that mud be attributed to Him, and which no one could dispute, it is wrong, and the court might properly decline so to charge, or with equal propriety have charged against the defendants upon it.
If it were meant that the court should assume that the projecting timber was no part of the bulkhead, the proposition cannot be maintained, for that was a question of fact about which there could hardly be a dispute, or if disputed, to be left to the jury to determine.
If the defendants meant that they were not responsible for the injury done by the projecting timber, and wished the court so to instruct the jury, they were mistaken, for if the timber were a part of the bulkhead, the defendants are responsible for the injury caused by it, although it had never been seen by them or its existence known to them. It was their dock, by whatsoever tenure they held it, used by them in their business, and as such, a part of their machinery, necessary to the safe loading of the goods. For its defects they are answerable, although those defects were latent. The carrier by water is bound as well to provide safe wharf-age as he is to furnish seaworthy vessels and skillful hands. Burk v. Cam. & Am. R. R. Co., 13 Wend. R. 611; Story on Bailm., § 571, a; 14 Wend. R. 224; Siordet v. Hall, 4 Bingh. 607. It is his misfortune not to have known of the defect, but that affords him no excuse. The owner of the goods is not to be subjected to such risks. He is not bound to sur
If the injury arose from the gale or the sea as the remote, and the timber as the proximate cause, it does not come within the definition, for it was not caused exclusively by the violence of nature; it was not a natural necessity produced by physical causes alone, and with which human agency had nothing to do. It may be true as the witnesses testify, that but for the storm the barge would have been safe; and equally, true, that if the timber had not been left projecting no loss would have occurred. The jury, therefore, might lawfully infer that the loss arose from the combination of the violence of nature and the negligence of man. Forward v. Pintard, 1 T. R. 27; McArthur v. Sears, 21 Wend. 190; Siordet v. Hall, 4 Bingh. 607; Trent Navigation Co. v. Wood, 3 Esp. ; Hyde et al. v. The Navigation Co., 5 T. R. 389-400; Ryley v. Horne, 5 Bingh. 217.
The other evidence of the management of the barge was sufficient also to justify the verdict, upon the ground of negligence.
The proposition of the defendants is somewhat obscured, if not ambiguous, and a court is not bound to arrest the progress of a cause to analyze the terms of an' ambiguous, or to speculate upon the results of a hypothetical question. The party has a right to the' charge of the court upon every point pertinent to the issue, but it should be presented in plain and explicit terms, and upon the case as made, It is not the duty of the court to charge upon a mere hypothesis, nor would it be proper to divert the attention of the jury from the facts proved. There was no dispute about the loss of the teas, and the defendants sought to excuse themselves by showing that it was occasioned by the act of God, but so far failed to prove it to have been done by the exclusive violence of nature, as to authorize the verdict rendered; and it is no .ground of error that the court refused to charge as requested by the defendants’ counsel.
The defendants, by their counsel, requested the court further to charge, “ that the teas having been put on board of
That part of the opinion which declares that no recovery can be had where both parties are equally culpable, is unquestionably correct. That part which declares the principle of it not applicable to the case, is certainly not wrong. It is in evidence that the defendants received the teas without any objection, and the moment they took them into their custody they became responsible for their safety. Angell on Carriers, §§ 129 and 180.
It was the duty of the defendants’ officers, and not of the plaintiffs’ agent or eartmen, to determine whether it was safe to receive them.
Their skill and judgment were to be exercised as to the propriety of taking in the cargo; if they misjudged, their principals are liable.
There is therefore no error in this.
Let the judgment be affirmed, with costs, and the record be remitted to the Supreme Court, to be proceeded upon according to law.
Judgtnent affirmed.
For Affirmance — Judges Arrowsmith, Elmer, Haines, Ogden, Cornelison, Valentine, Huyler, Potts and Wills.
For Reversal — None.