15 F. Cas. 962 | S.D.N.Y. | 1868
This is a libel for a collision, filed by Ferdinand L. Hansen and others, owners of the Prussian bark Auguste Louise, against the British steamship Louisiana. At the time of the collision the steamer was on a voyage from Queenstown, in Ireland, to New York, and the bark was bound from Queenstown to Tralee, on the west coast of Ireland. The collision occurred between nine and ten o’clock p. m., on the 5th of April, 1807, in the Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of Ireland, at a point about eight miles from Mizzen-head, a promontory on the southwest coast of Ireland. The bark was on her starboard tack, close-hauled, heading southwest by west, the wind being northwest by west. Her speed was about four knots an hour. She had her proper green and red regulation lights set and burning, the Prussian laws, -on the subject of lights on vessels, being then and now the same as those of Great Britain and the United States. The steamer came from a direction abaft the beam of the bark on her port side, and the course of the bark was not at all changed down to the time of the collision. The steamer struck the bark nearly-amidships, on her port side, and the bark soon sank, and was totally lost.
This statement of facts shows that the collision was, prima facie, the fault of the steamer, and the burden is thrown upon her of showing that she was not in fault. The case set up in the answer, is, that the weather was thick and hazy, thickening and lighting up at intervals; that the steamer had two men on the lookout forward, one on each bow, an officer on the bridge, and two men at the wheel; that the course of the steamer was west by north half north; that, while running on this course, and at a speed of seven and a half knots an hour, a red light came suddenly in sight, at but a short, although uncertain, distance, bearing two points on the starboard bow, its distance being supposed by the officer in command to be about half a mile, but being, in fact, much less; that the officer at once gave an order to put the steamer’s helm hard-a-port. which was done, and her engines were almost immediately slowed, stopped, and backed at full speed, and the course of the steamer was changed one point; that, finding that the collision could not be avoided, and with a view of neutralizing its violence and the directness of the blow, the officer ordered the steamer’s helm to be put hard-a-starboard, but. before that order could be obeyed, the collision took place; that, when the light was first seen, it was determined to be that of a sailing vessel, but, her sails not being in view, it was impossible to determine the exact course she was on, and the only course that could properly be adopted by the steamer was to port, and slow, stop and back, which was done,
It needs no testimony, in addition to this answer, to establish the fault of the steamer. Here is a steamer, running at a speed of seven and a half knots an hour, in weather so thick and hazy, that a red light, on another vessel, which comes suddenly into view, is supposed by the officer in command to be about half a mile off, but is, in fact, much nearer, so near, that, although almost immediately the engines of the steamer are slowed, and stopped, and backed at full speed, a collision occurs, and the other vessel is run down by .the steamer and sunk. This state of things alone is sufficient to show fault on the part of the steamer, causing the collision. Every steamship is bound, when in a fog, to go at a moderate speed, on peril of condemnation for damage caused by a collision, if she does not. The law on this subject, as deduced from settled decisions, was laid down by this court in the case of The D. S. Gregory [Case No. 4,099], in these words: “No positive rate can be prescribed. TVliat would be a moderate rate of speed under one state of .facts, would be an immoderate one under another. A steam vessel must, in a fog. reduce her rate of speed to a moderate rate or abide the consequences of an immoderate one, unless some special reason is shown for maintaining the rate of speed adopted.” “In such a fog her speed ought to have been as much less than it was, as would have been sufficient to enable her to avoid the vessel at anchor. She ought not to have gone so fast as not to have been able, by slowing, stopping and backing, to avoid a collision; and, if the fog was so thick, that, at the speed she had, with all the precautions she used, she could not avoid the collision, the conclusion is irresistible, that her speed was not that moderate speed in a fog which is required by the well settled rules of navigation.” In the case of The Great Eastern, 11 Law T. (N. S.) 5, in July, 1864, the judicial committee of the privy council lay down the law to be, that it is the duty of a steamer to proceed only at such a rate of speed as will enable her, after discovering a vessel meeting her, to stop and reverse her engines in sufficient time to prevent any collision taking place. In that case, every thing was done on board of the Great Eastern, after the other vessel wTas reported, that could be done, to avoid the collision, but without success. But the court held, that the speed of the Great Eastern was what rendered the contact inevitable, that she was to blame for such speed, and that it was her duty to proceed at no greater speed than, having regard to the state of the weather, made it possible to avoid the collision. The supreme court of the United States have held substantially the same view. In Newton v. Stebbins, 10 How. [51 U. S.] 606, it is said, that it may be a matter of convenience that steam vessels should proceed with great rapidity, but the law will not justify them in proceeding with such rapidity, if the property and lives of other persons are thereby endangered. In McCready v. Goldsmith, 18 How. [59 U. S.] 90, the court say, that no fixed and inflexible rule can be laid down as it respects the rate of speed of steam vessels navigating waters greatly frequented by vessels; that this must depend upon the circumstances attending each particular case; that these may justify a rate deemed prudent navigation at one time, that would be wholly unjustifiable-at another: and that, in thick weather, and in a track where other ■water craft are usually to be met, a steam vessel must slacken her speed to such an extent as, with reference to the ability of discerning another vessel at the time, and the capacity of the steam vessel to control and stop her own forward movement, will enable her to avoid a collision. The same doctrine was held in Rogers v. The St. Charles, 19 How. [60 U. S.] 108, 111.
Now, the case set up by this steamer as a defence, in her answer, is. that the weather was so thick and heavy, that, although she had a sufficient lookout, and used every precaution, by slowing, stopping, and reversing her engines, when she discovered the light of the bark, to avoid a collision, she could not do so, because she was so close upon the bark. The defence is the fault. The rules of navigation are now so well settled, that there is no excuse for the habitual' and persistent disregard of them which appears in almost every case of collision where a steamer is concerned. But, as was said by the supreme court in McCready v. Goldsmith, 18 How. [59 U. S.] 91, the only precautions which those in*charge of a steam vessel seem to think they are bound to observe in navigation, are those which concern the safety of their own vessel. And even those precautions are too often disregai-ded, from a disposition to maintain unabated speed and take the risk Of collisions.
But there was another fault on the part of the steamer. The answer says, that, when the light of the bark was first made, it was determined to be that of a sailing vessel, but, her sails not being in view, it was impossible to determine her exact course, and that the helm of the steamer was at once put hard-a-port, and her course was changed one point. Mills says, in his testimony, that when he caught sight of the red light, he thought it was the light of a vessel crossing his bow from his starboard side to his port side— that is, the light of a vessel heading between southward and eastward, and not the light of one heading between southward and westward, and that, therefore, he ported; that if he had known at the time how the other vessel was heading, he would have starboarded instead of porting; that when he did find out how she was heading, he gave orders to starboard; that if, when he sighted the light, he had known which way the other vessel was heading, he would have cleared her; but that, when he did find out how she was heading, he was too close to her for star-boarding to be of avail. Miller, who was at the w'heel of the steamer, says that he received the order to put the helm hard-a-port, and obeyed it, and changed the course of the steamer one point, and then received an order to starboard, and got the w'heel only partly over to starboard, when the collision took place. The starboarding did not affect the course of the steamer, and the order to starboard was given by Mills, when, and as soon as, he discovered the W'ay in which the bark was heading. Therefore, the porting and the change of the steamer's course one point thereby, all took place before those in charge of the steamer had any knowledge of, the true course- of the bark, but after her light was sighted. A steamship, when .approaching another vessel, so as to involve risk of collision, must slacken her speed, or, if necessary, stop and reverse, but it is a fault in her to change her course, in ignorance of the true course and position of the other vessel, if such fault contributes to a collision, even though she also stops and reverses. The steamer here did right in stopping and reversing, and appears to have done so promptly, but she did wrong in porting without knowing the course of tho other vessel. The James Watt, 2 W. Rob. Adm. 270; The Northern Indiana [Case No. 10,320]. Mills testifies, that if he had star-boarded, instead of porting, he would have cleared the bark. It was not a fault not to starboard, but it was a fault to port. Did the porting contribute to the collision? I think it plain, on the evidence, that it did. The order to starboard was given almost at the moment of collision. At the time of the collision, the change by porting had been one point. Therefore, if the order to port had not been given, the course of the steamer would have been, at the time of the collision, one point more to the westward, than it was, in fact. The witnesses on the bark say, that the course of the steamer in striking was a little from aft, and the answ'er sets up that the steamer approached from six points abaft the beam of the bark. Mills testifies, that starboarding, instead of porting, would have cleared the bark. The change of course, by starboarding, w’ould have been to the same extent, during the same time, as by porting, that is. one point. Consequently, by starboarding instead of porting, the steamer would, at the time of collision, have headed two points more to the westward than she did in fact. Now. if one point change to the westward, by star-boarding, would, according to the testimony of Mills, have avoided the collision, it is clearly to be inferred, that no change at all, by porting, would also have avoided it, especially in view of the claim on the part of the steamer, that she approached from six points abaft the beam.
The only fault alleged against the bark is, that she did not indicate her whereabouts to